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756 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY
3. Quartan malaria, caused by P. malariEe (Laveran 1881) and transmitted
by no less than 56 species and subspecies of Anopheles.
4. lEstivo-autumnal, pernicious, 8ubtertian, or malignant tertian malaria,
caused by P. Jalciparum (Welch 1897) and transmitted by at least 67 species
and subspecies of Anopheles.
The most important species of Anopheles involved in malaria transmission
in North America are: A. crucians Wiedemann in the eastern part including
Mexico, West Indies, and the Atlantic coast north into New York; Freeborn's
malarial mosquito, A. maculipennis Jreeborni Aitken, common west of the
Rocky Mountains; the four-spotted malaria mosquito, A. 4-maculatus Say,
throughout the area east of the Rocky Mountains including the Gulf coast of
Mexico on the south ahd to Canada on the north; the wayside anopheline,
A. pseudopunctt'pennis Theobald, a widely distributed species occurring from
northwestern Argentina in South America northwards into the southwestern
United States including California (not known to be a real vector of malaria
in North America north of Mexico); and the woodland malaria mosquito,
A. punctipennis (Say), which has the widest distribution in this country:
from southern Canada into Mexico. Fifteen or more additional species are
important vectors of malaria in various other parts of the world.
Some other diseases transmitted by mosquitoes are: Avian malaria, caused
by Plasmodium gallinaceum Brumpt 1935 and transmitted by Aedes Eegypti
(Linn.) and A. albopz'ctus (Skuse); yellow fever and dengue transmitted by
A. cegypti (Linn); Jungle yellow fever transmitted by A. leucocelEenus Dyar and
Shannon in tropical South America; filariasis, chiefly caused by Wuchereria
bancrofti (Cobbold 1877) and Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy 1856) and transmitted
by the genera Aifdes, Anopheles, Culex, and TlEniorhynchus; and equine encephalomyelitis,
transmitted by several species, including Aedes nigromaculis
(Ludlow) and A. sollicilans (Walker), in laboratory experiments.
Mosquitoes have been distributed by commerce to many parts of the world,
and now airplanes are responsible for speedy transportation of the adults.
In recent years Anopheles gambiEe Giles was transported either by fast boats
or by airplanes from West Africa to Brazil where it was discovered on the east
coast in March, 1930.
Family CHAOBORIDlE Edwards 1920 (Cha-o-bor'i-dre, from the Greek
xa6w, to destroy entirely, + (3opti, flesh; from the predacious habits of
the larvre). Phantom Gnats.
Small, hairy, slender, nonbiting aquatic gnats; 3-6 mm. long; pale yellowish,
brown, or black; pilose, hairy, and scaly. Head small and may be partly hidden
by thorax. Eyes large. Ocelli absent. Antennre 14- to 15-segmented; with
whorls of hairs, excepting apices. Proboscis short or long. Thorax rounded or
humped; may be wider than the abdomen. Legs long and slender; hairy; tibire
with or without spurs; tarsi five-segmented, the first segment shorter or longer
than the second; claws simple. Wings rather long and slender; clothed with
hairs and scales. Halteres well developed, pale. Abdomen slender; nine-seg.