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$WI LD R LATI\IES CROP PLANTS IN INDIA$

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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 41 Rejuvenation of appendages (in lower or primitive adult and in larval forms), Deciduous appendages (legs, wings, antennce, cerci). Protective coloration Cryptic - green, gray, brown, and combinations to match the immediate background. Mimicry - resemblance to other insects in color patterns; or with very bright and conspicuous warning colors. FIG. 18. Digestive and salivary systems of the harlequin cabbage bug, Murgantia hislrionic(Z (Hahn). ac gl, accessory salivary gland; ant int, interior stomach of the pylorus; d ac gl, duct of the accessory salivary gland; m t, malpighian tubule; Des,
42 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Scaring or bluffing devices Grotesque forms; bright colors and markings; greatly enlarged appendages; sounds: stridulating, buzzing, drumming. Defensive weapons Stinging hairs, set.re, spines; offensive fluids; strong jaws; strong crushing and kicking legs; ovipositor, sting, camouflaging. Offensive weapons Volatile fluids, sticky secretions, mandibles, sting. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM AND REPRODUCTION IN INSECTS Sexuality in insect.s is one of those subjects that may be pursued indefinitely without ever knowing all of the facts and details that are concerned with the most fundamental part of all life - that of reproduction. The ancient idea that insects originated spontaneoHsly or by some "vivifying principle" was dispelled in part by Francis Redi in 1668, but even to this day thousands of supposedly educated human beings know little or nothing about how these small animals are able to maintain themselves continuously in such great numbers. The early investigations of Hooke (1637-1703), Malpighi (1628-1694), Swammerdam (1637-1680), and Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723), with the aid of the microscope, revealed that insects were perfect animals with all of the possibili. ties of life and development of larger animals, but with many peculiarities until then wholly unknown and unsuspected. The veil of obscurity partly lifted by these "minute anatomists" was drawn much further back by the researches of Redi (1626-1698), Frisch (1666-1743), Reaumur (1683-1758), Bonnet (1707- 1789), Reesel von Rosenhof (1705-1759), Linnreus (1707-1778), and a host of other almost equally competent students in many parts of Europe. It is remark· able how rapidly the intricacies of insect life were unraveled and exposed to the view of a curious but unappreciative world. Practically all of the exact information we now have about these multitudinous and partly beneficial, mostly pestiferous and destructive. insects has been accumulated within the past three centuries. Knowledge has advanced to the greatest degrees along systematic and bionomic lines, and while considerable information has been accumulated relating to anatomy and physiology, much remains to be accomplished before we can compare that knowledge with achievements in the study of man and the higher animals. At the present time very great interest is manifested in these intricate and obscure problems relating to the inner life and reactions of insects as individuals and as members of the great scheme of nature. One of these important phenomena, reproduction, is probably as little known as any of the natural processes of this gigantic group of minutire. Owing to lack of space it is inadvisable to attempt to trace the origin of accumulated knowledge relating to the sexuality of insects, nor is it possible even to tabulate the many ramifications and particulars that enter into a discussion of any of the many phases of this subject.
Page 4: COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY.
Page 11 and 12: VI PREFACE The estimated numbers of
Page 14 and 15: COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY CHAPTER I METAMO
Page 16 and 17: METAMORPHOSIS OF INSECTS 8 quite we
Page 18 and 19: METAMORPHOSIS OF INSECTS 5 FIG. 3.
Page 22 and 23: B METAMORPHOSIS OF INSECTS 9 (5) Pl
Page 25: 12 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY the mature la
Page 28 and 29: THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 15 longitudi
Page 30 and 31: THE ANATOJV!:Y OF INSECTS 17 9. Cla
Page 33: 20 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY des of the le
Page 36: THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 23 pollen ba
Page 40 and 41: THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 27 Genitalia
Page 42: THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 29 MUSCULAR
Page 50: THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 31 tive duri
Page 56 and 57: .ecretlng cell. $ecretion epitheliu
Page 60 and 61: THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 41 the APTER
Page 62: THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 49 like subs
Page 66 and 67: CHAPTER III CLASSIFICATION OF INSEC
Page 68 and 69: CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS 55 10. Ab
Page 70 and 71: ----------,------------------------
Page 74: PROTURA 61 ern North America was co
Page 79 and 80: 66 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY pound eyes ar
Page 81: 68 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY contiguous or
Page 84: THYSANURA --, "Quarto contributo aH
Page 88 and 89: APTERA 76 Approximately 15 genera a
Page 91 and 92: 78 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY seeds, and li
Page 94 and 95: COLLEMBOLA posfonfennol organ $ense
Page 98: COLLEMBOLA. 85 Tasmania, and may al
Page 102: ORTHOPTERA 89 ments are visible. Of
Page 105:
92 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY eggs may be d
Page 108:
ORTHOPTERA 97 using their front leg
Page 112 and 113:
ORTHOPTERA 101 small bells worn by
Page 114:
ORTHOPTERA 103 Family TRIDACTYLIDlE
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GRYLLOBLATTODEA 107 collected on Su
Page 124 and 125:
BLATTARIA 113 dwelling houses, hote
Page 126:
BLATTARIA 115 REl:IN, J. A. G., and
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118 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY this country
Page 132:
PHASMIDA 121 FIG. 46. Various types
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MANTODEA 125 with a median groove b
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128 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY to man becau
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132 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY ANATOMICAL C
Page 146:
DERMAPTERA 186 ing and killing prey
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140 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY winged forms
Page 155:
144 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY BUlm, M., "O
Page 160:
PLECOPTERA 149 All forms are crypti
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154 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY slender; bod
Page 174 and 175:
labium ISOPTERA maxilla :;z, ahn,.,
Page 178:
ISOPTERA 167 FOSSIL RECORD It is ge
Page 182 and 183:
ISOPTERA 171 structive Australian s
Page 185 and 186:
CHAPTER XVII 14. Order ZORAPTERAl S
Page 187 and 188:
176 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY I·'IG. 67.
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178 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY laboratory a
Page 191 and 192:
180 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY certain spec
Page 195:
CHAPTER XIX 16. Order CORRODENTIA 1
Page 203:
192 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY SClmODER, C.
Page 207 and 208:
196 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY IMPORTANT AN
Page 209:
198 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY pigs and hav
Page 213:
CHAPTER XXI 18. Order ANOPLURA I Le
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ANOPLURA 207 The human louse, Pedic
Page 223:
fore leg E(G. 76. The common Europe
Page 226 and 227:
Naiad Adult Elongate and campodeifo
Page 228:
EPHEMERIDA 217 but continuous fligh
Page 233 and 234:
222 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY gle also wit
Page 236:
EPHEMERIDA 226 most important gener
Page 241 and 242:
230 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Great number
Page 243 and 244:
282 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY venation are
Page 249 and 250:
238 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY and inhabit
Page 254:
ODONATA 243 Superfamily LIBELLULOID
Page 257:
246 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY WALl\.£R, E
Page 262:
THYSANOPTERA 251 IMPORTANT ANATOMIC
Page 267 and 268:
256 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY two-segmente
Page 271 and 272:
2oo COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 5. Last abdo
Page 273:
262 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HINDS, W. E.
Page 276 and 277:
HEMIPTERA 265 of living plants, cau
Page 278 and 279:
HEMIPTERA 267 division of the meson
Page 280 and 281:
HEMIPTERA CLASSIFICATION 1 Suborder
Page 282:
HEMIPTERA 271 13. Rostmm four-segme
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276 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Ethiopian re
Page 291:
280 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY inserted wel
Page 296 and 297:
HEMIPTERA 285 corium veined and the
Page 299:
288 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Uhler, Empic
Page 304 and 305:
HEMIPTERA thrips, aphids, and leafh
Page 306:
HEMIPTERA 295 or brachypterous. Hem
Page 313:
800 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Pelocoris SU
Page 321 and 322:
308 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY External Siz
Page 324 and 325:
HEMIPTERA 311 3-3.5 mm. long to the
Page 326 and 327:
HEMIPTERA 313 throughout much of th
Page 329:
316 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY These insect
Page 333 and 334:
320 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY phala Ball,
Page 338 and 339:
HEMIPTERA 326 These insects live on
Page 343:
330 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY E FIG. 113.
Page 346 and 347:
HEMIPTERA 333 Cornic1es or oil- or
Page 348 and 349:
HEMIPTERA 335 .. the same species.
Page 350 and 351:
HEMIPTERA 337 and reaches the great
Page 353:
340 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY VI. Superfam
Page 356 and 357:
HEMIPTERA 343 species have been des
Page 358 and 359:
HEMIPTERA 345 veloped, reduced, or
Page 361 and 362:
348 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY domen. There
Page 368:
HEMIPTERA 855 modate them, and afte
Page 372 and 373:
HEMIPTERA 359 was described in 1880
Page 374:
HEMIPTERA 361 the tiny carinated ma
Page 378:
HEMIPTERA 365 SANDERS, J. G., "Cata
Page 383 and 384:
370 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY single genus
Page 385:
CHAPTER XXVII 24. Order NEUROPTERA
Page 391 and 392:
378 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY The eggs, as
Page 393:
380 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY empodium, wh
Page 396 and 397:
NEUROPTERA 383 admirably endowed wi
Page 402:
NEUROPTERA 889 have an expanse of 7
Page 406:
NEUROPTERA 393 WILDERMUTH, V. 1., "
Page 410 and 411:
RAPHIDIODEA 397 which occur in the
Page 413:
400 COLLEGE ENtOMOLOGY SUMMARY OF A
Page 422 and 423:
TRICHOPTERA EXTERNAL ANATOMY-Contin
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TRICHOPTERA 7. Principal fork of th
Page 433:
420 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HANDLlRSCH,
Page 437:
424 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY edible one,
Page 441 and 442:
428 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY are among th
Page 443 and 444:
430 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY (11) Superfa
Page 449:
436 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY At least war
Page 453 and 454:
440 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY moniliform,
Page 457:
444 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Hind wings w
Page 466 and 467:
LEPIDOPTERA 453 may be entirely or
Page 469:
4E6 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY species have
Page 484 and 485:
LEPIDOPTERA 471 carry these cases b
Page 486 and 487:
LEPIDOPTERA 473 palpi short and por
Page 488:
LEPIDOPTERA 475 foliage upon which
Page 491:
478 'COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY with the an
Page 496:
LEPIDOPTERA 483 (Holarctic, Neotrop
Page 502 and 503:
LEPIDOPTERA 489 ning of written his
Page 504 and 505:
LEPIDOPTERA 491 and especially Neot
Page 506 and 507:
LEPIDOPTERA 493 Guerin, is another
Page 508 and 509:
LEPIDOPTERA 495 white, and red and
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LEPIDOPTERA 497 radlus'five, Rs FIG
Page 513:
500 COLLEGE EIiTOMOLOGY 7. Fore win
Page 516 and 517:
LEPIDOPTERA 503 Papilio pelaus Fab.
Page 526:
LEPIDOPTERA 513 markings and hang b
Page 529 and 530:
516 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HEINRICH, C.
Page 532 and 533:
COLEOPTERA 519 have been adored and
Page 534 and 535:
COLEOPTERA 621 first sternite is al
Page 536 and 537:
COLEOPTERA 623 mented but the numbe
Page 540 and 541:
COLEOPTERA 527 V. Superfamily STAPH
Page 542 and 543:
COLEOPTERA C, Suborder RHYNCHOPHORA
Page 544 and 545:
COLEOPTERA 531 prolonged apically a
Page 546 and 547:
COLEOPTERA 533 small, slender, almo
Page 551 and 552:
538 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY readiness fo
Page 560:
COLEOPTERA 547 and often curled up
Page 563 and 564:
560 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY (Net-winged
Page 568:
COLEOPTERA 665 tralia, which is 50
Page 577:
564 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY FIG. 187. Th
Page 582 and 583:
COLEOPTERA 569 to the very wide dis
Page 585 and 586:
572 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY cient action
Page 588:
COLEOPTERA 575 There are only about
Page 602 and 603:
COLEOPTERA 589 genera (Jpochus Lee.
Page 604 and 605:
COLEOPTERA 591 2-3 mm. long. One of
Page 607:
594 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY developed an
Page 611 and 612:
598 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY tho$celides
Page 613 and 614:
600 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY FIG. 207. Th
Page 615:
602 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Fuller's ros
Page 620:
COLEOPTERA 607 --, "A geographical
Page 628:
STREPSIPTERA 615 Polistes gallicus
Page 633 and 634:
620 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Antenna; - v
Page 635:
622 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY anterior scu
Page 638 and 639:
HYMENOPTERA 625 II to IX and X or a
Page 647 and 648:
634 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Family CEPHI
Page 650:
HYMENOPTERA 637 5. Body flea-like o
Page 654 and 655:
, \ , \ -.; Il> ,g \
Page 659 and 660:
646 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Family STEPH
Page 661:
648 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Family CYNIP
Page 665:
652 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 13. Antennre
Page 674 and 675:
HYMENOPTERA 661 The family consists
Page 677:
664: COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY E FIG. 232.
Page 688:
HYMENOPTERA 676 the members of each
Page 693:
680 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY' feeding oth
Page 705:
692 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY without clos
Page 711 and 712:
698 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY boreal North
Page 715:
702 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY does not ext
Page 719 and 720:
706 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY somewhat res
Page 725:
712 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY hatching and
Page 732:
HYMENOPTERA 719 Water - collected d
Page 735:
-:-22 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY ROHWER, S.
Page 739 and 740:
726 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HAUPT, H., "
Page 741:
CHAPTER XXXV 32. Order DIPTERA 1 Li
Page 747 and 748:
'134 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY INTERNAL AN
Page 751:
738 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 71. Family *
Page 756:
DIPTERA the bend, the costa fractur
Page 763:
750 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY esses, and f
Page 767 and 768:
754 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY specks of so
Page 769 and 770:
756 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 3. Quartan m
Page 771 and 772:
758 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY The respirat
Page 777:
764 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY (1) Free-liv
Page 783 and 784:
770 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY lower ones s
Page 786:
DIPTERA 773 equipped with chitinous
Page 791:
7'18 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY One of the
Page 794 and 795:
DIPTERA 781 breed in various kinds
Page 796:
DIPTERA 783 shortened; oval, cylind
Page 799:
786 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY common Europ
Page 807:
794 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 305-6, 1941.
Page 816:
DrPTERA 803 which are mostly indige
Page 820:
DIPTERA 807 (= Chrysomyia), Cordylo
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