Century-of-Change-China-exhibit-catalog-1911-to-2011

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Reformers and Revolutionaries 32 Hoover Institution MiLitarY Bond iSSued BY the tong Meng hui, 1906 Charles Beach Boothe papers, hoover institution archives 同盟會所發行的軍事公債 in Vietnam in 1906, the tong Meng hui printed ten thousand military bonds in hundred-dollar denominations to raise funds for the revolution. the proceeds undergirded the Chaozhou uprising in early 1907 and the Zhennanguan uprising toward the end of that year. one side of the bond was printed in english, the reverse side, in french. The Wuchang Uprising and the Fall of a Dynasty 武昌起義與滿清覆亡 wuChang upriSing, 1912 william Sheldon ridge papers, hoover institution archives 武昌亂事圖 (see the full-frame version of this image on page 96)
The Wuchang Uprising and the Fall of a Dynasty The October 10, 1911, Wuchang Uprising that led to the collapse of China’s 2,100-year-old dynastic empire literally arose out of an accident. Revolutionaries in Wuchang, Hubei Province, were building bombs, one of which inadvertently exploded, giving their plot away. Knowing they faced death if caught, they immediately set in motion military actions in south and central China that resulted in a wave of strategic victories. Sun Yat-sen had no direct role in the Wuchang Uprising (he was traveling in the United States and read about it in a newspaper) and in fact favored an uprising in his native Guangdong. Sun’s rival in the alliance, Huang Xing, favored an uprising in central China, which he was planning for late October. Thus the revolutionary leaders were all caught off guard, leaving the mutineers without a leader. Then Li Yuanhong, the Qing-appointed commander of the Twenty-first Mixed Brigade in Hubei, was dragged from under his bed by the mutineers and forced at gunpoint to lead the rebellion. He later became the only man ever to serve twice as president of the republican government. At first, the revolt was considered merely the latest in a series of mutinies in southern China and was widely expected to be quickly suppressed. But, because the Qing court failed to respond promptly, provincial assemblies in many southern provinces rapidly declared independence from the Qing government and allegiance to the rebellion. As news of the success of the insurrection broke, men in urban areas sheared off their queues as a challenge to the Manchu authority. Within a month, representatives from the sixteen seceding provinces had met and declared a Republic of China. In February 1912, 268 years of Qing imperial rule came to an end when Puyi abdicated, thus becoming the last emperor of China. 武昌起義與滿清覆亡 1911年10月10日所發生的武昌起義,實為一偶發事件,卻使得中國長達兩千一百年帝制王朝宣告終結。湖北武昌的革命軍,製造炸彈時不慎爆炸了一顆,因此洩露了秘密。他們深知,如果被捕只有死路一條,所以迅速地在華南和華中地區發動軍事行動,最後取得一系列勝利。孫中山並未直接參與武昌起義,當時他正在美國旅行,從報紙上得知武昌起義的消息。他向來主張在其家鄉廣東省發動起義,他在同盟會裡的潛在對手黃興,則力主於當年十月底在華中起義。因此,當武昌起義爆發後,革命黨人一時措手不及,造成群龍無首的局面。清軍第二十一混成旅協統黎元洪被武昌起義者,從其床底下拉出來,並用槍口迫使他領導起義。稍後,他成為民國總統,也是唯一一位兩度擔任此一職務的人。華南地區起義為數眾多,武昌起義最初只被清廷視為是單一事件, 大多數人也認為將很快被鎮壓下去。但是,由於清朝沒有迅速反應,南方各省的省諮議會很快宣布脫離清朝獨立, 34 Hoover Institution A Century of Change: China 1911–2011 擁護起義。隨著武昌起義爆發並且獲致成功的消息傳播開來,鄉村地區的人們剪去辮子,對滿清統治當局發起挑戰。一個月內,十六個脫離清廷統治的省份代表集會,宣布成立中華民國。1912年2月,中國最後一位皇帝溥儀宣布退位, 歷時二百六十八年的清王朝統治宣告終結。 35
Page 1 and 2: Hoover Institution Stanford Univers
Page 3 and 4: Contents Pages 2-3 Preface 序言 P
Page 5 and 6: Sun Yat-Sen Li Ji CaLLigraphY guang
Page 7 and 8: The Empire and Its Discontents At t
Page 9 and 10: The Empire and Its Discontents the
Page 11 and 12: The Empire and Its Discontents anSo
Page 13 and 14: Reformers and Revolutionaries As di
Page 15 and 16: Reformers and Revolutionaries Liang
Page 17: Reformers and Revolutionaries Sun Y
Page 21 and 22: The Wuchang Uprising and the Fall o
Page 23 and 24: The Wuchang Uprising and the Fall o
Page 25 and 26: The Birth of a Republic 1912 CaLend
Page 27 and 28: The Birth of a Republic dipLoMatiC
Page 29 and 30: The Birth of a Republic 54 Hoover I
Page 31 and 32: The Warlord Era and the First Unite
Page 37 and 38: The Sino-Japanese War and the Secon
Page 45 and 46: The Civil War and the Divided China
Page 47 and 48: The Civil War and the Divided China
Page 49 and 50: Hoover's Collecting History In 1899

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