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$WI LD R LATI\IES CROP PLANTS IN INDIA$

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COLEOPTERA 599 Family CURCULlONIDlE Leach 1817 (Cur-cu'li-on'i-dre, from the Latin curcul£o, a weevil, a snout beetle). German, RUssler, Russelkafer. Weevils, Snout Beetles. Minute to large species characterized by the prolongation of the head with a snout of variable length, width, and shape. Mostly hard, dull-colored or brilliant metallic beetles; shining, smooth, rugose, sculptured, punctured or striated; scaly or hairy; oval, elongated, cylindrical, robust, or long, slender, and even ant-like in form. Head prognathous, globose, slightly Or greatly extended, and with mouth parts at the end of the snout. Eyes prominent. Antennre straight, geniculate, moniliform, clavate, 10- to 12-segmented and with three-segmented club. Snout short and wide or long and decurved; may be grooved for reception of the antennre. Mouth parts small, strong. Labrum present or absent. Mandibles fiat, pincer-like, toothed on one or both sides. Palpi short and usually concealed. Prothorax variable, narrow or as wide as mesothorax. Legs short or very long, fore and middle coxre rounded, hind pair oval, fore coxal cavities closed behind. Tibire sometimes armed. Tarsi five-segmented, simple or padlike, fourth segment often very small. Claws, usually one pair or may be absent, free or fixed. Wings well developed, rudimentary, or absent. Elytra usually completely covering abdomen but may expose the pygidium. Abdomen with five sternites, the first two fused. Larvre curculionoid, i.e., robust, curved, with well.developed head, and apodous. The body may be relatively smooth or wrinkled. Arboreal forms may possess ambulatory process for moving and clinging. Secluded and subterranean forms are pale whereas those exposed to the light are somber-colored and frequently green, in most cases cryptic. The adults and larvre are phytophagous and feed in or on almost every conceivable part of the plants as root borers, leaf, root, fruit, and seed eaters and leaf miners. Pupation occurs in a cocoon made of fibers of the host or of silk taken from the anus, or in cells in the ground. The pupre are free. The life histories are variable and correspond in a general way to those of other plant.eating forms. A complete life cycle may require from 4 to 6 months to 1 or several years. All stages may hibernate and the adults frequently also restivate. The eggs are usually inserted into the plant tissues. The female first makes a tubular hole, slit, or receptacle with the snout into which the eggs are thrust by means of the elastic and ovipositor-like pygidium. Parthenogenesis occurs in certain genera as in Brachyrhinus. No truly aquatic forms are known although the larvre of many species live in the roots of plants growing in bogs and marshes, and the adults may dive and swim under water. The adults are nocturnal or diurnal and are usually slow walkers and fiiers, but some forms are exceedingly quick on the wing during the heat of the day. This is probably the largest family of insects and one of the largest groups of closely related living things. It includes approximately 40,000 species which are relegated to no less than 20 subfamilies according to modern workers. Of all the groups of insects this is probably the most difficult to treat in a book of this type since there are hundredB of interesting and important species that one
600 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY FIG. 207. The cotton boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, one of the most important economic insects and a native of the New World. Pi, B, C, E, larva and larval structures; D, F, G, adults; H, I, J, pupu. (After U.S.D.Pi.)
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COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY.
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VI PREFACE The estimated numbers of
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COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY CHAPTER I METAMO
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METAMORPHOSIS OF INSECTS 8 quite we
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METAMORPHOSIS OF INSECTS 5 FIG. 3.
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B METAMORPHOSIS OF INSECTS 9 (5) Pl
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12 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY the mature la
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 15 longitudi
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THE ANATOJV!:Y OF INSECTS 17 9. Cla
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20 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY des of the le
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 23 pollen ba
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 27 Genitalia
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 29 MUSCULAR
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 31 tive duri
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 41 Rejuvenat
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.ecretlng cell. $ecretion epitheliu
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 41 the APTER
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 49 like subs
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CHAPTER III CLASSIFICATION OF INSEC
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CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS 55 10. Ab
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PROTURA 61 ern North America was co
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66 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY pound eyes ar
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68 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY contiguous or
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THYSANURA --, "Quarto contributo aH
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APTERA 76 Approximately 15 genera a
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78 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY seeds, and li
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COLLEMBOLA posfonfennol organ $ense
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COLLEMBOLA. 85 Tasmania, and may al
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ORTHOPTERA 89 ments are visible. Of
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92 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY eggs may be d
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ORTHOPTERA 97 using their front leg
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ORTHOPTERA 101 small bells worn by
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ORTHOPTERA 103 Family TRIDACTYLIDlE
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GRYLLOBLATTODEA 107 collected on Su
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BLATTARIA 113 dwelling houses, hote
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BLATTARIA 115 REl:IN, J. A. G., and
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118 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY this country
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PHASMIDA 121 FIG. 46. Various types
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MANTODEA 125 with a median groove b
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128 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY to man becau
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132 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY ANATOMICAL C
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DERMAPTERA 186 ing and killing prey
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140 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY winged forms
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144 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY BUlm, M., "O
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PLECOPTERA 149 All forms are crypti
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154 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY slender; bod
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labium ISOPTERA maxilla :;z, ahn,.,
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ISOPTERA 167 FOSSIL RECORD It is ge
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ISOPTERA 171 structive Australian s
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CHAPTER XVII 14. Order ZORAPTERAl S
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176 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY I·'IG. 67.
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178 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY laboratory a
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180 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY certain spec
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CHAPTER XIX 16. Order CORRODENTIA 1
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192 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY SClmODER, C.
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196 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY IMPORTANT AN
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198 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY pigs and hav
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CHAPTER XXI 18. Order ANOPLURA I Le
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ANOPLURA 207 The human louse, Pedic
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fore leg E(G. 76. The common Europe
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Naiad Adult Elongate and campodeifo
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EPHEMERIDA 217 but continuous fligh
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222 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY gle also wit
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EPHEMERIDA 226 most important gener
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230 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Great number
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282 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY venation are
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238 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY and inhabit
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ODONATA 243 Superfamily LIBELLULOID
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246 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY WALl\.£R, E
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THYSANOPTERA 251 IMPORTANT ANATOMIC
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256 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY two-segmente
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2oo COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 5. Last abdo
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262 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HINDS, W. E.
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HEMIPTERA 265 of living plants, cau
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HEMIPTERA 267 division of the meson
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HEMIPTERA CLASSIFICATION 1 Suborder
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HEMIPTERA 271 13. Rostmm four-segme
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276 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Ethiopian re
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280 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY inserted wel
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HEMIPTERA 285 corium veined and the
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288 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Uhler, Empic
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HEMIPTERA thrips, aphids, and leafh
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HEMIPTERA 295 or brachypterous. Hem
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800 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Pelocoris SU
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308 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY External Siz
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HEMIPTERA 311 3-3.5 mm. long to the
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HEMIPTERA 313 throughout much of th
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316 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY These insect
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320 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY phala Ball,
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HEMIPTERA 326 These insects live on
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330 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY E FIG. 113.
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HEMIPTERA 333 Cornic1es or oil- or
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HEMIPTERA 335 .. the same species.
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HEMIPTERA 337 and reaches the great
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340 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY VI. Superfam
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HEMIPTERA 343 species have been des
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HEMIPTERA 345 veloped, reduced, or
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348 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY domen. There
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HEMIPTERA 855 modate them, and afte
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HEMIPTERA 359 was described in 1880
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HEMIPTERA 361 the tiny carinated ma
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HEMIPTERA 365 SANDERS, J. G., "Cata
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370 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY single genus
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CHAPTER XXVII 24. Order NEUROPTERA
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378 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY The eggs, as
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380 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY empodium, wh
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NEUROPTERA 383 admirably endowed wi
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NEUROPTERA 889 have an expanse of 7
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NEUROPTERA 393 WILDERMUTH, V. 1., "
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RAPHIDIODEA 397 which occur in the
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400 COLLEGE ENtOMOLOGY SUMMARY OF A
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TRICHOPTERA EXTERNAL ANATOMY-Contin
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TRICHOPTERA 7. Principal fork of th
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420 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HANDLlRSCH,
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424 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY edible one,
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428 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY are among th
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430 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY (11) Superfa
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436 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY At least war
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440 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY moniliform,
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444 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Hind wings w
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LEPIDOPTERA 453 may be entirely or
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4E6 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY species have
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LEPIDOPTERA 471 carry these cases b
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LEPIDOPTERA 473 palpi short and por
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LEPIDOPTERA 475 foliage upon which
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478 'COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY with the an
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LEPIDOPTERA 483 (Holarctic, Neotrop
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LEPIDOPTERA 489 ning of written his
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LEPIDOPTERA 491 and especially Neot
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LEPIDOPTERA 493 Guerin, is another
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LEPIDOPTERA 495 white, and red and
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LEPIDOPTERA 497 radlus'five, Rs FIG
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500 COLLEGE EIiTOMOLOGY 7. Fore win
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LEPIDOPTERA 503 Papilio pelaus Fab.
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LEPIDOPTERA 513 markings and hang b
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516 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HEINRICH, C.
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COLEOPTERA 519 have been adored and
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COLEOPTERA 621 first sternite is al
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COLEOPTERA 623 mented but the numbe
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COLEOPTERA 527 V. Superfamily STAPH
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COLEOPTERA C, Suborder RHYNCHOPHORA
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COLEOPTERA 531 prolonged apically a
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COLEOPTERA 533 small, slender, almo
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538 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY readiness fo
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COLEOPTERA 547 and often curled up
Page 563 and 564: 560 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY (Net-winged
Page 568: COLEOPTERA 665 tralia, which is 50
Page 577: 564 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY FIG. 187. Th
Page 582 and 583: COLEOPTERA 569 to the very wide dis
Page 585 and 586: 572 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY cient action
Page 588: COLEOPTERA 575 There are only about
Page 602 and 603: COLEOPTERA 589 genera (Jpochus Lee.
Page 604 and 605: COLEOPTERA 591 2-3 mm. long. One of
Page 607: 594 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY developed an
Page 611: 598 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY tho$celides
Page 615: 602 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Fuller's ros
Page 620: COLEOPTERA 607 --, "A geographical
Page 628: STREPSIPTERA 615 Polistes gallicus
Page 633 and 634: 620 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Antenna; - v
Page 635: 622 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY anterior scu
Page 638 and 639: HYMENOPTERA 625 II to IX and X or a
Page 647 and 648: 634 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Family CEPHI
Page 650: HYMENOPTERA 637 5. Body flea-like o
Page 654 and 655: , \ , \ -.; Il> ,g \
Page 659 and 660: 646 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Family STEPH
Page 661: 648 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Family CYNIP
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652 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 13. Antennre
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HYMENOPTERA 661 The family consists
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664: COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY E FIG. 232.
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HYMENOPTERA 676 the members of each
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680 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY' feeding oth
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692 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY without clos
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698 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY boreal North
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702 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY does not ext
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706 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY somewhat res
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712 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY hatching and
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HYMENOPTERA 719 Water - collected d
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-:-22 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY ROHWER, S.
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726 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HAUPT, H., "
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CHAPTER XXXV 32. Order DIPTERA 1 Li
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'134 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY INTERNAL AN
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738 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 71. Family *
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DIPTERA the bend, the costa fractur
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750 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY esses, and f
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754 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY specks of so
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756 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 3. Quartan m
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758 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY The respirat
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764 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY (1) Free-liv
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770 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY lower ones s
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DIPTERA 773 equipped with chitinous
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7'18 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY One of the
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DIPTERA 781 breed in various kinds
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DIPTERA 783 shortened; oval, cylind
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786 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY common Europ
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794 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 305-6, 1941.
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DrPTERA 803 which are mostly indige
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DIPTERA 807 (= Chrysomyia), Cordylo
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