LIBRARY

PHASMIDA 117
natorial glands, opening on the thorax, are often present beneath the prothorax
or at the bases of the wings. There is noticeable sex dimorphism in which the
size, length of the antenme, size and presence of the wings are concerned.
Internal anatomy. - The internal anatomy is much like that of the OR­
THOPTERA. The alimentary canal is without convolutions; the gizzard ves-
FIG. 44. Egg capsules or oothecre of phasmids. A. DiaPheromera jemorata (Say) (after
Severin, 1910); B, Pl(ltycrania viridana (Olivier) (after Sharp, 1895); C, PulchriphylliulII
scytlle (Gray) and D, same separated to show egg (after Murray, 1855); E, PodacantJllts lVilkinsoni
Macleay (after Froggatt, 1907): F, Carausius morosus Brunner (after Leuzinger, 1926);
G, Bacillus rossia Fab. (after von Wattenwyl. 1882); H. Diapheromera arizonensis Caudell
from egg laid in confinement.
tigial; enteric creca absent; anterior portion of the mid-intestine with thick vermiform
muscle bands, the posterior portion drawn out and with many glandular
papillre. The numerous Malpighian tubules are arranged in bundles. The ovipositor
is greatly reduced. There are three thoracic and five abdominal ganglia.
Phasmids reach their greatest development in numbers, size, and form in
the tropics, where certain members attain a body length of from 9-13 in., being
among the largest of insects. The leaf forms are limited to the moist tropical
jungles, especially those in the East Indies and the adjacent islands. Their
mimicry of leaf structures is almost perfect. In the warmer temperate regions
dull-colored. wingless, stick-like forms occur but seldom in great numbers.
There are 300 known genera and 2,000 described species. They are most abundant
in the Indo-Malaysian-Oceanian-Papuan region and in Central and South
America, with a fair representation in the Ethiopian and Australian regions. In
H