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$WI LD R LATI\IES CROP PLANTS IN INDIA$

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HEMIPTERA 359 was described in 1880 by Comstock as injurious to fruit trees growing at San Jose, Calif., and subsequently it appeared throughout the United States and elsewhere in temperate and subtropical regions of the world where deciduous fruit trees and ornamental trees and shrubs are grown. It undoubtedly originated in eastern Asia. Other important species, formerly in Aspidiotus and now also referred to this genus, are the cherry scale, Quadraspidiotus forbesi (Johnson), and the walnut scale, Q. juglans-regii:1i (Comstock), of North America, and Q. ostreiEformis (Curtis) on deciduous fruit trees in Europe and North America. The rose scale, Aulacaspis rOSiE (Bouche), a red-bodied species with white scales (the scales of the females circular and those of the male minute and carinated), is a cosmopolitan species on Rubus and Rosa. A more destructive relative is the West Indian peach or mulberry scale, Aulacaspz's pentagon a (Targioni), a tropical and subtropical species which has a wide distribution in Asia, southern Europe, northern Africa, and southern North America. Its depredations on mulberry trees in Italy were claimed to have been checked by the introduction of the aphelinid parasite, Prospaltella berlese Howard, from America. This coccid is polyphagous on a wide variety of host plants. The scurfy scale, CMonaspis jurjura (Fitch), which appears somewhat like the rose scale, is a common and abundant coccid in eastern North America. where it feeds upon a variety of wild and cultivated trees and shrubs and is a pest of some consequence. The oystershell scale, Lepidosaphes lllrni (Linn.), the scales of which resemble miniature oysters and which cover the bodies of the insects and quantities of white eggs, is perhaps the most widely distributed cosmopolitan species as well as One of the most omnivorous feeders. It is chiefly confined to deciduous trees and shrubs in the temperate regions but also feeds upon evergreen broad-leaved plants. A native of East Asia, it has been disseminated on ornamental plants and fruit trees. It often completely covers the main trunk, limbs, and branches of the trees and may cause the death of the wild hosts over considerable areas. The purple scale, L. beckii (Newman), and Glover's scale, L. gloverii (Packard), are Old World species distributed chiefly on citrus trees, to which they are quite destructive pests. The Mediterranean fig scale, L. ficus (Signoret), is a pest of figs in the Mediterranean basin and has recently become established in the fig orchards of California. The olive scale, Parlatoria olem (Colvee), on olives and other hosts; the date palm scale, P. blanchardii (Targioni), on date palms; and the black parlatoria, P. zizyphus (Lucas), on dates, citrus, jujubes, and other hosts, are all important injurious species in the Mediterranean region and western Asia and have been introduced into many other warm areas (the first two into Arizona and California and the last into Mississippi). P. them Ckll, is an: important pest of tea in eastern Asia. The members of this genus have a very large second exuvia. The pine leaf scale, Phenacaspis piniJolim (Fitch) (Chionaspis), is one of the commonest and most conspicuous insect pests feeding on pine trees throughout North America. The yellow exuvire, the conspicuous white female scales, and
FIG. 127. A colony of the oystershell scale, LepidosaPhes ulmi (Linn,), on the bark of English walnut. The insect bodies and eggs are hidden beneath the scales. Greatly enlarged. (From A History oj Entomology.) SGC
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COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY.
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VI PREFACE The estimated numbers of
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COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY CHAPTER I METAMO
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METAMORPHOSIS OF INSECTS 8 quite we
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METAMORPHOSIS OF INSECTS 5 FIG. 3.
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B METAMORPHOSIS OF INSECTS 9 (5) Pl
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12 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY the mature la
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 15 longitudi
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THE ANATOJV!:Y OF INSECTS 17 9. Cla
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20 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY des of the le
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 23 pollen ba
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 27 Genitalia
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 29 MUSCULAR
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 31 tive duri
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 41 Rejuvenat
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.ecretlng cell. $ecretion epitheliu
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 41 the APTER
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 49 like subs
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CHAPTER III CLASSIFICATION OF INSEC
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CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS 55 10. Ab
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----------,------------------------
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PROTURA 61 ern North America was co
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66 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY pound eyes ar
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68 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY contiguous or
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THYSANURA --, "Quarto contributo aH
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APTERA 76 Approximately 15 genera a
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78 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY seeds, and li
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COLLEMBOLA posfonfennol organ $ense
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COLLEMBOLA. 85 Tasmania, and may al
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ORTHOPTERA 89 ments are visible. Of
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92 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY eggs may be d
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ORTHOPTERA 97 using their front leg
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ORTHOPTERA 101 small bells worn by
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ORTHOPTERA 103 Family TRIDACTYLIDlE
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GRYLLOBLATTODEA 107 collected on Su
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BLATTARIA 113 dwelling houses, hote
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BLATTARIA 115 REl:IN, J. A. G., and
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118 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY this country
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PHASMIDA 121 FIG. 46. Various types
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MANTODEA 125 with a median groove b
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128 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY to man becau
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132 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY ANATOMICAL C
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DERMAPTERA 186 ing and killing prey
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140 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY winged forms
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144 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY BUlm, M., "O
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PLECOPTERA 149 All forms are crypti
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154 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY slender; bod
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labium ISOPTERA maxilla :;z, ahn,.,
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ISOPTERA 167 FOSSIL RECORD It is ge
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ISOPTERA 171 structive Australian s
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CHAPTER XVII 14. Order ZORAPTERAl S
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176 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY I·'IG. 67.
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178 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY laboratory a
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180 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY certain spec
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CHAPTER XIX 16. Order CORRODENTIA 1
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192 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY SClmODER, C.
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196 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY IMPORTANT AN
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198 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY pigs and hav
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CHAPTER XXI 18. Order ANOPLURA I Le
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ANOPLURA 207 The human louse, Pedic
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fore leg E(G. 76. The common Europe
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Naiad Adult Elongate and campodeifo
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EPHEMERIDA 217 but continuous fligh
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222 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY gle also wit
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EPHEMERIDA 226 most important gener
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230 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Great number
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282 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY venation are
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238 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY and inhabit
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ODONATA 243 Superfamily LIBELLULOID
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246 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY WALl\.£R, E
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THYSANOPTERA 251 IMPORTANT ANATOMIC
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256 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY two-segmente
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2oo COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 5. Last abdo
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262 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HINDS, W. E.
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HEMIPTERA 265 of living plants, cau
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HEMIPTERA 267 division of the meson
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HEMIPTERA CLASSIFICATION 1 Suborder
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HEMIPTERA 271 13. Rostmm four-segme
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276 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Ethiopian re
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280 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY inserted wel
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HEMIPTERA 285 corium veined and the
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288 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Uhler, Empic
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HEMIPTERA thrips, aphids, and leafh
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HEMIPTERA 295 or brachypterous. Hem
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800 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Pelocoris SU
Page 321 and 322: 308 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY External Siz
Page 324 and 325: HEMIPTERA 311 3-3.5 mm. long to the
Page 326 and 327: HEMIPTERA 313 throughout much of th
Page 329: 316 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY These insect
Page 333 and 334: 320 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY phala Ball,
Page 338 and 339: HEMIPTERA 326 These insects live on
Page 343: 330 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY E FIG. 113.
Page 346 and 347: HEMIPTERA 333 Cornic1es or oil- or
Page 348 and 349: HEMIPTERA 335 .. the same species.
Page 350 and 351: HEMIPTERA 337 and reaches the great
Page 353: 340 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY VI. Superfam
Page 356 and 357: HEMIPTERA 343 species have been des
Page 358 and 359: HEMIPTERA 345 veloped, reduced, or
Page 361 and 362: 348 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY domen. There
Page 368: HEMIPTERA 855 modate them, and afte
Page 374: HEMIPTERA 361 the tiny carinated ma
Page 378: HEMIPTERA 365 SANDERS, J. G., "Cata
Page 383 and 384: 370 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY single genus
Page 385: CHAPTER XXVII 24. Order NEUROPTERA
Page 391 and 392: 378 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY The eggs, as
Page 393: 380 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY empodium, wh
Page 396 and 397: NEUROPTERA 383 admirably endowed wi
Page 402: NEUROPTERA 889 have an expanse of 7
Page 406: NEUROPTERA 393 WILDERMUTH, V. 1., "
Page 410 and 411: RAPHIDIODEA 397 which occur in the
Page 413: 400 COLLEGE ENtOMOLOGY SUMMARY OF A
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TRICHOPTERA EXTERNAL ANATOMY-Contin
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TRICHOPTERA 7. Principal fork of th
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420 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HANDLlRSCH,
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424 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY edible one,
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428 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY are among th
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430 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY (11) Superfa
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436 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY At least war
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440 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY moniliform,
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444 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Hind wings w
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LEPIDOPTERA 453 may be entirely or
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4E6 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY species have
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LEPIDOPTERA 471 carry these cases b
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LEPIDOPTERA 473 palpi short and por
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LEPIDOPTERA 475 foliage upon which
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478 'COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY with the an
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LEPIDOPTERA 483 (Holarctic, Neotrop
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LEPIDOPTERA 489 ning of written his
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LEPIDOPTERA 491 and especially Neot
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LEPIDOPTERA 493 Guerin, is another
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LEPIDOPTERA 495 white, and red and
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LEPIDOPTERA 497 radlus'five, Rs FIG
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500 COLLEGE EIiTOMOLOGY 7. Fore win
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LEPIDOPTERA 503 Papilio pelaus Fab.
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LEPIDOPTERA 513 markings and hang b
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516 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HEINRICH, C.
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COLEOPTERA 519 have been adored and
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COLEOPTERA 621 first sternite is al
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COLEOPTERA 623 mented but the numbe
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COLEOPTERA 527 V. Superfamily STAPH
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COLEOPTERA C, Suborder RHYNCHOPHORA
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COLEOPTERA 531 prolonged apically a
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COLEOPTERA 533 small, slender, almo
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538 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY readiness fo
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COLEOPTERA 547 and often curled up
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560 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY (Net-winged
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COLEOPTERA 665 tralia, which is 50
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564 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY FIG. 187. Th
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COLEOPTERA 569 to the very wide dis
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572 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY cient action
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COLEOPTERA 575 There are only about
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COLEOPTERA 589 genera (Jpochus Lee.
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COLEOPTERA 591 2-3 mm. long. One of
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594 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY developed an
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598 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY tho$celides
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600 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY FIG. 207. Th
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602 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Fuller's ros
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COLEOPTERA 607 --, "A geographical
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STREPSIPTERA 615 Polistes gallicus
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620 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Antenna; - v
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622 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY anterior scu
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HYMENOPTERA 625 II to IX and X or a
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634 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Family CEPHI
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HYMENOPTERA 637 5. Body flea-like o
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, \ , \ -.; Il> ,g \
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646 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Family STEPH
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648 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Family CYNIP
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652 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 13. Antennre
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HYMENOPTERA 661 The family consists
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664: COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY E FIG. 232.
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HYMENOPTERA 676 the members of each
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680 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY' feeding oth
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692 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY without clos
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698 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY boreal North
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702 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY does not ext
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706 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY somewhat res
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712 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY hatching and
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HYMENOPTERA 719 Water - collected d
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-:-22 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY ROHWER, S.
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726 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HAUPT, H., "
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CHAPTER XXXV 32. Order DIPTERA 1 Li
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'134 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY INTERNAL AN
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738 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 71. Family *
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DIPTERA the bend, the costa fractur
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750 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY esses, and f
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754 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY specks of so
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756 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 3. Quartan m
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758 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY The respirat
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764 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY (1) Free-liv
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770 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY lower ones s
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DIPTERA 773 equipped with chitinous
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7'18 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY One of the
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DIPTERA 781 breed in various kinds
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DIPTERA 783 shortened; oval, cylind
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786 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY common Europ
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794 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 305-6, 1941.
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DrPTERA 803 which are mostly indige
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DIPTERA 807 (= Chrysomyia), Cordylo
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