Exposure Contam<strong>in</strong>ant route Species Paraquat-CL W Cona salmon NaTA, W Carp Triflural<strong>in</strong> W Sheepshead m<strong>in</strong>now Other compounds Bis(tri-n-outylt<strong>in</strong>) oxide <strong>Tissue</strong>s aHected Gills Kioney Gills Table 2,-Conl<strong>in</strong>ued, Skel3tal nluscle Vertebral column Kidney Liver Integument Eye DMSO IP Ra<strong>in</strong>bow trout, chInook Gills salmon, coho salmon, sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) Kidney Live, Pancreas SplBan Bra<strong>in</strong>; menmges SLS W Ra<strong>in</strong>bow trout Gills W Goldfish Adrenal cortex (<strong>in</strong>terrenal cells) TEPA W Guppy Testes TFM W Ra<strong>in</strong>bow trout Gills W Lamprey Gills (Petromyzon mar<strong>in</strong>us) Liver Skeletal muscle Cloaca Acid-alkal<strong>in</strong>e water W Brook trout H,SO.-NaOH (Sa/veNn us lont<strong>in</strong>a/is) Ranges <strong>of</strong> pH >9.0 9.0
Exposure Contam<strong>in</strong>ant route Species Ammonia (coni.) W Ra<strong>in</strong>bow trout try (cont.) Cadmium 109 W Medaka fry (Oryzias latipes) CdCl, W Mummichog CdCI,; CdCl, & CuC!,; CdCl, & ZnCl, CuCl, CuCI,; CuCl, & ZnCI,; CuCl, & ZnCl, & CdCI,; CuCl, & CdCl, w w IP w w w w W& IP W W Brook trout Cunner Goldfish Sapo (Halobatrachus didactylus) Spot Langost<strong>in</strong>o (shrimp) (Penaeus kerathurus) Mummichog Mummichog Atlantic silverside Mummichog Gills Table 2.-Conllnued. <strong>Tissue</strong>s affected Yolk sac Bra<strong>in</strong> Intest<strong>in</strong>e Peripheral blood Thyroid gland Kidney Testes GillS Integument Peripheral blood Intest<strong>in</strong>e Kidney Testes Ovaries Kidney Liver Peripheral blood Intest<strong>in</strong>e Liver Kidney Kidney Hepatopancreas Kidney Liver Kidney Lateral l<strong>in</strong>e canal (cephalic extension) Olfactory organs Lateral l<strong>in</strong>e canal (cephalic exlension) Olfactory organ Bra<strong>in</strong> Eye Kidney <strong>Lesions</strong> Developmental retardation with failure to absorb the yolk sac and occurrence <strong>of</strong> blue sac disease syndrome (Burkhalter and Kaya, 1977). Nuclear pyknosis (Aoki, 1978). Focal hypertrophy <strong>of</strong> filaments and hyperplasia <strong>of</strong> lamellar and filament epithelium accompanied by high mitotic <strong>in</strong>dex, necrosis and desquamation <strong>of</strong> epithelium and lymphocyte <strong>in</strong>filtration (Gardner and Yevich, 1970). Distension <strong>of</strong> anterior portion, epithelial hypertrophy, <strong>in</strong>creased secretion <strong>of</strong> mucous with mucoid casts from anus; necrosis <strong>of</strong> mucosa with desquamation <strong>of</strong> epithelial cells; edema, focal necrosis and lymphocytic <strong>in</strong>filtration <strong>of</strong> submucosa (Gardner and Yevich, 1970). Numbers <strong>of</strong> eos<strong>in</strong>ophilic granulocytes <strong>in</strong>creased, some hav<strong>in</strong>g deformed nuclei, cytoplasmic vacuolation, and reduction <strong>in</strong> granular mass; nuclei <strong>of</strong> thrombocytes became irregularly shaped (Gardner and Yevich, 1970); poikilocytosis and anisocytosis primarily <strong>in</strong> erythrocytes (Gardner, 1975). Possible hyperplasia <strong>of</strong> follicles? (Gardner, 1975). Reduction <strong>of</strong> pronephric numbers <strong>of</strong> mature eos<strong>in</strong>ophilic granulocytes (Gardner and Yevich, 1970). Purple·brown mottl<strong>in</strong>g throughout, necrosis <strong>of</strong> tubular boundary cells, hemorrhage, vasodilation, and congestion (Sangalang and O'Halioran, 1972). Equivocal lesions, possibly artefactual (Newman and MacLean, 1974). Swell<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> epithelial cells and reduced mucus secretion (Newman and MacLean, 1974). Poikilocytosis, karyorrhexis and abundant "smudge" cells among erythrocytes; lymphocytopenia, thrombocytopenia and neutrophilia (Newman and MacLean, 1974). Swollen mucosal epithelium wrth hypertrophied nuclei and prom<strong>in</strong>ent nucleoli; necrosis and desquamation <strong>of</strong> mucosal epithelium with cellular debris and mucus <strong>in</strong> lumen (Newman and MacLean, 1974). Diffuse tubular necrosis with sloughed epithelial cells and hyal<strong>in</strong> casts <strong>in</strong> dilated tubule lum<strong>in</strong>a; erythrophagocytosis and reduction or absence <strong>of</strong> hemosider<strong>in</strong> (Newman and MacLean, 1974). Lower mean <strong>in</strong>dex <strong>of</strong> spermatogenic development; <strong>in</strong>creased numbers <strong>of</strong> macrophages with phagocytized debris form<strong>in</strong>g granulomas <strong>in</strong> some cases; necrosis <strong>of</strong> primary germ cells with atrophy <strong>of</strong> sem<strong>in</strong>iferous tubules result<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> fibrosis and <strong>in</strong>· filtration <strong>of</strong> mononuclear <strong>in</strong>flammatory cells (Tafanelli and Summerfelt, 1975). Decreased frequency <strong>of</strong> oocyte maturation (Tafanelli and Summerfelt, 1975). Abundant <strong>in</strong>terstitial macrophage accumulation usually form<strong>in</strong>g granulomas, some tubular atrophy (Tafanelli and Summerfelt, 1975). Formation <strong>of</strong> macrophage granulomas (Tafanelli and Summerfelt, 1975). Erythrocyte anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, anisochroms;a, microcytosis, karyorrhexis, cyroplasmic vacuolation and hyperchromasia, presence <strong>of</strong> fusiform shaped cells, and morphological alterations <strong>of</strong> red blood cell nuclei (Gutierrez et aI., 1978). Loss <strong>of</strong> normal nuclear orientation <strong>in</strong> mucosal epithelium, nuclear hyperchromasia, cytoplasmic vacuolation and epithelial necrosis with debris <strong>in</strong> lumen (Gutierrez et al.,1978). Increase <strong>in</strong> connective tissue and numbers <strong>of</strong> hepatocyte nuclei (Gutierrez et aI., 1978). Renal tubular degeneration, nuclei not <strong>in</strong> normal position and hyperchromatic, and dilated lum<strong>in</strong>a filled with amorphous eos<strong>in</strong>ophilic material (Guilterez et al.. 1978). Focal degeneration <strong>of</strong> first and second proximal tubules with granular, basophilic, and vacuolated cytoplasm conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g swollen or dense contracted mitochondria, some with a granular matrix and focal electron densities; third proximal tubules with <strong>in</strong>creased numbers <strong>of</strong> vacuoles, lipid droplets, autophagic vacuoles, nuclei with marg<strong>in</strong>ated chromat<strong>in</strong>, swollen nuclear envelopes and basal membranes con· torted <strong>in</strong>to myel<strong>in</strong>-like figures and cellular casts <strong>in</strong> the lum<strong>in</strong>a; Bowman's space slightly swollen with cell debris (Hawk<strong>in</strong>s et aI., 1980). Digestive diverticular epithelium reduced <strong>in</strong> height, tubules dilated with enlarged circular lum<strong>in</strong>a (Establier et aI., 1978c). Degenerative changes and necrosis <strong>in</strong> epithelial cells <strong>of</strong> proximal tubules conta<strong>in</strong>· <strong>in</strong>g granular casts and nuclear debris (Gardner and Yevich, 1970; Eisler and Gardner, 1973); necrotic tubule epithelium appear<strong>in</strong>g as p<strong>in</strong>k sta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g granular material with either pyknotic nuclei or nuclear debris (Eisler and Gardner, 1973). Focal necrosis (Gardner and LaRoche, 1973). Unspecified renal damage (Gardner and LaRoche, 1973). Necrosis <strong>of</strong> sensory and sustentacular epithelium characterized by nuclear pyk· nosis, karyorrhexis, swell<strong>in</strong>g and reduction <strong>of</strong> sta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g capacity <strong>of</strong> cell cytoplasm; reduction <strong>in</strong> numbers <strong>of</strong> goblet cells l<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g canal and no effect on basal cuboidal cells (Gardner and LaRoche, 1973). Necrosis <strong>of</strong> epithelial receptor cells, hyperplasia <strong>of</strong> sustentacular epithelium wrth cyst·like formations conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g cellular debris and remnants <strong>of</strong> sensory tissue (Gardner and LaRoche, 1973). Changes similar to those above <strong>in</strong> the mummichog (Gardner and LaRoche, 1973). Complete necrosis <strong>of</strong> all cellular elements accompanied by vasodilation and congestion <strong>of</strong> vessels <strong>in</strong> submucosa (Gardner and LaRoche, 1973). Vasodilation and congestion with rupture and hemorrhage <strong>of</strong> the menix primitiva (Gardner and LaRoche, 1973). Hemorrhag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> periorbital connective tissue (Gardner and LaRoche, 1973). Cytoplasmic vacuolation and discont<strong>in</strong>uity <strong>of</strong> cell walls <strong>in</strong> basal region <strong>of</strong> epithelium l<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g proximal and collect<strong>in</strong>g tubules; clump<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> nuclear chromat<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> same cells (Eisler and Gardner, 1973). December 1982,44(12) 9
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