Century-of-Change-China-exhibit-catalog-1911-to-2011

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謝辭今(2011)年是辛亥革命爆發的一百週年。一個世紀前的1911年,滿清王朝在中國的統治,已走到了盡頭;對內, 清政府無法解決其腐敗無能,以及滿漢兩大民族之間的矛盾對立,對外,清政府無力回應日本與西方列強對中國的侵略與干涉。10月10日,辛亥革命在湖北武昌爆發,數月之後,革命黨人推翻了268年的清王朝,終結了中國長達兩千餘年的封建專制體制,建立了亞洲第一個共和國——中華民國。然而,帝國秩序的崩潰,並未能夠確保中國平穩地轉化成為民主國家。辛亥革命後的一百年間,中國在軍事、政治、經濟、社會與意識型態各方面,依然不時出現劇烈震盪,外患從來未曾消失,而中國始終面臨生存危機。 2011年4月,史丹佛大學胡佛研究所舉辦「世紀之變--辛亥百年珍藏史料展」,紀念辛亥革命與民國肇建一百週年。此次展覽以胡佛研究所圖書館與檔案館豐富的館藏為基礎,讓世人得以窺見近代中國彪炳史冊的重大歷史事件,瞭解上一個世紀發生在中國這塊土地上的風雲變幻。更重要者,此一展覽,充分彰顯了胡佛圖書館和檔案館基於研究所創建人、美國第31任總統胡佛所賦予的使命——環繞在與「戰爭」、「革命」與「和平」相關議題的研究——在近、現代中國史料館藏與研究領域上,繼續成長茁壯,享有國際最高的聲譽。以下人士為「世紀之變--辛亥百年珍藏史料展」與目錄冊的出版,貢獻了其時間與心力,在此我們要致上最深切的感謝之意: Rachel Bauer, Brandon Burke, Rae Chang, Elizabeth Chiang (蔣方智怡), Sarah Farber, Jimmy James Fayne, Rayan Ghazal, Cissie Hill, David Jacobs, Lyalya Kharitonova, Tai-chun Kuo (郭岱君), Tim Laverne, Ramon Myer, George Nash, Jennifer Navarrette, Janel Quirante, Russell Rader, Jim Sam, Ellen Santiago, Maciej Siekierski, Stephanie Stewart, Celeste Szeto (房國穎), Mark Tam, Adam Tow 與 Tin Tin Wisniewski. 我們要感謝胡佛檔案館負責展覽與協調的 Nick Siekierski, 他在製作、陳列、單元設計與宣傳材料等方面,提供了最具專業化建議。我們由衷感謝檔案館副館長 Linda Bernard, 她屢次閱讀並修訂展覽文本,並且為展覽的排版,提供技術上的支援, 在展覽籌備期間,她始終熱情洋溢地無私奉獻。我們要感謝研究所編輯 Ann Wood 對展覽文本的文字敘述,進行最高標準的編輯與校對。我們要向 Brad Bauer, Lisa Miller, 與 Don Young 對文本內容的審慎建議,致上謝意。王麗對英文文本進行中文翻譯,我們同樣表示感謝。最後,我們特別要感謝胡佛研究所圖書與檔案館館長 Richard Sousa, 他的遠見、視野與支持,讓此次展覽與出版得以順利成功。林孝庭阮秋芳 8 Hoover Institution The Empire and Its Discontents 滿清傾覆前的局勢 road Map of the Qing dYnaStY hoover institution Library 晚清時期中國鐵路地圖 (see the full-frame version of this image on page 96)
The Empire and Its Discontents At the beginning of the twentieth century, China was still reeling from the Taiping Rebellion, the Opium Wars, and the first Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95. That war resulted in China’s losing Korea, Taiwan, the Pescadores, and the Liaodong region of southern Manchuria. Additional losses for China included an indemnity payment of 200 million taels and the forced opening of treaty ports. In 1900, the antiforeigner Boxer Rebellion was led by the Yi He Quan (Righteous Harmonious Fists), on orders from the empress dowager Cixi, the de facto ruler, to “protect the country and destroy the foreigners.” Twenty thousand troops from an eight-nation alliance (Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) defeated the resistance. In September 1901, the Qing court signed the Boxer Protocol. Again, China was forced to foot the bill—450 million taels, almost double the government’s annual income—and the eight nations would wrest even more concessions from China. The gentry, landlords, and merchants in the provinces fought back, demanding local control of the new railways that were funded by foreign companies. They succeeded, and in 1905, as part of the Railway Rights Recovery Movement, the authority to manage the Sichuan-Hankou and Guangdong-Hankou railway lines was granted to the people of Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, and Guangdong Provinces. Anxious about increasing provincial autonomy, the government countered by nationalizing China’s main railways, igniting fury among the provincials, who resented the recentralization of the Qing court’s power, the loss of their private investments, and the intrusion of foreign economic influence in China. The animus against the government became violent and massive antigovernment riots spread rapidly throughout the southern provinces. Qing troops clashed with demonstrators and public order broke down. China was also plagued by natural disasters that ruined harvests and caused widespread famine. Massive social strife, economic stagnation, military defeats, and expanded foreign concessions brought on national despair. When the empress dowager died in 1908 and the emperor Aisin Gioro Puyi, a two-year old, ascended the throne, the Qing Dynasty was on the verge of collapse. 滿清傾覆前的局勢二十世紀初,中國仍未走出上一世紀的太平天國之亂、兩次鴉片戰爭、以及1894-1895年間中日甲午戰爭戰敗的巨大陰影。甲午戰敗,中國失去了朝鮮半島、割讓了台灣、澎湖群島以及遼東半島。此外,中國在這些戰敗賠款中損失了二億兩白銀,並且被迫開放各通商口岸。 1900年,義和團發起排外運動,在慈禧太后鼓勵下,義和團展開「扶清滅洋」的仇外運動,最後引發奧匈帝國、法國、德國、意大利、日本、俄國、英國、美國等為數兩萬名的八國聯軍攻入北京城。1901年9月,清廷簽署辛丑和約。中國再次被迫賠款四億五千萬兩白銀——這筆款項幾乎相當於清政府年收入的兩倍——而上述八個國家也獲得更多在華特權。與此同時,中國境內各省的士紳、地主與商人階級,面對外國在華勢力的擴張,奮力反擊,要求清廷收回外國公司在華運營的新鐵路。1905年,「保路運動」取得部分勝利,川漢鐵路和粵漢鐵路的管理權交由湖南、湖北、四川和廣東各省當局掌管。為避免助長各省自治傾向,清廷也開始採取鐵路國有化措施。清政府此一措施,卻讓各省私人投資大量流失,也讓中國遭受外國經濟勢力的侵蝕,各省地方當局同時也反對清廷再度中央集權。這種反政府的敵意,逐漸演變成為大規模暴亂,特別是在華南各省之間,快速蔓延。清政府派軍隊鎮壓示威者,然而公共秩序也逐漸失控。此外,中國亦飽受天災與農產欠收之苦,飢荒氾濫。大量的社會糾紛、經濟蕭條、軍事失利與外國在華特權擴展,讓整個中華民族陷於困境。 1908年,當光緒皇帝與慈禧太后先後駕崩、兩歲的愛新覺羅·溥儀繼承皇位時,清王朝實已瀕臨崩潰邊緣。 10 Hoover Institution A Century of Change: China 1911–2011 11
Page 1 and 2: Hoover Institution Stanford Univers
Page 3 and 4: Contents Pages 2-3 Preface 序言 P
Page 5: Sun Yat-Sen Li Ji CaLLigraphY guang
Page 9 and 10: The Empire and Its Discontents the
Page 11 and 12: The Empire and Its Discontents anSo
Page 13 and 14: Reformers and Revolutionaries As di
Page 15 and 16: Reformers and Revolutionaries Liang
Page 17 and 18: Reformers and Revolutionaries Sun Y
Page 19 and 20: The Wuchang Uprising and the Fall o
Page 25 and 26: The Birth of a Republic 1912 CaLend
Page 27 and 28: The Birth of a Republic dipLoMatiC
Page 29 and 30: The Birth of a Republic 54 Hoover I
Page 31 and 32: The Warlord Era and the First Unite
Page 37 and 38: The Sino-Japanese War and the Secon
Page 45 and 46: The Civil War and the Divided China
Page 47 and 48: The Civil War and the Divided China
Page 49 and 50: Hoover's Collecting History In 1899

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