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$WI LD R LATI\IES CROP PLANTS IN INDIA$

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RAPHIDIODEA 397 which occur in the Miocene of Colorado no longer exist in the New World, but are confined to the Palearctic region, one (Fibla) being restricted to the southern part of Europe. This is strong evidence that the present snake-fly fauna of North America has been newly formed since the Miocene, the Mid-Tertiary fauna having been exterminated. The restriction of the recent genera in North America to the Rocky Mountain and Californian regions points to the conclusion that the present snake-fly fauna of North America has been derived from eastern Asia through Alaska. This migration could easily have extended southward along the Pacific coast into South America, giving rise to the two isolated species of Agulla which occur in Central America and Chile." KEY TO FAMILIES (After Carpenter 1936) 1. Ocelli present; pterostigma bisected by a veinlet; antennal segments smaller at bases . . .. .. RAPHIDIIDlE 2. Ocelli absent; pterostigma not bisected by a veinlet, antennal segments cylindrical. INOCELLIIDJE Family RAPHIDIIDJE Stephens 1836 (Raph/i-di/i-dre: see meaning under order name). Long-necked snaketlies. This, the dominant family, includes the genera Raphidia Linnreus 1758, the first to be described and for many years the only genus and "catch-aU" for all the various species described: Erma 1 Navas 1918; and Aguila Navas 1914, the most widely distributed genus, which now includes nearly all species that were placed in Raphidia. The common raphidian, Agulla adnixa (Hagen) (Raphidia), is the commonest and one of the most widely distributed species in North America, and yet very little is known as to its biology. It ranges from the Pacific seashore to the crests of the Sierra Nevada and of the Rocky Mountains to an elevation of at least 9,000 it; Agulla arizonica (Banks) and A. unicolor Carpenter also have a similarly wide distribution in western North America. There are at least 12 species of Rapkidia in Europe. Raphidia hermandi Navas occurs in Japan. Family INOCELLIIDlE Nav4s 1916 (In'o-cell-i/i-dre, from the Latin; meaning without ocelli). Inocellids. This family embraces but two genera, Inocellia Schneider 1843. which is Nearctic and Palrearctic, and Fibla Navas, which is European. The American species, Inocellia inflata (Hagen) (Raphidia) and I. longicornis Albarda, have been collected only along the Pacific coast from southern British Columbia to southern California and to western Nevada. Inoceltia crassicornis Schummel is a Japanese species. I The genus Erma was placed in a separate family. ERMIDiE. by Lestage 1928.
398 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY SELECTED REFERENCES BANKS, N., "A synopsis, catalogue, and bibliography of the neuropteroid insects of temperate North America," Trans. Am. En!. Soc. 19; 327-373, 1892. CARPENTER, F. M., "Revision of the Nearctic RAPHIDIODEA (recent and fossil)," Proc. Am. A cad. Arts and Sci. 71: 89-157, 13 figs., 2 pIs., complete bibliography, 1936. EnsEN'PETERSEN, P., "MegaJoptera," Gen. lnsectorum 154: 1-13, 2 pis., 1913. LESTAGE, J., "Une Inocellia nouvelle du Maroc, et notes critique sur Ie Raphidioidea," Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 8: 24-33, 1928. NAVAS, R. P. L., "Algunos Neuropteros del Museo de Oxford," Bol. Soc. Arag. Cienc. Nat. Zaragoza 13: 61-69, 1914. --, Monograjia de l'ordre de los RajidiiiJJters, Barcelona, pp. 1-89, 1918. --, EntomolDgia de Catai1mya Neuropters Raphidibple1S, 3: 1--66, 1934. SCHNEIDER, G. T., Monographia generis Rizaphidim Linnrei, Bteslau, pp. 1-96, pIs. 1-7, 1843. STITZ, R., "Raphidiina," Biol. Tiere Deut.lchlolZds 26, t. 35: 35.49-35.66,30 figs., 15 refs., 1927. --, "Raphidiina," Ticrwelt Mitteleuropas VI, Insekten 3: 2-4, figs., 4-6, 1928. WIl.LIAMS, C. B., "Some biological notes on RaPhidia macult·collis Stephens," Entom. 46: 6-8, 1913.
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COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY.
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VI PREFACE The estimated numbers of
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COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY CHAPTER I METAMO
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METAMORPHOSIS OF INSECTS 8 quite we
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METAMORPHOSIS OF INSECTS 5 FIG. 3.
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B METAMORPHOSIS OF INSECTS 9 (5) Pl
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12 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY the mature la
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 15 longitudi
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THE ANATOJV!:Y OF INSECTS 17 9. Cla
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20 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY des of the le
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 23 pollen ba
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 27 Genitalia
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 29 MUSCULAR
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 31 tive duri
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 41 Rejuvenat
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.ecretlng cell. $ecretion epitheliu
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 41 the APTER
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 49 like subs
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CHAPTER III CLASSIFICATION OF INSEC
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CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS 55 10. Ab
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PROTURA 61 ern North America was co
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66 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY pound eyes ar
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68 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY contiguous or
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THYSANURA --, "Quarto contributo aH
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APTERA 76 Approximately 15 genera a
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78 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY seeds, and li
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COLLEMBOLA posfonfennol organ $ense
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COLLEMBOLA. 85 Tasmania, and may al
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ORTHOPTERA 89 ments are visible. Of
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92 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY eggs may be d
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ORTHOPTERA 97 using their front leg
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ORTHOPTERA 101 small bells worn by
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ORTHOPTERA 103 Family TRIDACTYLIDlE
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GRYLLOBLATTODEA 107 collected on Su
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BLATTARIA 113 dwelling houses, hote
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BLATTARIA 115 REl:IN, J. A. G., and
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118 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY this country
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PHASMIDA 121 FIG. 46. Various types
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MANTODEA 125 with a median groove b
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128 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY to man becau
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132 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY ANATOMICAL C
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DERMAPTERA 186 ing and killing prey
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140 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY winged forms
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144 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY BUlm, M., "O
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PLECOPTERA 149 All forms are crypti
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154 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY slender; bod
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labium ISOPTERA maxilla :;z, ahn,.,
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ISOPTERA 167 FOSSIL RECORD It is ge
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ISOPTERA 171 structive Australian s
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CHAPTER XVII 14. Order ZORAPTERAl S
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176 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY I·'IG. 67.
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178 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY laboratory a
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180 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY certain spec
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CHAPTER XIX 16. Order CORRODENTIA 1
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192 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY SClmODER, C.
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196 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY IMPORTANT AN
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198 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY pigs and hav
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CHAPTER XXI 18. Order ANOPLURA I Le
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ANOPLURA 207 The human louse, Pedic
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fore leg E(G. 76. The common Europe
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Naiad Adult Elongate and campodeifo
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EPHEMERIDA 217 but continuous fligh
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222 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY gle also wit
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EPHEMERIDA 226 most important gener
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230 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Great number
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282 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY venation are
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238 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY and inhabit
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ODONATA 243 Superfamily LIBELLULOID
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246 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY WALl\.£R, E
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THYSANOPTERA 251 IMPORTANT ANATOMIC
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256 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY two-segmente
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2oo COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 5. Last abdo
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262 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HINDS, W. E.
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HEMIPTERA 265 of living plants, cau
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HEMIPTERA 267 division of the meson
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HEMIPTERA CLASSIFICATION 1 Suborder
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HEMIPTERA 271 13. Rostmm four-segme
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276 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Ethiopian re
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280 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY inserted wel
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HEMIPTERA 285 corium veined and the
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288 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Uhler, Empic
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HEMIPTERA thrips, aphids, and leafh
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HEMIPTERA 295 or brachypterous. Hem
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800 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Pelocoris SU
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308 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY External Siz
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HEMIPTERA 311 3-3.5 mm. long to the
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HEMIPTERA 313 throughout much of th
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316 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY These insect
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320 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY phala Ball,
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HEMIPTERA 326 These insects live on
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330 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY E FIG. 113.
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HEMIPTERA 333 Cornic1es or oil- or
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HEMIPTERA 335 .. the same species.
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HEMIPTERA 337 and reaches the great
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340 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY VI. Superfam
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HEMIPTERA 343 species have been des
Page 358 and 359: HEMIPTERA 345 veloped, reduced, or
Page 361 and 362: 348 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY domen. There
Page 368: HEMIPTERA 855 modate them, and afte
Page 372 and 373: HEMIPTERA 359 was described in 1880
Page 374: HEMIPTERA 361 the tiny carinated ma
Page 378: HEMIPTERA 365 SANDERS, J. G., "Cata
Page 383 and 384: 370 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY single genus
Page 385: CHAPTER XXVII 24. Order NEUROPTERA
Page 391 and 392: 378 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY The eggs, as
Page 393: 380 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY empodium, wh
Page 396 and 397: NEUROPTERA 383 admirably endowed wi
Page 402: NEUROPTERA 889 have an expanse of 7
Page 406: NEUROPTERA 393 WILDERMUTH, V. 1., "
Page 413: 400 COLLEGE ENtOMOLOGY SUMMARY OF A
Page 422 and 423: TRICHOPTERA EXTERNAL ANATOMY-Contin
Page 426: TRICHOPTERA 7. Principal fork of th
Page 433: 420 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HANDLlRSCH,
Page 437: 424 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY edible one,
Page 441 and 442: 428 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY are among th
Page 443 and 444: 430 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY (11) Superfa
Page 449: 436 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY At least war
Page 453 and 454: 440 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY moniliform,
Page 457: 444 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Hind wings w
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LEPIDOPTERA 453 may be entirely or
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4E6 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY species have
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LEPIDOPTERA 471 carry these cases b
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LEPIDOPTERA 473 palpi short and por
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LEPIDOPTERA 475 foliage upon which
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478 'COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY with the an
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LEPIDOPTERA 483 (Holarctic, Neotrop
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LEPIDOPTERA 489 ning of written his
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LEPIDOPTERA 491 and especially Neot
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LEPIDOPTERA 493 Guerin, is another
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LEPIDOPTERA 495 white, and red and
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LEPIDOPTERA 497 radlus'five, Rs FIG
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500 COLLEGE EIiTOMOLOGY 7. Fore win
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LEPIDOPTERA 503 Papilio pelaus Fab.
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LEPIDOPTERA 513 markings and hang b
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516 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HEINRICH, C.
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COLEOPTERA 519 have been adored and
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COLEOPTERA 621 first sternite is al
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COLEOPTERA 623 mented but the numbe
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COLEOPTERA 527 V. Superfamily STAPH
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COLEOPTERA C, Suborder RHYNCHOPHORA
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COLEOPTERA 531 prolonged apically a
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COLEOPTERA 533 small, slender, almo
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538 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY readiness fo
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COLEOPTERA 547 and often curled up
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560 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY (Net-winged
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COLEOPTERA 665 tralia, which is 50
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564 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY FIG. 187. Th
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COLEOPTERA 569 to the very wide dis
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572 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY cient action
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COLEOPTERA 575 There are only about
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COLEOPTERA 589 genera (Jpochus Lee.
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COLEOPTERA 591 2-3 mm. long. One of
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594 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY developed an
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598 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY tho$celides
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600 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY FIG. 207. Th
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602 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Fuller's ros
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COLEOPTERA 607 --, "A geographical
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STREPSIPTERA 615 Polistes gallicus
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620 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Antenna; - v
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622 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY anterior scu
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HYMENOPTERA 625 II to IX and X or a
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634 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Family CEPHI
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HYMENOPTERA 637 5. Body flea-like o
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, \ , \ -.; Il> ,g \
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646 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Family STEPH
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648 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Family CYNIP
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652 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 13. Antennre
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HYMENOPTERA 661 The family consists
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664: COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY E FIG. 232.
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HYMENOPTERA 676 the members of each
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680 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY' feeding oth
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692 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY without clos
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698 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY boreal North
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702 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY does not ext
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706 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY somewhat res
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712 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY hatching and
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HYMENOPTERA 719 Water - collected d
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-:-22 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY ROHWER, S.
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726 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HAUPT, H., "
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CHAPTER XXXV 32. Order DIPTERA 1 Li
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'134 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY INTERNAL AN
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738 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 71. Family *
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DIPTERA the bend, the costa fractur
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750 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY esses, and f
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754 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY specks of so
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756 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 3. Quartan m
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758 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY The respirat
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764 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY (1) Free-liv
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770 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY lower ones s
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DIPTERA 773 equipped with chitinous
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7'18 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY One of the
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DIPTERA 781 breed in various kinds
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DIPTERA 783 shortened; oval, cylind
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786 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY common Europ
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794 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 305-6, 1941.
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DrPTERA 803 which are mostly indige
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DIPTERA 807 (= Chrysomyia), Cordylo
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