LIBRARY

326 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY
2. Gallicolre - winged, parthenogenetic females arising from the eggs of the
fundatrices on the primary host. They settle at the bases of the needles,
where they produce remarkable cone-like galls. When wings are acquired
in the fifth stadium, they fly to the intermediate hosts (excepting
the species that remain on-a single host) and lay eggs which hatch into
the exsules.
3. Virginogenire or exsules - apterous, parthenogenetic females arising
from the gallicolre on the intermediate hosts. They consist of
(1) Stem mothers or sistentes (Adelges).
(2) Neosistens - first-stage larvre which hibernate and reach maturity
in the spring. In early spring, they lay eggs which hatch
into sexupara and cycles of
A. Progrediens (progredients) - apterre with many wax
glands which give rise to many generations alternating
with sistens.
B. Sistens (sistentes) - apterre having few wax glands
which have a resting period. Two types are
a. Hiemosisiens, which hibernate.
b. iEstivosistens, which restivate.
4. Sexuparre - winged, parthenogenetic females resembling the gallicolre
and arising from eggs of sistentes on intermediate hosts. They migrate
back to the primary host and produce the sexuales.
5. Sexuales - minute, apterous, sexual males and females with long slender
four-segmented aniennre. Sexuales arise from the eggs of the sexupara
on the primary host. After mating, the female lays a single egg.
The members of this small family are chiefly found in the coniferous forests
and omamental plantings of the north temperate zone and have been carefully
studied in Europe and North America where most of the known species occur.
A number of species have been introduced into other regions, and certain species
are now of economic importance in Australia and New Zealand. The following
genera are known at the present time: Adelges Vallot, Aphrastasia
Borner, Cholodkovshya Borner, Dreyfusia Borner, Gilletteella Borner ( = Gillettea
Bomer), Pineodes Borner, Pineus Shimer, and Succhiphantes Curtis
( = Chermes Linn.), Annand (1928) lists 20 species in North America, seven
of which also occur in Europe.
A few representatives may be mentioned as follows: Pineus l;;evis Maskell
( = borneri Annand) has been widely distributed in New Zealand, South
Africa, Formosa, Korea, Europe, and California where it infests many species
of Pinus. Pineus strobus (Hartig) infests white pine, and P. cembrre Cholod.
lives on Swiss stone pine in Europe and North America. P. coloradensis Gillette
lives on a wide variety of pine trees in western North America. Pineodes
pinijoli;;e (Fitch) produces large terminal galls mostly on young spruce and also
on pine trees, and overwinters on pines in North America. Dreyfusia nordmannian;;e
Eckstein ( = nusslini Bomer) is common to Europe and North
America and altemates from spruce to fir and Pseudotsztga. D. picea (Ratze-