Joaquim da Silva Fontes, Significação e Estabilidade do Género no ...

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IV. Semiotic Analysis of Key Noir Movies.................................................................. 252 1 From a Semiotic Perspective .....................................................................................252 2 The Universe of Motifs and Symbols in Film Noir................................................... 267 2.1 Fritz Lang............................................................................................................ 268 2.1.1 Scarlet Street (1945) and Rejecting the Mundane....................................... 272 2.1.1.1 Kitchen Ammunition: Aprons, Ice-picks & Emasculation.......................... 274 2.1.1.2 Against the Clock ........................................................................................ 279 2.1.1.3 Paintings, Portraits, Mirrors: the Noir Triptych .......................................... 288 2.1.1.4 Conclusion................................................................................................... 297 2.2 Robert Siodmak .................................................................................................. 300 2.2.1 The Spiral Staircase (1946) and the Gothic Noir........................................ 307 2.2.1.1 Voyeurism and Entrapment......................................................................... 310 2.2.1.2 The “Optical Unconscious” Camera-Eye.................................................... 315 2.2.1.3 The Noir Staircase: The Metonymic Lens .................................................. 322 2.2.1.4 Conclusion................................................................................................... 332 2.3 Jacques Tourneur ................................................................................................ 339 2.3.1 Out of the Past (1947) and Obsession? ...................................................... 344 2.3.1.1 Modes and Subverted Uses of the Flashback .............................................. 350 2.3.1.2 The Split Screen Effect: Mise-en-Abyme..................................................... 354 2.3.1.3 Conclusion: The final (sexual) trap in Out of the Past................................ 359 iii
2.4 Joseph H. Lewis.................................................................................................. 367 2.4.1 The Big Combo (1955) and the New Public Awareness of Organised Crime ..................................................................................................................... 373 2.4.1.1 “First is First and Second Is Nobody”: The Underworld of Brutality and Sexual Innuendo ........................................................................................................ 377 2.4.1.2 The Big Combo and Generic Transformation.............................................. 387 2.4.1.3 Conclusion................................................................................................... 390 V. Conclusions: .............................................................................................................. 393 1 Genre Revisited .............................................................................................................. 393 2 Towards an (Elusive) Definition of Film Noir ............................................................... 400 Bibliography ...................................................................................................................... 414 Websites ............................................................................................................................ 436 Appendix I: Annotated Filmography................................................................................. 437 A) Noir Filmography......................................................................................................... 437 B) Other Relevant Filmography ........................................................................................ 461 Appendix II - The Motion Picture Production Code ......................................................... 465 General Index .................................................................................................................... 474 iv
Page 1 and 2: Joaquim da Silva Universidade de Av
Page 3 and 4: To Antonio, who made this possible.
Page 5 and 6: Acknowledgements This long journey
Page 7 and 8: Finally, I owe a huge debt of grati
Page 9 and 10: keywords abstract Film Noir, genre,
Page 11: 2 Social and Political Influences o
Page 15 and 16: Figure 42. Force of Evil ..........
Page 17 and 18: I. Introduction: Paving the Way for
Page 19 and 20: term that the film industry itself
Page 21 and 22: about which films themselves consti
Page 23 and 24: also, in the films’ fundamental n
Page 25 and 26: American films after the Nazi occup
Page 27 and 28: we also find a disruption of the wo
Page 29 and 30: oth in these French productions of
Page 31 and 32: Hollywood feature films but it did
Page 33 and 34: throughout this work); and c) to di
Page 35 and 36: odies, or as killers and crooks, bu
Page 37 and 38: these films was to confer on them a
Page 39 and 40: writer, director, producer, and art
Page 41 and 42: cinema does not have the power of
Page 43 and 44: Before working on The Dark Mirror,
Page 45 and 46: y taking it “from the outside.”
Page 47 and 48: and many, if not most, films would
Page 49 and 50: 1.1.1 Dashiell Hammett In 1929, Das
Page 51 and 52: tough appearance, by their occupati
Page 53 and 54: Apart from “The Continental Op”
Page 55 and 56: unsettling when for example shootin
Page 57 and 58: 1.1.2 Raymond Chandler Raymond Chan
Page 59 and 60: Figure 4. The Big Sleep the chaotic
Page 61 and 62: eleased to the big screen by MGM wi
Page 63 and 64:
most fastidious visions of London i
Page 65 and 66:
hometowns and move into bigger citi
Page 67 and 68:
Double Indemnity started the trend
Page 69 and 70:
has happened, but, as if hypnotized
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destructive, or used by stronger wo
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Tomorrow Goodbye (1950) into a noir
Page 75 and 76:
Home (1937) - were two living proof
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which collapses the distinction bet
Page 79 and 80:
Figure 10. Deadline at Dawn Alex’
Page 81 and 82:
1.1.6 William Riley Burnett Another
Page 83 and 84:
Figure 11. High Sierra The Asphalt
Page 85 and 86:
1.1.7 Conclusions What made the det
Page 87 and 88:
fiction managed to provide for a de
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escalation in illegal drinking plac
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Ben Hecht story and despite being p
Page 93 and 94:
Mercy! Is this the end of Rico?”
Page 95 and 96:
The third originating gangster movi
Page 97 and 98:
part of the recurrent patterns of v
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protagonist of Edgar Ulmer’s Deto
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exemplify in Part III (“Space and
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1.3 The Gothic Romance 87 And trave
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titlecard when the film opens alert
Page 107 and 108:
In Rebecca the beautiful, desirable
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forties. Thematically, the represen
Page 111 and 112:
To complicate this matter further,
Page 113 and 114:
trampled under by war and revolutio
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he says, when Expressionism ended,
Page 117 and 118:
These early Expressionist films, wi
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student, Balduin (Paul Wegener hims
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(Tragedy of the Street, 1927, aka W
Page 123 and 124:
plots with calculating precision. G
Page 125 and 126:
perverted and neurotic sex murderer
Page 127 and 128:
1.5 French Poetic Realism Poetic Re
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(Michèle Morgan), whose godfather
Page 131 and 132:
strikingly atmospheric view of the
Page 133 and 134:
Jean Paulhan, editor of La Nouvelle
Page 135 and 136:
Julien Duvivier’s Pépé Le Moko
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the combination of lighting effects
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peculiar expressionistic lighting a
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Figure 28. Son of Frankenstein This
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Figure 29. Murders in the Rue Morgu
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alienation mixed with nuanced perfo
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2 Social and Political Influences o
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Liberal reforms soon became a spuri
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Polonsky, Jules Dassin, and Edward
Page 153 and 154:
which are themselves historical eve
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Production Code Administration. Thi
Page 157 and 158:
In this particular case, one can se
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Neff: Will you be here too? Phyllis
Page 161 and 162:
against any possible theft of groce
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2.3 Postwar Readjustment If the moo
Page 165 and 166:
In this group of films, the bleak a
Page 167 and 168:
explain, these noir heroes of the f
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(Gilda, White Heat, Scarlet Street,
Page 171 and 172:
seething excitations” and adds th
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Romanticism present at the very hea
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to persist and overcome difficultie
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III. Noir Thematics 1 Essential Ele
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its modernist sensibility, enabled
Page 181 and 182:
Wyatt), cooks breakfast, domestic r
Page 183 and 184:
structures of constituted authority
Page 185 and 186:
1.2 Space and the Noir City Film no
Page 187 and 188:
other people and developing a calcu
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I am the city. Hub and heart of Ame
Page 191 and 192:
1.3 Trouble With Girls: The Femme F
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intelligent and powerful, if destru
Page 195 and 196:
significant discussion of film noir
Page 197 and 198:
Nevertheless, the message is quite
Page 199 and 200:
Another example of the evolution of
Page 201 and 202:
deceiving women. Like many of their
Page 203 and 204:
Either as a femme fatale or an homm
Page 205 and 206:
1.5 Dazed and Confused: The Voiceov
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an impersonal “you” giving the
Page 209 and 210:
of war veterans who, unfolding thei
Page 211 and 212:
1.6 Noir Atmospherics: Cinematograp
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John Alton’s highly stylised phot
Page 215 and 216:
Figure 41. Stranger on the Third Fl
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indoctrination in the movie in the
Page 219 and 220:
in the popular imagination. While t
Page 221 and 222:
1.7 Sounds of the City: Jazz Soundt
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music, combines with images of patr
Page 225 and 226:
Figure 45. Out of the Past Non-dieg
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ealm of near-explicit sexual metaph
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the two, affirming that “Jazz is
Page 231 and 232:
City, Paramount’s Union Station a
Page 233 and 234:
In my analysis of The Big Combo in
Page 235 and 236:
Consequently, in the fifties, we st
Page 237 and 238:
2 Noir and the Film Auteur 2.1 Aute
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noticeably the case, for example, w
Page 241 and 242:
point out the fact that it is only
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elationship to the way a director t
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2.1.1 Billy Wilder Billy Wilder pla
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performance is full of understated
Page 249 and 250:
Figure 54. Sunset Boulevard Wilder
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Figure 55. Ace in the Hole All of B
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2.1.2 Orson Welles He may have only
Page 255 and 256:
For example, in the scene above (fi
Page 257 and 258:
As Leo Braudy in The World in a Fra
Page 259 and 260:
slanting compositions, and brillian
Page 261 and 262:
2.1.3 Otto Preminger Austrian film
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plans, June still shows her love fo
Page 265 and 266:
Figure 61. Where the Sidewalk Ends
Page 267 and 268:
project my viewpoint on the audienc
Page 269 and 270:
postulated as the “doctrine of si
Page 271 and 272:
pouvait espérer sortir de la déno
Page 273 and 274:
I am at the barber's, and a copy of
Page 275 and 276:
certain community, our subjective r
Page 277 and 278:
interpretant” (Stam 1992:6). Here
Page 279 and 280:
The notion of “text” as a disco
Page 281 and 282:
only agree that these disciplines s
Page 283 and 284:
2 The Universe of Motifs and Symbol
Page 285 and 286:
Andrew Sarris once wrote that “If
Page 287 and 288:
exception to this rule, his movies
Page 289 and 290:
independent production companies in
Page 291 and 292:
Figure 66. Double Indemnity In the
Page 293 and 294:
Figure 67. Scarlet Street The symbo
Page 295 and 296:
contorted Expressionistic grimace,
Page 297 and 298:
Figure 70. Metropolis The clock mot
Page 299 and 300:
Figure 71. Strangers on a Train The
Page 301 and 302:
“When I was young I wanted to be
Page 303 and 304:
themselves in the projection of inn
Page 305 and 306:
woman in the portrait throughout I
Page 307 and 308:
scenes as the attachment is purely
Page 309 and 310:
(namely The Spiral Staircase and Ou
Page 311 and 312:
Chris meets by accident, is a hellc
Page 313 and 314:
2.1.1.4 Conclusion All in all, ther
Page 315 and 316:
Question: Scarlet Street had the sa
Page 317 and 318:
an accepted and well-known screenwr
Page 319 and 320:
Siodmak’s next two films for Univ
Page 321 and 322:
money from Dundee. A more harrowing
Page 323 and 324:
2.2.1 The Spiral Staircase (1946) a
Page 325 and 326:
here increased by the unsteady blac
Page 327 and 328:
Figure 83. The Spiral Staircase Thi
Page 329 and 330:
Warren, making either of them the p
Page 331 and 332:
2.2.1.2 The “Optical Unconscious
Page 333 and 334:
camera is expressive, as it informs
Page 335 and 336:
ordering” - appears to match this
Page 337 and 338:
eyewitness, but at the same time, a
Page 339 and 340:
Figure 87. The Spiral Staircase Bas
Page 341 and 342:
While Cross implicitly acknowledges
Page 343 and 344:
Figure 89. Affair in Trinidad Other
Page 345 and 346:
However, much of this iconography t
Page 347 and 348:
long, wooden staircase while trying
Page 349 and 350:
Figure 93. The Spiral Staircase Fig
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of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s “The B
Page 353 and 354:
almost part of a game, emphasising
Page 355 and 356:
2.3 Jacques Tourneur Born in Paris
Page 357 and 358:
a laughing audience), and broken la
Page 359 and 360:
violent mishaps could have led to h
Page 361 and 362:
writers like Dashiell Hammett (who,
Page 363 and 364:
Chuck Tatum, a cynical, frustrated
Page 365 and 366:
on, Ann, who represents his hope fo
Page 367 and 368:
This kind of temporal manipulation
Page 369 and 370:
ought forward by the characters of
Page 371 and 372:
found Kathie: “I was glad it was
Page 373 and 374:
Figure 102. Out of the Past In this
Page 375 and 376:
Figure 104. The Lady from Shanghai
Page 377 and 378:
Jeff: Give him time. Kathie: You ar
Page 379 and 380:
Figure 106. Out of the Past The sce
Page 381 and 382:
Gun Crazy, a barrage of police gunf
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2.4 Joseph H. Lewis Considered as a
Page 385 and 386:
untold storied of ordinary men and
Page 387 and 388:
through windows, to provide the ind
Page 389 and 390:
2.4.1 The Big Combo (1955) and the
Page 391 and 392:
of most noir films including The Bi
Page 393 and 394:
2.4.1.1 “First is First and Secon
Page 395 and 396:
In The Big Combo the unconscious tr
Page 397 and 398:
It is not only in terms of narrativ
Page 399 and 400:
Although the idea is not to go into
Page 401 and 402:
Figure 113. Scarlet Street Neff’s
Page 403 and 404:
2.4.1.2 The Big Combo and Generic T
Page 405 and 406:
and knowing they are both surrounde
Page 407 and 408:
As the noir movement entered the la
Page 409 and 410:
V. Conclusions: 1 Genre Revisited T
Page 411 and 412:
on social aspects through a dramati
Page 413 and 414:
Buscombe is right: if we take a gen
Page 415 and 416:
constructions that make it difficul
Page 417 and 418:
Such factors have been scrutinised
Page 419 and 420:
Thematically, noir films as a group
Page 421 and 422:
While enforcement of the Production
Page 423 and 424:
are “as often nihilistic, cynical
Page 425 and 426:
which is normally not associated wi
Page 427 and 428:
morality brought about by these noi
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It is within this cinematic and cri
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____________ (1994). The Semiotic C
Page 433 and 434:
____________ (1992b). Farewell, My
Page 435 and 436:
E Easthope, Antony (1993). Contempo
Page 437 and 438:
Greenberg, Joel & Higham, Charles (
Page 439 and 440:
James, David E. (2005). The Most Ty
Page 441 and 442:
Malkiewicz, Kris (1986). Film Light
Page 443 and 444:
N Naremore, James (1978). The Magic
Page 445 and 446:
Polan, Dana (1986). Power and Paran
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____________ (2006). Ava Gardner:
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Sullivan, Ellie (1986). Jacques Lac
Page 451 and 452:
Wilson, Edmund (1962). Classics and
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Appendix I: Annotated Filmography T
Page 455 and 456:
Beware, My Lovely RKO 1952. Prod: C
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Christmas Holiday Univ 1944. Prod:
Page 459 and 460:
Dark Corner, The Fox 1946. Prod: Fr
Page 461 and 462:
Framed Col 1947. Prod: Jules Schern
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House on 92 nd Street, The Fox 1945
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Killing, The UA 1956. Prod: James B
Page 467 and 468:
Mildred Pierce WB 1945. Prod: Jerry
Page 469 and 470:
One Way Street Univ 1950. Prod: Leo
Page 471 and 472:
Repeat Performance EL 1947. Prod: A
Page 473 and 474:
Stranger, The RKO 1946. Prod: S.P.
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Unsuspected, The WB 1947. Prod: Cha
Page 477 and 478:
B) Other Relevant Filmography The f
Page 479 and 480:
Last Laugh, The ScreenSound 1924. P
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Appendix II The Motion Picture P
Page 483 and 484:
VIII. Religion 1. No film or episod
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B. By reason of the mobility of fil
Page 487 and 488:
Reasons Underlying the Particular A
Page 489 and 490:
VIII. Religion The reason why minis
Page 491 and 492:
146, 152, 186, 192, 229, 250, 298,
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high-contrast, 11, 46, 172 Highway
Page 495 and 496:
350, 352, 353, 354, 356, 357, 359,
Page 497:
Walsh, Raoul, 56, 57, 66, 73, 223,
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