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$WI LD R LATI\IES CROP PLANTS IN INDIA$

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labium ISOPTERA maxilla :;z, ahn,.,o:ltj los! instor Third imler Soldier FIG. 62. The large termite, Zooter'l1lopsis anguslicollis (Hagen). Drawing showing life history and important anatomical characters. 163
164 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 11. Sterile, Aborted, or Sexually Arrested Forms. 4. Workers. Soft, pale-colored, wholly apterous individuals, usually without eyes except in those species that forage above ground, in which case rather well-developed, reduced, or vestigial compound eyes may be present. The mouth parts are adapted to reduction of various types of hard and soft vegetable. materials. They show little specific differentiation and are difficult to classify. They are occasionally dimorphic, rarely trimorphic, and constitute small, intermediate, and large sizes in the higher genera, Termes, Odonlotermes, and Nasutitermes. Workers perform all of the duties of the colonies except reproduction, defense, and dispersion. They construct the termitaria, galleries, covered passageways, and fungus gardens, collect and provide the food, feed the queen, soldiers, and young, care for the eggs, and, in species without soldiers, they also defend the colonies against marauders. Workers do not appear in all genera of termites. In Zootermopsis and Archotermopsis the nymphs perform the work. 5. Soldiers. The members of this caste are of either sex and mayor may not have compound eyes. Faceted eyes occur in Hodotermes, vestigial ocelli may sometimes be present, and the antennre have fewer segments than in the reproduciives. There may be large, intermediate, and small individuals. The soldiers are highly specialized in development of the head and the mandibles and accordingly may be divided into two types: (1) Mandibulate - in which the head is very greatly enlarged and heavily chitinized, and the mandibles greatly developed into variously shaped effective or, in some cases, seemingly useless weapons of defense. So prominent are these in many species that the soldiers are unable to procure their own food, and must be fed by the workers. They are the protectors of the colony who either plug up the burrows or runways with their enlarged heads or guard the entrances with snapping mandibles. (2) Nasute - in which the head is prolonged into a snout and used to smear a sticky secretion upon their enemies in warfare. These individuals arc, as a rule, smaller than those of the mandibulate type, and have vest.igial mandibles and well-developed palpi. The life history of termites is exceedingly complicated, and there are still disagreements as to the cause of the origin of castes. The eggs are pale, smooth, oval, or elongated, and the young all appear very much alike. The food is pre" pared either by the queen, the workers, or the immature reproductives. It consists of saliva, various forms of dead or living vegetable substances, and fungi as well as proctodreal matter, the cast skins, and the dead of the colony. Licking and grooming each other is a characteristic of termites. Breeding continues throughout t.he year, and individual queens may live from several to many
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COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY.
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VI PREFACE The estimated numbers of
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COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY CHAPTER I METAMO
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METAMORPHOSIS OF INSECTS 8 quite we
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METAMORPHOSIS OF INSECTS 5 FIG. 3.
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B METAMORPHOSIS OF INSECTS 9 (5) Pl
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12 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY the mature la
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 15 longitudi
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THE ANATOJV!:Y OF INSECTS 17 9. Cla
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20 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY des of the le
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 23 pollen ba
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 27 Genitalia
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 29 MUSCULAR
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 31 tive duri
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 41 Rejuvenat
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.ecretlng cell. $ecretion epitheliu
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 41 the APTER
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THE ANATOMY OF INSECTS 49 like subs
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CHAPTER III CLASSIFICATION OF INSEC
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CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS 55 10. Ab
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----------,------------------------
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PROTURA 61 ern North America was co
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66 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY pound eyes ar
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68 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY contiguous or
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THYSANURA --, "Quarto contributo aH
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APTERA 76 Approximately 15 genera a
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78 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY seeds, and li
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COLLEMBOLA posfonfennol organ $ense
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COLLEMBOLA. 85 Tasmania, and may al
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ORTHOPTERA 89 ments are visible. Of
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92 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY eggs may be d
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ORTHOPTERA 97 using their front leg
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ORTHOPTERA 101 small bells worn by
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ORTHOPTERA 103 Family TRIDACTYLIDlE
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GRYLLOBLATTODEA 107 collected on Su
Page 124 and 125: BLATTARIA 113 dwelling houses, hote
Page 126: BLATTARIA 115 REl:IN, J. A. G., and
Page 129: 118 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY this country
Page 132: PHASMIDA 121 FIG. 46. Various types
Page 136: MANTODEA 125 with a median groove b
Page 139: 128 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY to man becau
Page 143 and 144: 132 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY ANATOMICAL C
Page 146: DERMAPTERA 186 ing and killing prey
Page 151: 140 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY winged forms
Page 155: 144 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY BUlm, M., "O
Page 160: PLECOPTERA 149 All forms are crypti
Page 165: 154 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY slender; bod
Page 178: ISOPTERA 167 FOSSIL RECORD It is ge
Page 182 and 183: ISOPTERA 171 structive Australian s
Page 185 and 186: CHAPTER XVII 14. Order ZORAPTERAl S
Page 187 and 188: 176 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY I·'IG. 67.
Page 189 and 190: 178 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY laboratory a
Page 191 and 192: 180 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY certain spec
Page 195: CHAPTER XIX 16. Order CORRODENTIA 1
Page 203: 192 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY SClmODER, C.
Page 207 and 208: 196 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY IMPORTANT AN
Page 209: 198 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY pigs and hav
Page 213: CHAPTER XXI 18. Order ANOPLURA I Le
Page 218: ANOPLURA 207 The human louse, Pedic
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fore leg E(G. 76. The common Europe
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Naiad Adult Elongate and campodeifo
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EPHEMERIDA 217 but continuous fligh
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222 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY gle also wit
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EPHEMERIDA 226 most important gener
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230 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Great number
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282 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY venation are
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238 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY and inhabit
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ODONATA 243 Superfamily LIBELLULOID
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246 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY WALl\.£R, E
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THYSANOPTERA 251 IMPORTANT ANATOMIC
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256 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY two-segmente
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2oo COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 5. Last abdo
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262 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HINDS, W. E.
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HEMIPTERA 265 of living plants, cau
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HEMIPTERA 267 division of the meson
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HEMIPTERA CLASSIFICATION 1 Suborder
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HEMIPTERA 271 13. Rostmm four-segme
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276 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Ethiopian re
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280 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY inserted wel
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HEMIPTERA 285 corium veined and the
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288 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Uhler, Empic
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HEMIPTERA thrips, aphids, and leafh
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HEMIPTERA 295 or brachypterous. Hem
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800 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Pelocoris SU
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308 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY External Siz
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HEMIPTERA 311 3-3.5 mm. long to the
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HEMIPTERA 313 throughout much of th
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316 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY These insect
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320 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY phala Ball,
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HEMIPTERA 326 These insects live on
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330 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY E FIG. 113.
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HEMIPTERA 333 Cornic1es or oil- or
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HEMIPTERA 335 .. the same species.
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HEMIPTERA 337 and reaches the great
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340 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY VI. Superfam
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HEMIPTERA 343 species have been des
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HEMIPTERA 345 veloped, reduced, or
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348 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY domen. There
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HEMIPTERA 855 modate them, and afte
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HEMIPTERA 359 was described in 1880
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HEMIPTERA 361 the tiny carinated ma
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HEMIPTERA 365 SANDERS, J. G., "Cata
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370 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY single genus
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CHAPTER XXVII 24. Order NEUROPTERA
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378 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY The eggs, as
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380 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY empodium, wh
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NEUROPTERA 383 admirably endowed wi
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NEUROPTERA 889 have an expanse of 7
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NEUROPTERA 393 WILDERMUTH, V. 1., "
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RAPHIDIODEA 397 which occur in the
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400 COLLEGE ENtOMOLOGY SUMMARY OF A
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TRICHOPTERA EXTERNAL ANATOMY-Contin
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TRICHOPTERA 7. Principal fork of th
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420 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HANDLlRSCH,
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424 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY edible one,
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428 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY are among th
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430 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY (11) Superfa
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436 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY At least war
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440 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY moniliform,
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444 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Hind wings w
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LEPIDOPTERA 453 may be entirely or
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4E6 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY species have
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LEPIDOPTERA 471 carry these cases b
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LEPIDOPTERA 473 palpi short and por
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LEPIDOPTERA 475 foliage upon which
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478 'COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY with the an
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LEPIDOPTERA 483 (Holarctic, Neotrop
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LEPIDOPTERA 489 ning of written his
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LEPIDOPTERA 491 and especially Neot
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LEPIDOPTERA 493 Guerin, is another
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LEPIDOPTERA 495 white, and red and
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LEPIDOPTERA 497 radlus'five, Rs FIG
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500 COLLEGE EIiTOMOLOGY 7. Fore win
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LEPIDOPTERA 503 Papilio pelaus Fab.
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LEPIDOPTERA 513 markings and hang b
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516 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HEINRICH, C.
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COLEOPTERA 519 have been adored and
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COLEOPTERA 621 first sternite is al
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COLEOPTERA 623 mented but the numbe
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COLEOPTERA 527 V. Superfamily STAPH
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COLEOPTERA C, Suborder RHYNCHOPHORA
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COLEOPTERA 531 prolonged apically a
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COLEOPTERA 533 small, slender, almo
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538 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY readiness fo
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COLEOPTERA 547 and often curled up
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560 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY (Net-winged
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COLEOPTERA 665 tralia, which is 50
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564 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY FIG. 187. Th
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COLEOPTERA 569 to the very wide dis
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572 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY cient action
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COLEOPTERA 575 There are only about
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COLEOPTERA 589 genera (Jpochus Lee.
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COLEOPTERA 591 2-3 mm. long. One of
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594 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY developed an
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598 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY tho$celides
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600 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY FIG. 207. Th
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602 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Fuller's ros
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COLEOPTERA 607 --, "A geographical
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STREPSIPTERA 615 Polistes gallicus
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620 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Antenna; - v
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622 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY anterior scu
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HYMENOPTERA 625 II to IX and X or a
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634 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Family CEPHI
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HYMENOPTERA 637 5. Body flea-like o
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, \ , \ -.; Il> ,g \
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646 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Family STEPH
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648 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY Family CYNIP
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652 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 13. Antennre
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HYMENOPTERA 661 The family consists
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664: COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY E FIG. 232.
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HYMENOPTERA 676 the members of each
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680 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY' feeding oth
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692 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY without clos
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698 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY boreal North
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702 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY does not ext
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706 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY somewhat res
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712 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY hatching and
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HYMENOPTERA 719 Water - collected d
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-:-22 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY ROHWER, S.
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726 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY HAUPT, H., "
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CHAPTER XXXV 32. Order DIPTERA 1 Li
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'134 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY INTERNAL AN
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738 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 71. Family *
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DIPTERA the bend, the costa fractur
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750 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY esses, and f
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754 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY specks of so
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756 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 3. Quartan m
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758 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY The respirat
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764 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY (1) Free-liv
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770 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY lower ones s
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DIPTERA 773 equipped with chitinous
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7'18 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY One of the
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DIPTERA 781 breed in various kinds
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DIPTERA 783 shortened; oval, cylind
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786 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY common Europ
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794 COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY 305-6, 1941.
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DrPTERA 803 which are mostly indige
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DIPTERA 807 (= Chrysomyia), Cordylo
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