LIBRARY

478 'COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY
with the anterior and posterior ends raised into the air. Pupre naked and
enclosed in a cell in the ground or in a loose cocoon in debris.
One of the most unusual caterpillars is called the lobster, Stauropus jagi
(Linn.), of Europe, Asia, and Indo-Malaysia, whose very long true legs are
held forwards like the claws of a lobster. The larvre feed on the foliage of
deciduous trees. A similar species, S. altern us Walker, has slender larvre with
the head and posterior end of the abdomen greatly enlarged; the true legs,
especially the second and third pairs, are much lengthened and the anal prolegs
are missing. They feed on acacia in India. The puss moths, belonging to the
genus Centra Schrank, are Holarctic and Indo-Australian. The caterpillars
are bulky anteriorly and pointed posteriorly and have a pair of long anal
eversible tubes. C. vinula (Linn.), the common species in Europe, feeds on
poplars and willows.
The most important North American species is the red-humped caterpillar,
Schizura concinnlt (Abbot and Smith), the full-grown larvre being 25-35 mm.
long, yellow or red, with six: or eight black tubercles on each segment, the entire
body lined with while, brown, red, and black. The head is bright red as is
also the fourth segment which has a prominent dorsal hump and two conspicuous
black tubercles. Pupation occurs in the soil, where hibernation also takes
place. The adults are reddish-brown and gray and have an expanse of 30-
35 mm. This species usually has two generations a year. The caterpillars
are gregarious and are general feeders on deciduous trees and shrubs and are
pests in orchards, being particularly fond of prune and walnut trees. The
species is widely distributed throughout the temperate parts of the continent.
Another economic species is the yellow-necked caterpillar, Datana ministra
(Drury), the larvre of which are black with yellow longitudinal stripes and
long soft white hairs. The head and prothoracic shield are yellow or orange.
Its food habits and distribution are very much like those of the preceding
I
species.
Family LYMANTRUDlE Hampson 1892 (LY'man-tri'i-dre, from the Greek
XUjJ.avr-IJp, a destroyer, despoiler; because of the destructiveness of the
caterpillars). Tussock Moths ..
Medium-sized, robust, hairy and scaly moths, 10-36 mm. long, which are
mostly nocturnal with certain species partly diurnal and crepuscular. While the
males are winged, the females of a number of genera (Hemerocamplt, Acyphas,
and Oryg1'a) have only rudimentary wings and are flightless. Antennre mostly
pectinate or plumose apically and specially developed in the males. Proboscis
rudimentary or absent; palpi short. Ocelli absent. Legs densely haired. Wings
well developed or atrophied; frenulum present in most genera. Abdomen of
the females has anal tufts used in covering the eggs and two brIghtly colored
dorsal glands. Spiracles with hoods dorsad. Eggs often laid in masses and
covered with cement and body hairs; frequently deposited on the pupal case;
and are the hibernating stage in certain temperate species (Hemerocampa,
Orygia). Caterpillars large, cylindrical, and densely covered with long hatts