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$WI LD R LATI\IES CROP PLANTS IN INDIA$

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E.S It. Male terminalia An;'cmbw rom Ross FIG. 68. EMBIOPTERA. Winged male and apterous female of Oligotoma saundersii (Westwood). 10 L, left hemitergite of abdominal segment X; 10 R. right hcmitergite of samej 10 LP, process of left hemitergite; 10 RP. process of right hemitergite; LC,• basal segment of left cercus; LC,. terminal segment of samej LeB. left cercus basipoditc; RCv basal segment of right cercus; RC,. terminal segment of same, (Drawing by E. S. Ross.) 179
180 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY certain species and consist of two pairs which are rather fragile, dusky, membranous, and similar in size and shape. The venation is poorly developed, there being only a few longitudinal and cross veins which are slightly more pronounced in the fore pair. Hairs and transparent longitudinal lines between the veins and dusky areas are rather prominent features of these alar organs. Because of the nature of the wings the males must be feeble and erratic fliers. The abdomen is composed of 10 well-defined segments with evidence of an 11th segment.. The cerci are usually two-segmented, but in the males of the genus Anisembia Krauss and JUetoligotoma Davis one cercus, always the left member, is only one-segmented. There are two pairs of thoracic and eight pairs of abdominal spiracles. Reproduction is sexual, but certain species are parthenogenetic. There may be one or many generations a year. The internal organization is but poorly known. The alimentary canal is almost straight and consists of the mouth, buccal cavity, narrow pharynx, dilated o;sophagus and crop, mid-intestine, and slightly coiled hind intestine with six rectal pupillre. The salivary glands are well developed and the Malpighian tubules vary from about 20 to 24. There are three thoracic and seven abdominal ganglia. The palreontological record of the embiids is imperfectly known, owing no doubt to their fragility. The first members appear in the Tertiary Baltic Amber 1 and in the shales of the Lower Permian of Kansas,2 Florissant, Colo., and in the Posttertiary of Africa and Asia. According to Tillyard (1926) some of these forms belong to a new order PROTEMBIARIA which may be an offshoot of the PROTORTHOPTERA. This order of insects is now undergoing complete revision by C. Davis and Edward S. Ross, and it is impossible at this writing to include a satisfactory system of classification. According to Ross, who has kindly furnished most of the information as well as the splendid figures used in this chapter, the representatives are to be arranged in eight families, about 35 genera, and at least 135 species. The three families occurring in North America are ANISEM BIIDlE Ross, OLIGEMBIIDlE Davis, and the introduced OLIGOTOMI DfE Enderlein. The important world genera are Anisembia Krauss, seven species, North America; Clothoda Enderlein, five species, South America; Dihybocercus Enderlein, three species, Africa; Embia Latreille, 18 species, North Africa; Embolyntha Davis, five species, tropical America; Haplrembt"a Verhreff, four species, Mediterranean region; Metoligotoma Davis, 21 species, Australia; Oligembia Davis, seven species, tropical America; Oligotoma Westwood, 23 species, Asia and Australia, and certain species now widely distributed by commerce; Pararhagodochir Davis, five species, South America; and Rhagodochir Enderlein, three species, Africa. What appears to be one of the most widely distributed species is the date embiid, Oligotoma nigra Hagen, of the Mediterranean region which has been 1 Oligotoma antiqzw Pictet. = HaplUimbia antiqua (Pictet) (Davis, 1940). • Clothoda spp.?
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COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY.
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VI PREFACE The estimated numbers of
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COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY CHAPTER I METAMO
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METAMORPHOSIS OF INSECTS 8 quite we
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METAMORPHOSIS OF INSECTS 5 FIG. 3.
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B METAMORPHOSIS OF INSECTS 9 (5) Pl
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12 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY the mature la
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 15 longitudi
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THE ANATOJV!:Y OF INSECTS 17 9. Cla
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20 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY des of the le
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 23 pollen ba
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 27 Genitalia
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 29 MUSCULAR
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 31 tive duri
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 41 Rejuvenat
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.ecretlng cell. $ecretion epitheliu
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 41 the APTER
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 49 like subs
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CHAPTER III CLASSIFICATION OF INSEC
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CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS 55 10. Ab
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----------,------------------------
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PROTURA 61 ern North America was co
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66 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY pound eyes ar
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68 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY contiguous or
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THYSANURA --, "Quarto contributo aH
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APTERA 76 Approximately 15 genera a
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78 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY seeds, and li
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COLLEMBOLA posfonfennol organ $ense
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COLLEMBOLA. 85 Tasmania, and may al
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ORTHOPTERA 89 ments are visible. Of
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92 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY eggs may be d
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ORTHOPTERA 97 using their front leg
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ORTHOPTERA 101 small bells worn by
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ORTHOPTERA 103 Family TRIDACTYLIDlE
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GRYLLOBLATTODEA 107 collected on Su
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BLATTARIA 113 dwelling houses, hote
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BLATTARIA 115 REl:IN, J. A. G., and
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118 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY this country
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PHASMIDA 121 FIG. 46. Various types
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MANTODEA 125 with a median groove b
Page 139: 128 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY to man becau
Page 143 and 144: 132 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY ANATOMICAL C
Page 146: DERMAPTERA 186 ing and killing prey
Page 151: 140 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY winged forms
Page 155: 144 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY BUlm, M., "O
Page 160: PLECOPTERA 149 All forms are crypti
Page 165: 154 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY slender; bod
Page 174 and 175: labium ISOPTERA maxilla :;z, ahn,.,
Page 178: ISOPTERA 167 FOSSIL RECORD It is ge
Page 182 and 183: ISOPTERA 171 structive Australian s
Page 185 and 186: CHAPTER XVII 14. Order ZORAPTERAl S
Page 187 and 188: 176 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY I·'IG. 67.
Page 189: 178 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY laboratory a
Page 195: CHAPTER XIX 16. Order CORRODENTIA 1
Page 203: 192 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY SClmODER, C.
Page 207 and 208: 196 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY IMPORTANT AN
Page 209: 198 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY pigs and hav
Page 213: CHAPTER XXI 18. Order ANOPLURA I Le
Page 218: ANOPLURA 207 The human louse, Pedic
Page 223: fore leg E(G. 76. The common Europe
Page 226 and 227: Naiad Adult Elongate and campodeifo
Page 228: EPHEMERIDA 217 but continuous fligh
Page 233 and 234: 222 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY gle also wit
Page 236: EPHEMERIDA 226 most important gener
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230 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Great number
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282 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY venation are
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238 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY and inhabit
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ODONATA 243 Superfamily LIBELLULOID
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246 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY WALl\.£R, E
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THYSANOPTERA 251 IMPORTANT ANATOMIC
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256 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY two-segmente
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2oo COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 5. Last abdo
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262 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HINDS, W. E.
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HEMIPTERA 265 of living plants, cau
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HEMIPTERA 267 division of the meson
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HEMIPTERA CLASSIFICATION 1 Suborder
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HEMIPTERA 271 13. Rostmm four-segme
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276 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Ethiopian re
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280 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY inserted wel
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HEMIPTERA 285 corium veined and the
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288 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Uhler, Empic
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HEMIPTERA thrips, aphids, and leafh
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HEMIPTERA 295 or brachypterous. Hem
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800 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Pelocoris SU
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308 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY External Siz
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HEMIPTERA 311 3-3.5 mm. long to the
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HEMIPTERA 313 throughout much of th
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316 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY These insect
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320 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY phala Ball,
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HEMIPTERA 326 These insects live on
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330 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY E FIG. 113.
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HEMIPTERA 333 Cornic1es or oil- or
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HEMIPTERA 335 .. the same species.
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HEMIPTERA 337 and reaches the great
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340 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY VI. Superfam
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HEMIPTERA 343 species have been des
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HEMIPTERA 345 veloped, reduced, or
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348 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY domen. There
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HEMIPTERA 855 modate them, and afte
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HEMIPTERA 359 was described in 1880
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HEMIPTERA 361 the tiny carinated ma
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HEMIPTERA 365 SANDERS, J. G., "Cata
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370 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY single genus
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CHAPTER XXVII 24. Order NEUROPTERA
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378 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY The eggs, as
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380 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY empodium, wh
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NEUROPTERA 383 admirably endowed wi
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NEUROPTERA 889 have an expanse of 7
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NEUROPTERA 393 WILDERMUTH, V. 1., "
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RAPHIDIODEA 397 which occur in the
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400 COLLEGE ENtOMOLOGY SUMMARY OF A
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TRICHOPTERA EXTERNAL ANATOMY-Contin
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TRICHOPTERA 7. Principal fork of th
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420 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HANDLlRSCH,
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424 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY edible one,
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428 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY are among th
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430 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY (11) Superfa
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436 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY At least war
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440 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY moniliform,
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444 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Hind wings w
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LEPIDOPTERA 453 may be entirely or
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4E6 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY species have
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LEPIDOPTERA 471 carry these cases b
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LEPIDOPTERA 473 palpi short and por
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LEPIDOPTERA 475 foliage upon which
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478 'COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY with the an
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LEPIDOPTERA 483 (Holarctic, Neotrop
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LEPIDOPTERA 489 ning of written his
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LEPIDOPTERA 491 and especially Neot
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LEPIDOPTERA 493 Guerin, is another
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LEPIDOPTERA 495 white, and red and
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LEPIDOPTERA 497 radlus'five, Rs FIG
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500 COLLEGE EIiTOMOLOGY 7. Fore win
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LEPIDOPTERA 503 Papilio pelaus Fab.
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LEPIDOPTERA 513 markings and hang b
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516 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HEINRICH, C.
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COLEOPTERA 519 have been adored and
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COLEOPTERA 621 first sternite is al
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COLEOPTERA 623 mented but the numbe
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COLEOPTERA 527 V. Superfamily STAPH
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COLEOPTERA C, Suborder RHYNCHOPHORA
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COLEOPTERA 531 prolonged apically a
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COLEOPTERA 533 small, slender, almo
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538 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY readiness fo
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COLEOPTERA 547 and often curled up
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560 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY (Net-winged
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COLEOPTERA 665 tralia, which is 50
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564 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY FIG. 187. Th
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COLEOPTERA 569 to the very wide dis
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572 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY cient action
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COLEOPTERA 575 There are only about
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COLEOPTERA 589 genera (Jpochus Lee.
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COLEOPTERA 591 2-3 mm. long. One of
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594 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY developed an
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598 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY tho$celides
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600 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY FIG. 207. Th
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602 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Fuller's ros
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COLEOPTERA 607 --, "A geographical
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STREPSIPTERA 615 Polistes gallicus
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620 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Antenna; - v
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622 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY anterior scu
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HYMENOPTERA 625 II to IX and X or a
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634 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Family CEPHI
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HYMENOPTERA 637 5. Body flea-like o
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, \ , \ -.; Il> ,g \
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646 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Family STEPH
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648 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Family CYNIP
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652 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 13. Antennre
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HYMENOPTERA 661 The family consists
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664: COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY E FIG. 232.
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HYMENOPTERA 676 the members of each
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680 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY' feeding oth
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692 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY without clos
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698 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY boreal North
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702 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY does not ext
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706 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY somewhat res
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712 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY hatching and
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HYMENOPTERA 719 Water - collected d
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-:-22 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY ROHWER, S.
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726 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HAUPT, H., "
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CHAPTER XXXV 32. Order DIPTERA 1 Li
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'134 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY INTERNAL AN
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738 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 71. Family *
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DIPTERA the bend, the costa fractur
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750 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY esses, and f
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754 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY specks of so
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756 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 3. Quartan m
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758 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY The respirat
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764 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY (1) Free-liv
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770 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY lower ones s
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DIPTERA 773 equipped with chitinous
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7'18 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY One of the
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DIPTERA 781 breed in various kinds
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DIPTERA 783 shortened; oval, cylind
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786 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY common Europ
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794 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 305-6, 1941.
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DrPTERA 803 which are mostly indige
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DIPTERA 807 (= Chrysomyia), Cordylo
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