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$WI LD R LATI\IES CROP PLANTS IN INDIA$

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HEMIPTERA 279 The members often occur in large numbers in the open grasslands, and some species seek shelter in human habitations, where they cause considerable annoyance to the occupants. The family is widely distributed. The important genera are Corizus Fallen, Harmostes Burmeister, Stictopleurus Stal, and Rlzopalus Schilling. Corizus hyoscyami (Linn)., 9-10 mm.long, and C. hyalinus (Fab.) are the common European species while C. kyalinus (Fab.), C. crassicornis (Linn.), C. sid
280 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY inserted well down on the face, apical segment often enlarged; some have a malformation known as oligomery. Eyes normal to large and exserted. Ocelli usually present. Rostrum four-segmented. Legs short; forelegs normal or raptorial in the subfamily APHANINlE; tarsi three-segmented. Hemelytra with elongated clavus and membrane prominent and with a few irregular longitudinal veins. Micropterism, or the tendency to have small wings, is not uncommon in this family. Abdominal segment VII of the male enlarged. This is a large family of some 2,000 species and cosmopolitan in distribution. The members are mostly phytophagous, but a few are thought to be predacious. Certain members of the subfamily BLISSINJE are quite destructive to various cereal crops, and some Oxycarenus are important pests of cotton. The family is divisible into some 13 subfamilies and more than 100 genera. The most important genera are: Blissus Burmeister, Nysius Dallas, Ischnodemus Fieber, Lygreus Fab., Oncopeltus san, Cymus Hahn, Geocoris Fallen, and Oxycarenus Fieber. The most important species is the chinch bug, Blissus leucopterus (Say), a small dark bug 3-4 mm. long which is a serious pest of cereals in much of North America. B. gibbus Fab. is common on grasses and sugar Cane in India but is not harmful. The false chinch bugs of the genus Nysius are widely distributed and very general feeders. N. thymi Wolff and N. erica.l (Schilling) of Europe and North America, N. minutus Uhler of North America, and N. vinitor Bergroth of Australia are the important species. Many species, such as the beautiful European Lygreus equestris Linn., the North American L. reclivatus Say, and Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas), feed on milkweeds (Asclepias). These two genera are widespread. The big-eyed bugs of the genus Geocoris are quite abundant in many parts of the world and are considered beneficial because of their predacious habits in destroying insects. The genus is represented by nine species in North America. G. bullatus (Say), G. pallens sun, G. punct£pes (Say), and G. uliginosus (Say) occur throughout much of the continent. Lefroy (1909) records G. tricolor Fab. as predacious on the palm mealybug, Pseudococcus nipre (Maskell), on cotton in India. Family PYRRHOCORIDlE 1 Fieber 1861 (Pyr'rho-cor'i-dre, from the Greek 7ruppOS, red, tawny, reddish, flame-colored, + KOPLS, a bug; referring to the brilliant red colors of some species). German, Feuerwanzen. Red Bugs, Fire Bugs, Cotton Stainers, Bordered Plant Bugs. Medium-sized to large, regularly rounded, elongated or stout, dull or brightly colored herbivorous bugs, varying in length from 5-50 mm. Head rather small. Antennre well developed, thick, four-segmented. Eyes large. Ocelli absent. Rostrum long, four-segmented. Prothorax large, hind margin often slightly wider than mesothorax. Wings well developed or brachypterous and usually designated as L YGtEIDES Schiller 1829; L YGA':ODES Burmeister 1835; LYGlEIDtE Herrich-Schreffer 1835, Westwood 1840. Dallas 1852. Baer 1860. Stal 1860. Reuter 1875. HandIil'$ch 1909, and modern writers; MYODOCHIDlE Kirkaldy 1899, Reuter 1910; GEQ CORlDlE Kirkaldy 1902. 1907. 1 'These bugs were early associated with both of the families COREIDlE and L YGtEIDtE.
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COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY.
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VI PREFACE The estimated numbers of
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COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY CHAPTER I METAMO
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METAMORPHOSIS OF INSECTS 8 quite we
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METAMORPHOSIS OF INSECTS 5 FIG. 3.
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B METAMORPHOSIS OF INSECTS 9 (5) Pl
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12 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY the mature la
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 15 longitudi
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THE ANATOJV!:Y OF INSECTS 17 9. Cla
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20 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY des of the le
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 23 pollen ba
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 27 Genitalia
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 29 MUSCULAR
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 31 tive duri
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 41 Rejuvenat
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.ecretlng cell. $ecretion epitheliu
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 41 the APTER
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 49 like subs
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CHAPTER III CLASSIFICATION OF INSEC
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CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS 55 10. Ab
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----------,------------------------
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PROTURA 61 ern North America was co
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66 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY pound eyes ar
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68 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY contiguous or
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THYSANURA --, "Quarto contributo aH
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APTERA 76 Approximately 15 genera a
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78 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY seeds, and li
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COLLEMBOLA posfonfennol organ $ense
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COLLEMBOLA. 85 Tasmania, and may al
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ORTHOPTERA 89 ments are visible. Of
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92 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY eggs may be d
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ORTHOPTERA 97 using their front leg
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ORTHOPTERA 101 small bells worn by
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ORTHOPTERA 103 Family TRIDACTYLIDlE
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GRYLLOBLATTODEA 107 collected on Su
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BLATTARIA 113 dwelling houses, hote
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BLATTARIA 115 REl:IN, J. A. G., and
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118 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY this country
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PHASMIDA 121 FIG. 46. Various types
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MANTODEA 125 with a median groove b
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128 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY to man becau
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132 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY ANATOMICAL C
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DERMAPTERA 186 ing and killing prey
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140 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY winged forms
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144 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY BUlm, M., "O
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PLECOPTERA 149 All forms are crypti
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154 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY slender; bod
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labium ISOPTERA maxilla :;z, ahn,.,
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ISOPTERA 167 FOSSIL RECORD It is ge
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ISOPTERA 171 structive Australian s
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CHAPTER XVII 14. Order ZORAPTERAl S
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176 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY I·'IG. 67.
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178 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY laboratory a
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180 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY certain spec
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CHAPTER XIX 16. Order CORRODENTIA 1
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192 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY SClmODER, C.
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196 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY IMPORTANT AN
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198 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY pigs and hav
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CHAPTER XXI 18. Order ANOPLURA I Le
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ANOPLURA 207 The human louse, Pedic
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fore leg E(G. 76. The common Europe
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Naiad Adult Elongate and campodeifo
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EPHEMERIDA 217 but continuous fligh
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222 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY gle also wit
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EPHEMERIDA 226 most important gener
Page 241 and 242: 230 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Great number
Page 243 and 244: 282 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY venation are
Page 249 and 250: 238 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY and inhabit
Page 254: ODONATA 243 Superfamily LIBELLULOID
Page 257: 246 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY WALl\.£R, E
Page 262: THYSANOPTERA 251 IMPORTANT ANATOMIC
Page 267 and 268: 256 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY two-segmente
Page 271 and 272: 2oo COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 5. Last abdo
Page 273: 262 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HINDS, W. E.
Page 276 and 277: HEMIPTERA 265 of living plants, cau
Page 278 and 279: HEMIPTERA 267 division of the meson
Page 280 and 281: HEMIPTERA CLASSIFICATION 1 Suborder
Page 282: HEMIPTERA 271 13. Rostmm four-segme
Page 287: 276 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Ethiopian re
Page 296 and 297: HEMIPTERA 285 corium veined and the
Page 299: 288 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Uhler, Empic
Page 304 and 305: HEMIPTERA thrips, aphids, and leafh
Page 306: HEMIPTERA 295 or brachypterous. Hem
Page 313: 800 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Pelocoris SU
Page 321 and 322: 308 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY External Siz
Page 324 and 325: HEMIPTERA 311 3-3.5 mm. long to the
Page 326 and 327: HEMIPTERA 313 throughout much of th
Page 329: 316 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY These insect
Page 333 and 334: 320 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY phala Ball,
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HEMIPTERA 326 These insects live on
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330 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY E FIG. 113.
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HEMIPTERA 333 Cornic1es or oil- or
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HEMIPTERA 335 .. the same species.
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HEMIPTERA 337 and reaches the great
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340 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY VI. Superfam
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HEMIPTERA 343 species have been des
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HEMIPTERA 345 veloped, reduced, or
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348 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY domen. There
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HEMIPTERA 855 modate them, and afte
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HEMIPTERA 359 was described in 1880
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HEMIPTERA 361 the tiny carinated ma
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HEMIPTERA 365 SANDERS, J. G., "Cata
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370 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY single genus
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CHAPTER XXVII 24. Order NEUROPTERA
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378 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY The eggs, as
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380 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY empodium, wh
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NEUROPTERA 383 admirably endowed wi
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NEUROPTERA 889 have an expanse of 7
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NEUROPTERA 393 WILDERMUTH, V. 1., "
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RAPHIDIODEA 397 which occur in the
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400 COLLEGE ENtOMOLOGY SUMMARY OF A
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TRICHOPTERA EXTERNAL ANATOMY-Contin
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TRICHOPTERA 7. Principal fork of th
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420 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HANDLlRSCH,
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424 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY edible one,
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428 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY are among th
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430 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY (11) Superfa
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436 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY At least war
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440 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY moniliform,
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444 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Hind wings w
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LEPIDOPTERA 453 may be entirely or
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4E6 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY species have
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LEPIDOPTERA 471 carry these cases b
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LEPIDOPTERA 473 palpi short and por
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LEPIDOPTERA 475 foliage upon which
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478 'COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY with the an
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LEPIDOPTERA 483 (Holarctic, Neotrop
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LEPIDOPTERA 489 ning of written his
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LEPIDOPTERA 491 and especially Neot
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LEPIDOPTERA 493 Guerin, is another
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LEPIDOPTERA 495 white, and red and
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LEPIDOPTERA 497 radlus'five, Rs FIG
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500 COLLEGE EIiTOMOLOGY 7. Fore win
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LEPIDOPTERA 503 Papilio pelaus Fab.
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LEPIDOPTERA 513 markings and hang b
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516 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HEINRICH, C.
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COLEOPTERA 519 have been adored and
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COLEOPTERA 621 first sternite is al
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COLEOPTERA 623 mented but the numbe
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COLEOPTERA 527 V. Superfamily STAPH
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COLEOPTERA C, Suborder RHYNCHOPHORA
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COLEOPTERA 531 prolonged apically a
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COLEOPTERA 533 small, slender, almo
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538 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY readiness fo
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COLEOPTERA 547 and often curled up
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560 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY (Net-winged
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COLEOPTERA 665 tralia, which is 50
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564 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY FIG. 187. Th
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COLEOPTERA 569 to the very wide dis
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572 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY cient action
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COLEOPTERA 575 There are only about
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COLEOPTERA 589 genera (Jpochus Lee.
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COLEOPTERA 591 2-3 mm. long. One of
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594 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY developed an
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598 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY tho$celides
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600 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY FIG. 207. Th
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602 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Fuller's ros
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COLEOPTERA 607 --, "A geographical
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STREPSIPTERA 615 Polistes gallicus
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620 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Antenna; - v
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622 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY anterior scu
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HYMENOPTERA 625 II to IX and X or a
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634 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Family CEPHI
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HYMENOPTERA 637 5. Body flea-like o
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, \ , \ -.; Il> ,g \
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646 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Family STEPH
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648 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Family CYNIP
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652 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 13. Antennre
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HYMENOPTERA 661 The family consists
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664: COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY E FIG. 232.
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HYMENOPTERA 676 the members of each
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680 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY' feeding oth
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692 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY without clos
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698 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY boreal North
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702 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY does not ext
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706 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY somewhat res
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712 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY hatching and
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HYMENOPTERA 719 Water - collected d
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-:-22 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY ROHWER, S.
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726 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HAUPT, H., "
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CHAPTER XXXV 32. Order DIPTERA 1 Li
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'134 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY INTERNAL AN
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738 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 71. Family *
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DIPTERA the bend, the costa fractur
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750 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY esses, and f
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754 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY specks of so
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756 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 3. Quartan m
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758 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY The respirat
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764 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY (1) Free-liv
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770 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY lower ones s
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DIPTERA 773 equipped with chitinous
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7'18 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY One of the
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DIPTERA 781 breed in various kinds
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DIPTERA 783 shortened; oval, cylind
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786 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY common Europ
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794 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 305-6, 1941.
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DrPTERA 803 which are mostly indige
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DIPTERA 807 (= Chrysomyia), Cordylo
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