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$WI LD R LATI\IES CROP PLANTS IN INDIA$

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COLLEMBOLA posfonfennol organ $ense organ cuticular fubercles of body right hind fool FIG. 33. The armed springtail, Achorutes ar11latus Nicolet, and important anatomical features. (After Folsom, 1917.) 81
82 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Grev., Podura Linn., Pseudachorutes Tullb., TuUberg£a Lubb., and Xenylla Tullb. The New Zealand Holacanthella spinosa Lubbock, a dull, slaty, spiny species 10 mm. long, is said to be the largest member of the order. The armed springtail, Achorutes armatus (Nicolet), is probably the most widely distributed species in the world, being cosmopolitan in the temperate regions. The young are white and the adults slate-colored. They occur in the soil, among leaves, in rotten wood, manure, and similar places and often congregate in great numbers. They may devour germinating seeds and are at times a pest to mushrooms. The sl1owfiea, Achorutes nivicolus Fitch, is a dark blue-black cosmopolitan species often occurring on the surface of snow. The seashore springtails, Anurida maritima Lab. and Xenylla maritima Tullb., are common and often very abundant along the seashores of Europe and Africa and the latter has also been noted in North America. They feed on dead animal matter and debris. The golden snowfiea, Onychiurus cocklei (Folsom), is a minute yellow species which often appears in great numbers on the surface of the snow along the Pacific coast from British Columbia into Alaska. The water springtail, Podura aquatica Linn., is widespread in Europe and North America and frequently occurs in myriads on the surface of standing fresh water. Family ENTOMOBRYIDlE Ti:imosvary 1883 (En'to-mo-bry'-i-dce, from the Greek EvroJ.wv, insect, + {3puov, moss; in reference to the damp habitats of some species). This is the dominant family of the order. The body is somewhat cylindrical with smoot.h cuticle clothed with scales and simple, clavate, and pectinate hairs. The furca arises from the fourth abdominal segment. and is long in certain species. The antennre are normally four-segmented, but those of the genus Orchesella have six segments. According to Handlirsch (1925) there are approximately 50 genera and 560 species distributed as follows: Palrearctic 226, North American 96, South American 54, African 29, Indo-Malaysian 72, and Australian 45. The important genera are Armrophorus Nicolet, Cyphodurus Nicolet, Entomobrya Rondani, Folsomla Willem, Heteromurus Wankel, Isatoma Bourlet, Isotomurus Borner, Lepidocyrtus Bourlet, Lepidophorella Schaffer, Orchesella Templeton, Paronella Schott, Proisotoma Borner, Sindla Brook, Sira Lubbock, and Tomocerus Nicolet. The most important of these are Entomobrya, [sotoma, and Tomocerus. The marsh springtail, Isotoma palustris (Miiller), is widely distributed through northern Asia, Europe, and North America. It lives under wet leaves and in wet soil and moss and may also appear on the surface of fresh-water pools. [Botoma viridis (Bourlet), a green species, attaining a length of from 5-6 mm., occurs in Europe and North America. Salina wolcotti Folsom is a
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COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY.
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VI PREFACE The estimated numbers of
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COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY CHAPTER I METAMO
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METAMORPHOSIS OF INSECTS 8 quite we
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METAMORPHOSIS OF INSECTS 5 FIG. 3.
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B METAMORPHOSIS OF INSECTS 9 (5) Pl
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12 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY the mature la
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 15 longitudi
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THE ANATOJV!:Y OF INSECTS 17 9. Cla
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20 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY des of the le
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 23 pollen ba
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 27 Genitalia
Page 42: THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 29 MUSCULAR
Page 50: THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 31 tive duri
Page 54 and 55: THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 41 Rejuvenat
Page 56 and 57: .ecretlng cell. $ecretion epitheliu
Page 60 and 61: THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 41 the APTER
Page 62: THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 49 like subs
Page 66 and 67: CHAPTER III CLASSIFICATION OF INSEC
Page 68 and 69: CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS 55 10. Ab
Page 70 and 71: ----------,------------------------
Page 74: PROTURA 61 ern North America was co
Page 79 and 80: 66 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY pound eyes ar
Page 81: 68 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY contiguous or
Page 84: THYSANURA --, "Quarto contributo aH
Page 88 and 89: APTERA 76 Approximately 15 genera a
Page 91 and 92: 78 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY seeds, and li
Page 98: COLLEMBOLA. 85 Tasmania, and may al
Page 102: ORTHOPTERA 89 ments are visible. Of
Page 105: 92 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY eggs may be d
Page 108: ORTHOPTERA 97 using their front leg
Page 112 and 113: ORTHOPTERA 101 small bells worn by
Page 114: ORTHOPTERA 103 Family TRIDACTYLIDlE
Page 118: GRYLLOBLATTODEA 107 collected on Su
Page 124 and 125: BLATTARIA 113 dwelling houses, hote
Page 126: BLATTARIA 115 REl:IN, J. A. G., and
Page 129: 118 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY this country
Page 132: PHASMIDA 121 FIG. 46. Various types
Page 136: MANTODEA 125 with a median groove b
Page 139: 128 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY to man becau
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132 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY ANATOMICAL C
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DERMAPTERA 186 ing and killing prey
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140 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY winged forms
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144 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY BUlm, M., "O
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PLECOPTERA 149 All forms are crypti
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154 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY slender; bod
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labium ISOPTERA maxilla :;z, ahn,.,
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ISOPTERA 167 FOSSIL RECORD It is ge
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ISOPTERA 171 structive Australian s
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CHAPTER XVII 14. Order ZORAPTERAl S
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176 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY I·'IG. 67.
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178 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY laboratory a
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180 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY certain spec
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CHAPTER XIX 16. Order CORRODENTIA 1
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192 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY SClmODER, C.
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196 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY IMPORTANT AN
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198 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY pigs and hav
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CHAPTER XXI 18. Order ANOPLURA I Le
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ANOPLURA 207 The human louse, Pedic
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fore leg E(G. 76. The common Europe
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Naiad Adult Elongate and campodeifo
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EPHEMERIDA 217 but continuous fligh
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222 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY gle also wit
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EPHEMERIDA 226 most important gener
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230 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Great number
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282 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY venation are
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238 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY and inhabit
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ODONATA 243 Superfamily LIBELLULOID
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246 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY WALl\.£R, E
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THYSANOPTERA 251 IMPORTANT ANATOMIC
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256 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY two-segmente
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2oo COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 5. Last abdo
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262 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HINDS, W. E.
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HEMIPTERA 265 of living plants, cau
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HEMIPTERA 267 division of the meson
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HEMIPTERA CLASSIFICATION 1 Suborder
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HEMIPTERA 271 13. Rostmm four-segme
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276 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Ethiopian re
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280 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY inserted wel
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HEMIPTERA 285 corium veined and the
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288 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Uhler, Empic
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HEMIPTERA thrips, aphids, and leafh
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HEMIPTERA 295 or brachypterous. Hem
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800 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Pelocoris SU
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308 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY External Siz
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HEMIPTERA 311 3-3.5 mm. long to the
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HEMIPTERA 313 throughout much of th
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316 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY These insect
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320 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY phala Ball,
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HEMIPTERA 326 These insects live on
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330 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY E FIG. 113.
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HEMIPTERA 333 Cornic1es or oil- or
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HEMIPTERA 335 .. the same species.
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HEMIPTERA 337 and reaches the great
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340 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY VI. Superfam
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HEMIPTERA 343 species have been des
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HEMIPTERA 345 veloped, reduced, or
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348 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY domen. There
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HEMIPTERA 855 modate them, and afte
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HEMIPTERA 359 was described in 1880
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HEMIPTERA 361 the tiny carinated ma
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HEMIPTERA 365 SANDERS, J. G., "Cata
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370 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY single genus
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CHAPTER XXVII 24. Order NEUROPTERA
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378 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY The eggs, as
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380 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY empodium, wh
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NEUROPTERA 383 admirably endowed wi
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NEUROPTERA 889 have an expanse of 7
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NEUROPTERA 393 WILDERMUTH, V. 1., "
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RAPHIDIODEA 397 which occur in the
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400 COLLEGE ENtOMOLOGY SUMMARY OF A
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TRICHOPTERA EXTERNAL ANATOMY-Contin
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TRICHOPTERA 7. Principal fork of th
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420 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HANDLlRSCH,
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424 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY edible one,
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428 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY are among th
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430 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY (11) Superfa
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436 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY At least war
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440 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY moniliform,
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444 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Hind wings w
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LEPIDOPTERA 453 may be entirely or
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4E6 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY species have
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LEPIDOPTERA 471 carry these cases b
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LEPIDOPTERA 473 palpi short and por
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LEPIDOPTERA 475 foliage upon which
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478 'COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY with the an
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LEPIDOPTERA 483 (Holarctic, Neotrop
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LEPIDOPTERA 489 ning of written his
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LEPIDOPTERA 491 and especially Neot
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LEPIDOPTERA 493 Guerin, is another
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LEPIDOPTERA 495 white, and red and
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LEPIDOPTERA 497 radlus'five, Rs FIG
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500 COLLEGE EIiTOMOLOGY 7. Fore win
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LEPIDOPTERA 503 Papilio pelaus Fab.
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LEPIDOPTERA 513 markings and hang b
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516 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HEINRICH, C.
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COLEOPTERA 519 have been adored and
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COLEOPTERA 621 first sternite is al
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COLEOPTERA 623 mented but the numbe
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COLEOPTERA 527 V. Superfamily STAPH
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COLEOPTERA C, Suborder RHYNCHOPHORA
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COLEOPTERA 531 prolonged apically a
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COLEOPTERA 533 small, slender, almo
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538 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY readiness fo
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COLEOPTERA 547 and often curled up
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560 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY (Net-winged
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COLEOPTERA 665 tralia, which is 50
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564 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY FIG. 187. Th
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COLEOPTERA 569 to the very wide dis
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572 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY cient action
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COLEOPTERA 575 There are only about
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COLEOPTERA 589 genera (Jpochus Lee.
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COLEOPTERA 591 2-3 mm. long. One of
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594 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY developed an
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598 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY tho$celides
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600 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY FIG. 207. Th
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602 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Fuller's ros
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COLEOPTERA 607 --, "A geographical
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STREPSIPTERA 615 Polistes gallicus
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620 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Antenna; - v
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622 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY anterior scu
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HYMENOPTERA 625 II to IX and X or a
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634 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Family CEPHI
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HYMENOPTERA 637 5. Body flea-like o
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, \ , \ -.; Il> ,g \
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646 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Family STEPH
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648 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Family CYNIP
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652 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 13. Antennre
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HYMENOPTERA 661 The family consists
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664: COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY E FIG. 232.
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HYMENOPTERA 676 the members of each
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680 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY' feeding oth
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692 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY without clos
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698 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY boreal North
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702 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY does not ext
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706 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY somewhat res
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712 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY hatching and
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HYMENOPTERA 719 Water - collected d
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-:-22 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY ROHWER, S.
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726 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HAUPT, H., "
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CHAPTER XXXV 32. Order DIPTERA 1 Li
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'134 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY INTERNAL AN
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738 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 71. Family *
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DIPTERA the bend, the costa fractur
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750 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY esses, and f
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754 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY specks of so
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756 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 3. Quartan m
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758 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY The respirat
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764 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY (1) Free-liv
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770 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY lower ones s
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DIPTERA 773 equipped with chitinous
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7'18 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY One of the
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DIPTERA 781 breed in various kinds
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DIPTERA 783 shortened; oval, cylind
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786 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY common Europ
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794 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 305-6, 1941.
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DrPTERA 803 which are mostly indige
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DIPTERA 807 (= Chrysomyia), Cordylo
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