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$WI LD R LATI\IES CROP PLANTS IN INDIA$

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METAMORPHOSIS OF INSECTS 5 FIG. 3. Molting of the European cabbage butterfly. A, caterpillar shedding its skin and the linings of the main tracheal trunks; B, chrysalis emerging from the skin of the caterpillar and attached by the girdle and cremaster; C, adult butterfly emerging from the skin or exuvia! of the chrysalis. (After Pfurtscheller.)
6 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY bees. They may be attached to the exterior of the host plants or other source of food; dropped on the soil or water; at.tached by short. or long silken filaments; placed in cells; inserted in plant and animal tissues; grouped in rafts on the surface of the water; and in innumerable other manners. Embryonic development. - The head is developed first and appears to be six-segmented; then the body segments appear, followed by the embryonic buds along the sides of the segments; and finally the coiled embryo. Polyembryony. - In certain parasitic chalcid flies many embryos may develop from a single egg and give rise to adults of but one sex. Hatching or eclosion. - Eggs hatch within the body (in ovoviviparous females) or outside the body (in oviparous females). The young escape from the egg by eating through the shell, by pUlsating the body to burst the shell, and by the use of special hatching spines, teeth or ridges situated on the head and called egg-bursters. The eggs may hatch before leaving the body, as already noted, or they may hatch almost immediately after deposition. In most cases a period of embryonic development may require from a few days to several weeks before eclosion takes place. Eggs constitute a hibernating stage in many insects that live in the temperate and cooler regions and in rare cases they may not hatch for several years or until conditions are favorable to the young. Caterpillars often quickly develop within the eggs deposited in the summer 01' fall but do not emerge until the following spring. Larva. - The young proceeding from the egg is properly known as the larva in all insects. It is the growing, feeding, and developing stage and usually covers the longest period in the life cycle. Upon hatching, some larvre or pronymphs are enclosed in a thin membrane which soon ruptures and liberates the occupant. In general the tiny first-bornlarvre take care of themselves and are wholly independent of their parents, but it must be said in fairness to the latter that they usually place the eggs either on or near a suitable food supply for the young. Those of certain social insects: termites, ants, wasps, and bees, feed and care for the young until they are fully grown, and many solitary wasps and bees provision cells in which the larvre are supplied with sufficient food to meet all their requirements. Flies, whose eggs hatch within the bodies of the females, larviposit on meat, or in wounds of animals in the case of blowflies, or on the lips, skin, and in the nostrils of living animals in the Case of botflies. Molting - or shedding the outcr skin of insects, has already been discusscd but it should be kept in mind that ecdyses occur mostly during this developmental period and that every molt is a crisis in the life of the insect in that during this process the latter is helpless to flee or to resist its enemies and, what is even more important, it is often unable to free a limb or antenna from the skin, and perishes. Another important consideration is the fact that regeneration of parts, in so far as it occurs, takes place at the time of molting and is most successful in the younger stages, where several ecdyses follow the loss of an appendage or other member of the body, and becomes increasingly more difficult as development of the body proceeds. There are few chances of regeneration in the later larval and the pupal stages and none in the adult condition.
Page 4: COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY.
Page 11 and 12: VI PREFACE The estimated numbers of
Page 14 and 15: COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY CHAPTER I METAMO
Page 16 and 17: METAMORPHOSIS OF INSECTS 8 quite we
Page 22 and 23: B METAMORPHOSIS OF INSECTS 9 (5) Pl
Page 25: 12 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY the mature la
Page 28 and 29: THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 15 longitudi
Page 30 and 31: THE ANATOJV!:Y OF INSECTS 17 9. Cla
Page 33: 20 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY des of the le
Page 36: THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 23 pollen ba
Page 40 and 41: THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 27 Genitalia
Page 42: THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 29 MUSCULAR
Page 50: THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 31 tive duri
Page 54 and 55: THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 41 Rejuvenat
Page 56 and 57: .ecretlng cell. $ecretion epitheliu
Page 60 and 61: THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 41 the APTER
Page 62: THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 49 like subs
Page 66 and 67: CHAPTER III CLASSIFICATION OF INSEC
Page 68 and 69:
CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS 55 10. Ab
Page 70 and 71:
----------,------------------------
Page 74:
PROTURA 61 ern North America was co
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66 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY pound eyes ar
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68 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY contiguous or
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THYSANURA --, "Quarto contributo aH
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APTERA 76 Approximately 15 genera a
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78 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY seeds, and li
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COLLEMBOLA posfonfennol organ $ense
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COLLEMBOLA. 85 Tasmania, and may al
Page 102:
ORTHOPTERA 89 ments are visible. Of
Page 105:
92 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY eggs may be d
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ORTHOPTERA 97 using their front leg
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ORTHOPTERA 101 small bells worn by
Page 114:
ORTHOPTERA 103 Family TRIDACTYLIDlE
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GRYLLOBLATTODEA 107 collected on Su
Page 124 and 125:
BLATTARIA 113 dwelling houses, hote
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BLATTARIA 115 REl:IN, J. A. G., and
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118 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY this country
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PHASMIDA 121 FIG. 46. Various types
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MANTODEA 125 with a median groove b
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128 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY to man becau
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132 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY ANATOMICAL C
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DERMAPTERA 186 ing and killing prey
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140 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY winged forms
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144 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY BUlm, M., "O
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PLECOPTERA 149 All forms are crypti
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154 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY slender; bod
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labium ISOPTERA maxilla :;z, ahn,.,
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ISOPTERA 167 FOSSIL RECORD It is ge
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ISOPTERA 171 structive Australian s
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CHAPTER XVII 14. Order ZORAPTERAl S
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176 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY I·'IG. 67.
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178 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY laboratory a
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180 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY certain spec
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CHAPTER XIX 16. Order CORRODENTIA 1
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192 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY SClmODER, C.
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196 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY IMPORTANT AN
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198 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY pigs and hav
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CHAPTER XXI 18. Order ANOPLURA I Le
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ANOPLURA 207 The human louse, Pedic
Page 223:
fore leg E(G. 76. The common Europe
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Naiad Adult Elongate and campodeifo
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EPHEMERIDA 217 but continuous fligh
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222 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY gle also wit
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EPHEMERIDA 226 most important gener
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230 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Great number
Page 243 and 244:
282 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY venation are
Page 249 and 250:
238 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY and inhabit
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ODONATA 243 Superfamily LIBELLULOID
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246 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY WALl\.£R, E
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THYSANOPTERA 251 IMPORTANT ANATOMIC
Page 267 and 268:
256 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY two-segmente
Page 271 and 272:
2oo COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 5. Last abdo
Page 273:
262 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HINDS, W. E.
Page 276 and 277:
HEMIPTERA 265 of living plants, cau
Page 278 and 279:
HEMIPTERA 267 division of the meson
Page 280 and 281:
HEMIPTERA CLASSIFICATION 1 Suborder
Page 282:
HEMIPTERA 271 13. Rostmm four-segme
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276 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Ethiopian re
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280 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY inserted wel
Page 296 and 297:
HEMIPTERA 285 corium veined and the
Page 299:
288 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Uhler, Empic
Page 304 and 305:
HEMIPTERA thrips, aphids, and leafh
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HEMIPTERA 295 or brachypterous. Hem
Page 313:
800 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Pelocoris SU
Page 321 and 322:
308 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY External Siz
Page 324 and 325:
HEMIPTERA 311 3-3.5 mm. long to the
Page 326 and 327:
HEMIPTERA 313 throughout much of th
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316 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY These insect
Page 333 and 334:
320 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY phala Ball,
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HEMIPTERA 326 These insects live on
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330 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY E FIG. 113.
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HEMIPTERA 333 Cornic1es or oil- or
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HEMIPTERA 335 .. the same species.
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HEMIPTERA 337 and reaches the great
Page 353:
340 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY VI. Superfam
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HEMIPTERA 343 species have been des
Page 358 and 359:
HEMIPTERA 345 veloped, reduced, or
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348 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY domen. There
Page 368:
HEMIPTERA 855 modate them, and afte
Page 372 and 373:
HEMIPTERA 359 was described in 1880
Page 374:
HEMIPTERA 361 the tiny carinated ma
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HEMIPTERA 365 SANDERS, J. G., "Cata
Page 383 and 384:
370 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY single genus
Page 385:
CHAPTER XXVII 24. Order NEUROPTERA
Page 391 and 392:
378 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY The eggs, as
Page 393:
380 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY empodium, wh
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NEUROPTERA 383 admirably endowed wi
Page 402:
NEUROPTERA 889 have an expanse of 7
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NEUROPTERA 393 WILDERMUTH, V. 1., "
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RAPHIDIODEA 397 which occur in the
Page 413:
400 COLLEGE ENtOMOLOGY SUMMARY OF A
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TRICHOPTERA EXTERNAL ANATOMY-Contin
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TRICHOPTERA 7. Principal fork of th
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420 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HANDLlRSCH,
Page 437:
424 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY edible one,
Page 441 and 442:
428 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY are among th
Page 443 and 444:
430 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY (11) Superfa
Page 449:
436 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY At least war
Page 453 and 454:
440 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY moniliform,
Page 457:
444 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Hind wings w
Page 466 and 467:
LEPIDOPTERA 453 may be entirely or
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4E6 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY species have
Page 484 and 485:
LEPIDOPTERA 471 carry these cases b
Page 486 and 487:
LEPIDOPTERA 473 palpi short and por
Page 488:
LEPIDOPTERA 475 foliage upon which
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478 'COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY with the an
Page 496:
LEPIDOPTERA 483 (Holarctic, Neotrop
Page 502 and 503:
LEPIDOPTERA 489 ning of written his
Page 504 and 505:
LEPIDOPTERA 491 and especially Neot
Page 506 and 507:
LEPIDOPTERA 493 Guerin, is another
Page 508 and 509:
LEPIDOPTERA 495 white, and red and
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LEPIDOPTERA 497 radlus'five, Rs FIG
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500 COLLEGE EIiTOMOLOGY 7. Fore win
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LEPIDOPTERA 503 Papilio pelaus Fab.
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LEPIDOPTERA 513 markings and hang b
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516 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HEINRICH, C.
Page 532 and 533:
COLEOPTERA 519 have been adored and
Page 534 and 535:
COLEOPTERA 621 first sternite is al
Page 536 and 537:
COLEOPTERA 623 mented but the numbe
Page 540 and 541:
COLEOPTERA 527 V. Superfamily STAPH
Page 542 and 543:
COLEOPTERA C, Suborder RHYNCHOPHORA
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COLEOPTERA 531 prolonged apically a
Page 546 and 547:
COLEOPTERA 533 small, slender, almo
Page 551 and 552:
538 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY readiness fo
Page 560:
COLEOPTERA 547 and often curled up
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560 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY (Net-winged
Page 568:
COLEOPTERA 665 tralia, which is 50
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564 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY FIG. 187. Th
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COLEOPTERA 569 to the very wide dis
Page 585 and 586:
572 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY cient action
Page 588:
COLEOPTERA 575 There are only about
Page 602 and 603:
COLEOPTERA 589 genera (Jpochus Lee.
Page 604 and 605:
COLEOPTERA 591 2-3 mm. long. One of
Page 607:
594 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY developed an
Page 611 and 612:
598 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY tho$celides
Page 613 and 614:
600 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY FIG. 207. Th
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602 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Fuller's ros
Page 620:
COLEOPTERA 607 --, "A geographical
Page 628:
STREPSIPTERA 615 Polistes gallicus
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620 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Antenna; - v
Page 635:
622 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY anterior scu
Page 638 and 639:
HYMENOPTERA 625 II to IX and X or a
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634 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Family CEPHI
Page 650:
HYMENOPTERA 637 5. Body flea-like o
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, \ , \ -.; Il> ,g \
Page 659 and 660:
646 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Family STEPH
Page 661:
648 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Family CYNIP
Page 665:
652 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 13. Antennre
Page 674 and 675:
HYMENOPTERA 661 The family consists
Page 677:
664: COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY E FIG. 232.
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HYMENOPTERA 676 the members of each
Page 693:
680 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY' feeding oth
Page 705:
692 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY without clos
Page 711 and 712:
698 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY boreal North
Page 715:
702 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY does not ext
Page 719 and 720:
706 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY somewhat res
Page 725:
712 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY hatching and
Page 732:
HYMENOPTERA 719 Water - collected d
Page 735:
-:-22 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY ROHWER, S.
Page 739 and 740:
726 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HAUPT, H., "
Page 741:
CHAPTER XXXV 32. Order DIPTERA 1 Li
Page 747 and 748:
'134 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY INTERNAL AN
Page 751:
738 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 71. Family *
Page 756:
DIPTERA the bend, the costa fractur
Page 763:
750 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY esses, and f
Page 767 and 768:
754 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY specks of so
Page 769 and 770:
756 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 3. Quartan m
Page 771 and 772:
758 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY The respirat
Page 777:
764 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY (1) Free-liv
Page 783 and 784:
770 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY lower ones s
Page 786:
DIPTERA 773 equipped with chitinous
Page 791:
7'18 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY One of the
Page 794 and 795:
DIPTERA 781 breed in various kinds
Page 796:
DIPTERA 783 shortened; oval, cylind
Page 799:
786 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY common Europ
Page 807:
794 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 305-6, 1941.
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DrPTERA 803 which are mostly indige
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DIPTERA 807 (= Chrysomyia), Cordylo
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