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$WI LD R LATI\IES CROP PLANTS IN INDIA$

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CHAPTER III CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS Class INSECTA Linnreus 1768 or HEXAPODA Latreille 1825 Subclass APTERYGOTA (APTERYGOGENEA). Apterous Insects 1. Order PROTURA Proturans, Proturids 2. "THYSANURA Thysanurans, Bristletails, Silver Fish Moths, Slickers 3. "APTERA. Campodeids, Iapygids 4. "COLLEMTIOLA Springtails, Snow Ficas Subclass PTERYGOTA (PTERYGOGENEA). Largely Winged Insects I. Division EXOPTERYGOTA (HETEROMETABOLA). Insects with primitive 5. Order ORTHOPTERA . 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. ]3. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. " GRYLLOBLATTODEA " BLATTARIA. " PHASMIDA . " MANTODEA. " DERMAPTERA. " DIPLOGLOSSATA " PLECOPTERA " ISOPTERA .. ZORAPTERA .. EMBIOPTERA " CORRODENTIA " MALLOPHAGA " ANOPLURA . " EPHEMERIDA " ODONATA " THYSANOPTERA " HEMIPTERA or simple metamor phosis Locusts, Grasshoppers, Katydids, Crickets, Mole Crickets Grylloblattids Roaches, Cockroaches Phasmids, Walkingsticks, Stick Insects Mantids, Preying Mantids, Praying Mantids, Soothsayers Earwigs Hemimerids Stonefiies, Salmonfties, Perlids Termites Zorapterans Ernbiids, Webspinners Psocids, Book Lice, Bark Lice, Dust Lice Bird Lice, Biting Bird Lice True Lice, Sucking Lice Mayflies Damselflies, Dragonfiies, Devil's Darning Needles, Snakedoctors, Mosquito Hawks Thrips Bugs, Cicadas, Treehoppers, Leafhoppers, Spittlebugs, Lanternilies, Psyllids, Aphids. Whiteflies, Scale Insects II. Division ENDOPTERYGOTA (HOLOMETABOLA). Insects with complex 23. Order MEGALOPTERA 24. "NEUROPTERA. 53 metamorphosis Orlflies, Dobsonflies, Fishflies Nerve-winged Insects, Lacewings
COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 25. " RAPHIDIODEA . Raphidians, Snakcilies, Serpentfiies 26. 27. " MECOPTERA " TRICHOPTERA Scorpionflies Caddisfiies, Caddises. Casefiies, Water Moths Caddiccfiies, 28. 29. 30. 31. " LEPIDOPTERA. " COLEOPTERA " STREPSIPTERA .. HYMENOPTERA Moths, Butterflies Beetles, Weevils Strepsipteruns, Stylops, Twisted- -winged Insects Ants, Bees, Wasps, Gallllics. Sawflies. 32. .. DIPTERA Horntails. Ichneumuns, Braconids, Chalcids Flies, Gnats, Midges, Mosquitoes, Punkies 33. 0< SIPHONAPTERA Fleas. Chigof:'s Numbers of Species of Insects According to Z. P. Metcalf (Ent. News 51: 219-222, 1940), approximately 1,500,000 species of insects have been described during the period from 1758 to 1940. KEY TO ORDERS-ADULTS l. Apterous or with inconspicuous vestigial wings. 2 Fully winged or with ntdimentary wings 25 2. Mouth parts mandibulate or for biting and chewing 3 Mouth parts suctorial or for piercing and sucking. 21 3. Mouth parts retracted within the head and with only the apical portions visible . 4 Mouth parts free and not retracted within the head . 7 4-. Abdomen composed of six: or fewer segments, with ventral sucker and caudal springing apparatus. (Springtails.) COLLEMBOLA Abdomen 10- to 12-segmented, without ventral sucker and caudal springing apparatus . 5 5. Abdominal segments I to III each with a pair of small ventral styli; antennre and cerci absent; minute and rare. (Proturans.) . PROTURA Abdominal segments II to VII each with a pair of small ventral styli; antenna! and cerci or forceps present . 6 6. Body usually covered with scales; long cerd and a median caudal filament present. (Bristletails.) . THYSANURA Body smooth and without scales; cerci or a pair of forceps present; caudal filament absent. (Campodeids,Iapygids.) . APTERA 7. Head prolonged into a beak. (Scorpionfiies.) . . MECOPTERA Head normal, not prolonged into a beak. . . . 8 8. Small, soft or tough, crawling and running louse-like insects; prothorax: small and inconspicuous. 9 Small OJ' large, soft or well sclerotized insects; pro thorax normal 10 9. Antennre with five or fewer segments; ectoparasitic on birds and mammals. (Biting Bird Lice.) .. .. . MALLOPHAGA Antennre with more than five segments; phytophagous CORRODENTIA p. 77 P. 59 p. 65 p. 72 p. 399 p. 193 p.l84
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COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY.
Page 11 and 12:
VI PREFACE The estimated numbers of
Page 14 and 15: COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY CHAPTER I METAMO
Page 16 and 17: METAMORPHOSIS OF INSECTS 8 quite we
Page 18 and 19: METAMORPHOSIS OF INSECTS 5 FIG. 3.
Page 22 and 23: B METAMORPHOSIS OF INSECTS 9 (5) Pl
Page 25: 12 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY the mature la
Page 28 and 29: THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 15 longitudi
Page 30 and 31: THE ANATOJV!:Y OF INSECTS 17 9. Cla
Page 33: 20 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY des of the le
Page 36: THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 23 pollen ba
Page 40 and 41: THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 27 Genitalia
Page 42: THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 29 MUSCULAR
Page 50: THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 31 tive duri
Page 54 and 55: THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 41 Rejuvenat
Page 56 and 57: .ecretlng cell. $ecretion epitheliu
Page 60 and 61: THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 41 the APTER
Page 62: THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 49 like subs
Page 68 and 69: CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS 55 10. Ab
Page 70 and 71: ----------,------------------------
Page 74: PROTURA 61 ern North America was co
Page 79 and 80: 66 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY pound eyes ar
Page 81: 68 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY contiguous or
Page 84: THYSANURA --, "Quarto contributo aH
Page 88 and 89: APTERA 76 Approximately 15 genera a
Page 91 and 92: 78 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY seeds, and li
Page 94 and 95: COLLEMBOLA posfonfennol organ $ense
Page 98: COLLEMBOLA. 85 Tasmania, and may al
Page 102: ORTHOPTERA 89 ments are visible. Of
Page 105: 92 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY eggs may be d
Page 108: ORTHOPTERA 97 using their front leg
Page 112 and 113: ORTHOPTERA 101 small bells worn by
Page 114: ORTHOPTERA 103 Family TRIDACTYLIDlE
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GRYLLOBLATTODEA 107 collected on Su
Page 124 and 125:
BLATTARIA 113 dwelling houses, hote
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BLATTARIA 115 REl:IN, J. A. G., and
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118 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY this country
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PHASMIDA 121 FIG. 46. Various types
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MANTODEA 125 with a median groove b
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128 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY to man becau
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132 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY ANATOMICAL C
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DERMAPTERA 186 ing and killing prey
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140 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY winged forms
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144 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY BUlm, M., "O
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PLECOPTERA 149 All forms are crypti
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154 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY slender; bod
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labium ISOPTERA maxilla :;z, ahn,.,
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ISOPTERA 167 FOSSIL RECORD It is ge
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ISOPTERA 171 structive Australian s
Page 185 and 186:
CHAPTER XVII 14. Order ZORAPTERAl S
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176 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY I·'IG. 67.
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178 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY laboratory a
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180 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY certain spec
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CHAPTER XIX 16. Order CORRODENTIA 1
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192 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY SClmODER, C.
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196 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY IMPORTANT AN
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198 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY pigs and hav
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CHAPTER XXI 18. Order ANOPLURA I Le
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ANOPLURA 207 The human louse, Pedic
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fore leg E(G. 76. The common Europe
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Naiad Adult Elongate and campodeifo
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EPHEMERIDA 217 but continuous fligh
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222 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY gle also wit
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EPHEMERIDA 226 most important gener
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230 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Great number
Page 243 and 244:
282 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY venation are
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238 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY and inhabit
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ODONATA 243 Superfamily LIBELLULOID
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246 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY WALl\.£R, E
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THYSANOPTERA 251 IMPORTANT ANATOMIC
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256 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY two-segmente
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2oo COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 5. Last abdo
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262 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HINDS, W. E.
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HEMIPTERA 265 of living plants, cau
Page 278 and 279:
HEMIPTERA 267 division of the meson
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HEMIPTERA CLASSIFICATION 1 Suborder
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HEMIPTERA 271 13. Rostmm four-segme
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276 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Ethiopian re
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280 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY inserted wel
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HEMIPTERA 285 corium veined and the
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288 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Uhler, Empic
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HEMIPTERA thrips, aphids, and leafh
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HEMIPTERA 295 or brachypterous. Hem
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800 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Pelocoris SU
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308 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY External Siz
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HEMIPTERA 311 3-3.5 mm. long to the
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HEMIPTERA 313 throughout much of th
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316 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY These insect
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320 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY phala Ball,
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HEMIPTERA 326 These insects live on
Page 343:
330 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY E FIG. 113.
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HEMIPTERA 333 Cornic1es or oil- or
Page 348 and 349:
HEMIPTERA 335 .. the same species.
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HEMIPTERA 337 and reaches the great
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340 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY VI. Superfam
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HEMIPTERA 343 species have been des
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HEMIPTERA 345 veloped, reduced, or
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348 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY domen. There
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HEMIPTERA 855 modate them, and afte
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HEMIPTERA 359 was described in 1880
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HEMIPTERA 361 the tiny carinated ma
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HEMIPTERA 365 SANDERS, J. G., "Cata
Page 383 and 384:
370 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY single genus
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CHAPTER XXVII 24. Order NEUROPTERA
Page 391 and 392:
378 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY The eggs, as
Page 393:
380 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY empodium, wh
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NEUROPTERA 383 admirably endowed wi
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NEUROPTERA 889 have an expanse of 7
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NEUROPTERA 393 WILDERMUTH, V. 1., "
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RAPHIDIODEA 397 which occur in the
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400 COLLEGE ENtOMOLOGY SUMMARY OF A
Page 422 and 423:
TRICHOPTERA EXTERNAL ANATOMY-Contin
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TRICHOPTERA 7. Principal fork of th
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420 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HANDLlRSCH,
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424 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY edible one,
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428 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY are among th
Page 443 and 444:
430 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY (11) Superfa
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436 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY At least war
Page 453 and 454:
440 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY moniliform,
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444 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Hind wings w
Page 466 and 467:
LEPIDOPTERA 453 may be entirely or
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4E6 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY species have
Page 484 and 485:
LEPIDOPTERA 471 carry these cases b
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LEPIDOPTERA 473 palpi short and por
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LEPIDOPTERA 475 foliage upon which
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478 'COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY with the an
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LEPIDOPTERA 483 (Holarctic, Neotrop
Page 502 and 503:
LEPIDOPTERA 489 ning of written his
Page 504 and 505:
LEPIDOPTERA 491 and especially Neot
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LEPIDOPTERA 493 Guerin, is another
Page 508 and 509:
LEPIDOPTERA 495 white, and red and
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LEPIDOPTERA 497 radlus'five, Rs FIG
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500 COLLEGE EIiTOMOLOGY 7. Fore win
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LEPIDOPTERA 503 Papilio pelaus Fab.
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LEPIDOPTERA 513 markings and hang b
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516 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HEINRICH, C.
Page 532 and 533:
COLEOPTERA 519 have been adored and
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COLEOPTERA 621 first sternite is al
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COLEOPTERA 623 mented but the numbe
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COLEOPTERA 527 V. Superfamily STAPH
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COLEOPTERA C, Suborder RHYNCHOPHORA
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COLEOPTERA 531 prolonged apically a
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COLEOPTERA 533 small, slender, almo
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538 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY readiness fo
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COLEOPTERA 547 and often curled up
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560 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY (Net-winged
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COLEOPTERA 665 tralia, which is 50
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564 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY FIG. 187. Th
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COLEOPTERA 569 to the very wide dis
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572 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY cient action
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COLEOPTERA 575 There are only about
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COLEOPTERA 589 genera (Jpochus Lee.
Page 604 and 605:
COLEOPTERA 591 2-3 mm. long. One of
Page 607:
594 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY developed an
Page 611 and 612:
598 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY tho$celides
Page 613 and 614:
600 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY FIG. 207. Th
Page 615:
602 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Fuller's ros
Page 620:
COLEOPTERA 607 --, "A geographical
Page 628:
STREPSIPTERA 615 Polistes gallicus
Page 633 and 634:
620 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Antenna; - v
Page 635:
622 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY anterior scu
Page 638 and 639:
HYMENOPTERA 625 II to IX and X or a
Page 647 and 648:
634 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Family CEPHI
Page 650:
HYMENOPTERA 637 5. Body flea-like o
Page 654 and 655:
, \ , \ -.; Il> ,g \
Page 659 and 660:
646 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Family STEPH
Page 661:
648 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Family CYNIP
Page 665:
652 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 13. Antennre
Page 674 and 675:
HYMENOPTERA 661 The family consists
Page 677:
664: COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY E FIG. 232.
Page 688:
HYMENOPTERA 676 the members of each
Page 693:
680 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY' feeding oth
Page 705:
692 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY without clos
Page 711 and 712:
698 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY boreal North
Page 715:
702 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY does not ext
Page 719 and 720:
706 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY somewhat res
Page 725:
712 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY hatching and
Page 732:
HYMENOPTERA 719 Water - collected d
Page 735:
-:-22 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY ROHWER, S.
Page 739 and 740:
726 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HAUPT, H., "
Page 741:
CHAPTER XXXV 32. Order DIPTERA 1 Li
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'134 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY INTERNAL AN
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738 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 71. Family *
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DIPTERA the bend, the costa fractur
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750 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY esses, and f
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754 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY specks of so
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756 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 3. Quartan m
Page 771 and 772:
758 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY The respirat
Page 777:
764 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY (1) Free-liv
Page 783 and 784:
770 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY lower ones s
Page 786:
DIPTERA 773 equipped with chitinous
Page 791:
7'18 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY One of the
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DIPTERA 781 breed in various kinds
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DIPTERA 783 shortened; oval, cylind
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786 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY common Europ
Page 807:
794 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 305-6, 1941.
Page 816:
DrPTERA 803 which are mostly indige
Page 820:
DIPTERA 807 (= Chrysomyia), Cordylo
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