Century-of-Change-China-exhibit-catalog-1911-to-2011

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The Civil War and the Divided China Issue red guard poSter, 1966–76 Jan rowinski collection, ´ hoover institution archives 文化大革命期間紅衛兵畫報 the Cultural revolution (1966–76) was a mass mobilization of urban youth launched by Mao to renew the spirit of the Chinese revolution and cement his place in history following the failure of the great Leap forward (1958–62). More than twenty million high school and college students, calling themselves the red guards, responded to Mao’s call to “make revolution,” mounting vicious efforts to ferret out, denunciate, and persecute “class enemies.” educated youth were also sent to work in the communes in the countryside, which Mao believed would ultimately create a new society with no gap among urban and rural Chinese, laborers, and intellectuals. his vaunted initiatives to transform the nation, however, had disastrous consequences for China— combined, the great Leap forward and the Cultural revolution claimed more than fifty million lives. 92 Hoover Institution Hoover's Collecting History 百年來胡佛研究所的檔案收藏 herBert hooVer to r.a.f. penroSe, 1899 r.a.f. penrose papers, hoover institution archives 1899年胡佛於天津致其美國友人信函,談及他在中國工作、學習與生活情形 a rare letter written in 1899 by herbert hoover— then a twenty-five-year-old Stanford graduate working as a mining engineer in China—tells of studying the Chinese language and history and observing the complex, international politics of the region. in a letter to r.a.f. penrose, he says, “i am now commanded to not leave for long journeys for i am needed in advisatory [sic] capacities generally so i am cheerfully kicking up my heels studying Chinese—and Chinese politics.” ChineSe doCuMentS arriVe hooVer LiBrarY, kpix-tV, december 3, 1956 hoover institution records, hoover institution archives 1956年中國珍貴史料館藏抵達胡佛研究所情形 (see the full-frame version of this image on page 96)
Hoover's Collecting History In 1899, twenty-five-year-old Herbert Hoover and his wife, Lou Henry, were living in Tianjin, China, where he was comanager of the Kaiping mines. It was there that Hoover began to study Chinese language and history. In 1907 Hoover helped Stanford University historian Payson Treat buy books about China, especially its history, and in 1913 Hoover donated six hundred such books, some very rare, to Stanford University. In 1919 Hoover’s humanitarian leadership in World War I led him to establish the Hoover War Collection, as it was then called, part of Stanford’s main library. After World War II, the Hoover Library and Archives, under the leadership of then-director Harold H. Fisher, launched a program to collect comprehensive materials on contemporary China and Japan. In keeping with the Institution’s mission, defined as the study of war, revolution, and peace, he established collecting guidelines under the following rubrics: The collection would Concentrate on “the causes and results of war rather than military operation” Document “all types of revolutionary movement” Encompass “the whole field of international relations—political, economic, cultural, and the organization of peace” In 1946, President Harry Truman appointed Hoover to coordinate worldwide efforts to relieve the great famine that followed World War II. He visited thirty-nine countries, acquiring many valuable documents in the process. Chiang Kai-shek’s government donated important materials on the Nationalists’ war against the Communists, and an old friend of Hoover’s, Tang Shaoyi, who served as the first prime minister of the Chinese Republic in 1912, contributed important records of earlier revolutionary actions. With advisery assistance from Hoover and officials in the Department of State, the Hoover Institution established an entire network of dedicated people in China and Japan, most of whom were Stanford alumni or former Stanford professors, to contribute to the program. The result of their work is a vast collection documenting the political and economic developments in that country since the founding of the Chinese Republic in 1911. In the following decades Chinese and non-Chinese public servants, military officers, engineers, journalists, scholars, and the like began donating their private papers and other materials to the Hoover Institution, where they have been preserved and are available to researchers. 百年來胡佛研究所的檔案收藏 1899年,當時年僅二十五歲的胡佛,是開平煤礦的合伙經理人,他與妻子露亨利住在中國天津。此時,胡佛學習中國語言和歷史。1907年,胡佛帮助史丹佛大學歷史學家特理特蒐羅與中國有關、特别是歷史方面的書籍。1913 年,胡佛捐贈了六百本此類罕見書籍給史丹佛大學。1919年,在第一次世界大戰人道主義倡導人士的影響下,胡佛創立了「胡佛戰爭史料館藏」,這也是史丹佛大學總圖書館當時的主要館藏之一。二次大戰結束後,在當時胡佛檔案館東亞館藏部主任費希爾的領導下,胡佛圖書館與檔案館推動一項重要計畫, 旨在廣泛搜集當代中國與日本相關史料。該計畫基於胡佛研究所的創立宗旨,界定史料收藏為環繞於戰爭、革命與和平課題相關研究上。以下是費希爾所確立的史料搜藏方針: 致力搜集的史料,應在於「戰爭發生的原因與結果,而非軍事行動本身」,且應大力搜集「各式各樣的革命運動相關文獻,同時這些史料還應包括所有國際關係領域,即政治、經濟、文化與和平組織等相關材料。 1946年,美國總統杜魯門授命胡佛搜羅二次戰後全世界努力緩解大饑荒的相關材料。為此,胡佛遊歷三十九個國家,在訪問旅行途中獲得許多極有價值的文獻。戰後蔣介石所領導的中華民國政府,捐贈了不少反共的戰爭資料, 而曾於1911年擔任中華民國首任内閣總理的唐紹儀,則捐赠了早期中國革命活动的重要資料。在胡佛與當時國務院部份官員的建議之下,胡佛研究所發動史丹佛大學的校友,以及曾經在史丹佛大學任教的學者們,在中國和日本建立了完整的資料搜集網路。此一努力頗有成效,胡佛研究所得以收藏大量1911年中華民國成立以來有關政治與經濟發展的文獻資料。接下來數十年裡,中華民國與其他國家的政府官員、軍事將領、工程師、記者、學者等,紛紛將其私人文獻與資料捐贈給胡佛研究所。這些珍貴的歷史材料得到有效保存,並且向全世界讀者開放。 94 Hoover Institution A Century of Change: China 1911–2011 95
Page 1 and 2: Hoover Institution Stanford Univers
Page 3 and 4: Contents Pages 2-3 Preface 序言 P
Page 5 and 6: Sun Yat-Sen Li Ji CaLLigraphY guang
Page 7 and 8: The Empire and Its Discontents At t
Page 9 and 10: The Empire and Its Discontents the
Page 11 and 12: The Empire and Its Discontents anSo
Page 13 and 14: Reformers and Revolutionaries As di
Page 15 and 16: Reformers and Revolutionaries Liang
Page 17 and 18: Reformers and Revolutionaries Sun Y
Page 19 and 20: The Wuchang Uprising and the Fall o
Page 25 and 26: The Birth of a Republic 1912 CaLend
Page 27 and 28: The Birth of a Republic dipLoMatiC
Page 29 and 30: The Birth of a Republic 54 Hoover I
Page 31 and 32: The Warlord Era and the First Unite
Page 37 and 38: The Sino-Japanese War and the Secon
Page 45 and 46: The Civil War and the Divided China
Page 47: The Civil War and the Divided China

Century-of-Change-China-exhibit-catalog-1911-to-2011

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