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$WI LD R LATI\IES CROP PLANTS IN INDIA$

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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 27 Genitalia or gonapophyses - the genital organs on segments VIII and XI in females and IX in males. In the females they may be modified into an exserted or retractile ovipositor or egg-laying organ of extremely specialized riature and into a sting in the ants, wasps, and bees, Associated with the male genitalia may be the claspers (harpe in LEPIDOPTERA) or holding organs; the cedeagus or penis, the intromittent organ; and the parameres or outer valves. The anus or anal opening is located in various positions at the extremity of the body. Abdominal sj)l'racles never exceed more than eight pairs in adult insects. The num· ber may vary from none in some COCCIDlE to eight pairs in certain HYME NOPTERA. A further discussion will be found under the orders. Glandular openings of different kinds are to be found upon various parts of the bodies. Sound-producing organs of many types are associated with the body and its appendages. Stridulating or rasping organs occur in the ORTHOP TERA, HEMIPTERA, COLEOPTERA, HYMENOPTERA, and other or· ders. Sounds made by striking the body or one of its parts against an object are caused by certain members of CORRODENTIA, ISOPTERA, and COLE OPTERA. Vibrating sounds are produced by cicadas, and during flight by beetles, flies, butterflies, moths, bees, and many other flying insects. INTERNAL ANATOMY The study of the internal anatomy of insects has long been a somewhat neglected field in entomology although some very important contributions were made in the 18th and 19th centuries by the so-called minute anatomists, Lyonet (1760), Straus-Durckheim (1828), Dufour (1811-1863) and others. During the years that followed, many outstanding papers were published by Packard (1875-1880), Viallanes (1885-1893), Miall and Denny (1886), Heymons (1892-1901), Holmgren (1895-1916), Janet (1894-1911). and others during the latter part of the 19th century and by such modern authors as Crampton (1914- 1923), Snodgrass (1921-1935), Bugnion (1921--;1930), Weber (1924-1933), Wigglesworth (1929-1934), and many others. With an abundance of basic literat.ure available, the student will have no difficulty in pursuing investigations not only in the morphology but also in the physiology of insects. A general discussion of the exoskeleton has already been given. In viewing the internal systems it must be remembered that the insect body is a compact, elongated, and somewhat cylindrical organism, the exterior shell or exoskeleton of which is animated by the internal systems which have no means of attachment and support other than is afforded by its relatively thin walls. Yet t.he numerous Ol'gans within are arranged in a symmetrical order which maintain:; a truly definite pattern throughout the class. A cross section of the body would show the exoskeleton or body wall; a variable amount of muscular tissues attached to the whole inside of the body wall and motivating all the external appendages and internal organs which have to do with movement; the adipose or fat body, the respiratory or tracheal system located laterally; the digestive tract, silk glands, sexual organs disposed medially; the seat of the circulatory system situated dorsally; and the nervous system located ventrally.
Ihorucic spiracle r -rsem'[nnl vesicle ;to d' ventral \ u.) IOphragm ejaculat()ry salivary gland duct ventral commissure lateral brunch vent ral trocnere trunk fhoracic ganglion FIG. 13. Diagrammatic drawings showing some of the important internal syslems of the grasshopper. (Original and modifications from Packard, Snodgrass, Weber, Michener, and Vinal) 28
Page 4: COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY.
Page 11 and 12: VI PREFACE The estimated numbers of
Page 14 and 15: COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY CHAPTER I METAMO
Page 16 and 17: METAMORPHOSIS OF INSECTS 8 quite we
Page 18 and 19: METAMORPHOSIS OF INSECTS 5 FIG. 3.
Page 22 and 23: B METAMORPHOSIS OF INSECTS 9 (5) Pl
Page 25: 12 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY the mature la
Page 28 and 29: THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 15 longitudi
Page 30 and 31: THE ANATOJV!:Y OF INSECTS 17 9. Cla
Page 33: 20 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY des of the le
Page 36: THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 23 pollen ba
Page 42: THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 29 MUSCULAR
Page 50: THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 31 tive duri
Page 54 and 55: THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 41 Rejuvenat
Page 56 and 57: .ecretlng cell. $ecretion epitheliu
Page 60 and 61: THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 41 the APTER
Page 62: THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 49 like subs
Page 66 and 67: CHAPTER III CLASSIFICATION OF INSEC
Page 68 and 69: CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS 55 10. Ab
Page 70 and 71: ----------,------------------------
Page 74: PROTURA 61 ern North America was co
Page 79 and 80: 66 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY pound eyes ar
Page 81: 68 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY contiguous or
Page 84: THYSANURA --, "Quarto contributo aH
Page 88 and 89: APTERA 76 Approximately 15 genera a
Page 91 and 92:
78 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY seeds, and li
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COLLEMBOLA posfonfennol organ $ense
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COLLEMBOLA. 85 Tasmania, and may al
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ORTHOPTERA 89 ments are visible. Of
Page 105:
92 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY eggs may be d
Page 108:
ORTHOPTERA 97 using their front leg
Page 112 and 113:
ORTHOPTERA 101 small bells worn by
Page 114:
ORTHOPTERA 103 Family TRIDACTYLIDlE
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GRYLLOBLATTODEA 107 collected on Su
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BLATTARIA 113 dwelling houses, hote
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BLATTARIA 115 REl:IN, J. A. G., and
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118 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY this country
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PHASMIDA 121 FIG. 46. Various types
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MANTODEA 125 with a median groove b
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128 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY to man becau
Page 143 and 144:
132 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY ANATOMICAL C
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DERMAPTERA 186 ing and killing prey
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140 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY winged forms
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144 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY BUlm, M., "O
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PLECOPTERA 149 All forms are crypti
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154 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY slender; bod
Page 174 and 175:
labium ISOPTERA maxilla :;z, ahn,.,
Page 178:
ISOPTERA 167 FOSSIL RECORD It is ge
Page 182 and 183:
ISOPTERA 171 structive Australian s
Page 185 and 186:
CHAPTER XVII 14. Order ZORAPTERAl S
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176 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY I·'IG. 67.
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178 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY laboratory a
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180 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY certain spec
Page 195:
CHAPTER XIX 16. Order CORRODENTIA 1
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192 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY SClmODER, C.
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196 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY IMPORTANT AN
Page 209:
198 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY pigs and hav
Page 213:
CHAPTER XXI 18. Order ANOPLURA I Le
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ANOPLURA 207 The human louse, Pedic
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fore leg E(G. 76. The common Europe
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Naiad Adult Elongate and campodeifo
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EPHEMERIDA 217 but continuous fligh
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222 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY gle also wit
Page 236:
EPHEMERIDA 226 most important gener
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230 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Great number
Page 243 and 244:
282 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY venation are
Page 249 and 250:
238 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY and inhabit
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ODONATA 243 Superfamily LIBELLULOID
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246 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY WALl\.£R, E
Page 262:
THYSANOPTERA 251 IMPORTANT ANATOMIC
Page 267 and 268:
256 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY two-segmente
Page 271 and 272:
2oo COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 5. Last abdo
Page 273:
262 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HINDS, W. E.
Page 276 and 277:
HEMIPTERA 265 of living plants, cau
Page 278 and 279:
HEMIPTERA 267 division of the meson
Page 280 and 281:
HEMIPTERA CLASSIFICATION 1 Suborder
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HEMIPTERA 271 13. Rostmm four-segme
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276 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Ethiopian re
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280 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY inserted wel
Page 296 and 297:
HEMIPTERA 285 corium veined and the
Page 299:
288 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Uhler, Empic
Page 304 and 305:
HEMIPTERA thrips, aphids, and leafh
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HEMIPTERA 295 or brachypterous. Hem
Page 313:
800 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Pelocoris SU
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308 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY External Siz
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HEMIPTERA 311 3-3.5 mm. long to the
Page 326 and 327:
HEMIPTERA 313 throughout much of th
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316 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY These insect
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320 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY phala Ball,
Page 338 and 339:
HEMIPTERA 326 These insects live on
Page 343:
330 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY E FIG. 113.
Page 346 and 347:
HEMIPTERA 333 Cornic1es or oil- or
Page 348 and 349:
HEMIPTERA 335 .. the same species.
Page 350 and 351:
HEMIPTERA 337 and reaches the great
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340 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY VI. Superfam
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HEMIPTERA 343 species have been des
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HEMIPTERA 345 veloped, reduced, or
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348 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY domen. There
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HEMIPTERA 855 modate them, and afte
Page 372 and 373:
HEMIPTERA 359 was described in 1880
Page 374:
HEMIPTERA 361 the tiny carinated ma
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HEMIPTERA 365 SANDERS, J. G., "Cata
Page 383 and 384:
370 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY single genus
Page 385:
CHAPTER XXVII 24. Order NEUROPTERA
Page 391 and 392:
378 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY The eggs, as
Page 393:
380 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY empodium, wh
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NEUROPTERA 383 admirably endowed wi
Page 402:
NEUROPTERA 889 have an expanse of 7
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NEUROPTERA 393 WILDERMUTH, V. 1., "
Page 410 and 411:
RAPHIDIODEA 397 which occur in the
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400 COLLEGE ENtOMOLOGY SUMMARY OF A
Page 422 and 423:
TRICHOPTERA EXTERNAL ANATOMY-Contin
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TRICHOPTERA 7. Principal fork of th
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420 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HANDLlRSCH,
Page 437:
424 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY edible one,
Page 441 and 442:
428 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY are among th
Page 443 and 444:
430 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY (11) Superfa
Page 449:
436 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY At least war
Page 453 and 454:
440 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY moniliform,
Page 457:
444 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Hind wings w
Page 466 and 467:
LEPIDOPTERA 453 may be entirely or
Page 469:
4E6 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY species have
Page 484 and 485:
LEPIDOPTERA 471 carry these cases b
Page 486 and 487:
LEPIDOPTERA 473 palpi short and por
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LEPIDOPTERA 475 foliage upon which
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478 'COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY with the an
Page 496:
LEPIDOPTERA 483 (Holarctic, Neotrop
Page 502 and 503:
LEPIDOPTERA 489 ning of written his
Page 504 and 505:
LEPIDOPTERA 491 and especially Neot
Page 506 and 507:
LEPIDOPTERA 493 Guerin, is another
Page 508 and 509:
LEPIDOPTERA 495 white, and red and
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LEPIDOPTERA 497 radlus'five, Rs FIG
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500 COLLEGE EIiTOMOLOGY 7. Fore win
Page 516 and 517:
LEPIDOPTERA 503 Papilio pelaus Fab.
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LEPIDOPTERA 513 markings and hang b
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516 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HEINRICH, C.
Page 532 and 533:
COLEOPTERA 519 have been adored and
Page 534 and 535:
COLEOPTERA 621 first sternite is al
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COLEOPTERA 623 mented but the numbe
Page 540 and 541:
COLEOPTERA 527 V. Superfamily STAPH
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COLEOPTERA C, Suborder RHYNCHOPHORA
Page 544 and 545:
COLEOPTERA 531 prolonged apically a
Page 546 and 547:
COLEOPTERA 533 small, slender, almo
Page 551 and 552:
538 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY readiness fo
Page 560:
COLEOPTERA 547 and often curled up
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560 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY (Net-winged
Page 568:
COLEOPTERA 665 tralia, which is 50
Page 577:
564 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY FIG. 187. Th
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COLEOPTERA 569 to the very wide dis
Page 585 and 586:
572 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY cient action
Page 588:
COLEOPTERA 575 There are only about
Page 602 and 603:
COLEOPTERA 589 genera (Jpochus Lee.
Page 604 and 605:
COLEOPTERA 591 2-3 mm. long. One of
Page 607:
594 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY developed an
Page 611 and 612:
598 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY tho$celides
Page 613 and 614:
600 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY FIG. 207. Th
Page 615:
602 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Fuller's ros
Page 620:
COLEOPTERA 607 --, "A geographical
Page 628:
STREPSIPTERA 615 Polistes gallicus
Page 633 and 634:
620 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Antenna; - v
Page 635:
622 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY anterior scu
Page 638 and 639:
HYMENOPTERA 625 II to IX and X or a
Page 647 and 648:
634 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Family CEPHI
Page 650:
HYMENOPTERA 637 5. Body flea-like o
Page 654 and 655:
, \ , \ -.; Il> ,g \
Page 659 and 660:
646 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Family STEPH
Page 661:
648 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Family CYNIP
Page 665:
652 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 13. Antennre
Page 674 and 675:
HYMENOPTERA 661 The family consists
Page 677:
664: COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY E FIG. 232.
Page 688:
HYMENOPTERA 676 the members of each
Page 693:
680 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY' feeding oth
Page 705:
692 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY without clos
Page 711 and 712:
698 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY boreal North
Page 715:
702 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY does not ext
Page 719 and 720:
706 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY somewhat res
Page 725:
712 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY hatching and
Page 732:
HYMENOPTERA 719 Water - collected d
Page 735:
-:-22 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY ROHWER, S.
Page 739 and 740:
726 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HAUPT, H., "
Page 741:
CHAPTER XXXV 32. Order DIPTERA 1 Li
Page 747 and 748:
'134 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY INTERNAL AN
Page 751:
738 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 71. Family *
Page 756:
DIPTERA the bend, the costa fractur
Page 763:
750 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY esses, and f
Page 767 and 768:
754 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY specks of so
Page 769 and 770:
756 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 3. Quartan m
Page 771 and 772:
758 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY The respirat
Page 777:
764 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY (1) Free-liv
Page 783 and 784:
770 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY lower ones s
Page 786:
DIPTERA 773 equipped with chitinous
Page 791:
7'18 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY One of the
Page 794 and 795:
DIPTERA 781 breed in various kinds
Page 796:
DIPTERA 783 shortened; oval, cylind
Page 799:
786 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY common Europ
Page 807:
794 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 305-6, 1941.
Page 816:
DrPTERA 803 which are mostly indige
Page 820:
DIPTERA 807 (= Chrysomyia), Cordylo
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