UEAICATEA

UEAICATEA 

TO 

MY IDEAL TEACHER 

,illaa,nAzJAqBEg 

(MAY HE LIVE LONG), 

THE PIOUS SoUL OF MY FATHER 

wss^N friuttArt*tô (tAqE) 

(MAY ALLAH SHOWER HIS BLESSING ON HIM) 

AND 

TO MY LOVING MOTHER 

Msr{IaABEgUfll 

WHO IS A MIRROR REFLECTING 

BENIGNITY OF THE BENIGN 

(MAY SHE LrVE LONG)

HABITAT. FOOD AND BREEDING HABITS OF 

THE BARN OwL (Tyto Atbr) IN CENTRAL 

PUNJAB 

ilar{Afut*tAa ilfi {rloaD-u L_t{ASSnw 

ii.s.., {. tt t. {urF, 

A ih6n $bmincd in D€ni.l tunlhcnr of 

r.quiEm€d oflh€ tt gFc of 

aocwoFslfif,Ossnr{t 

IN 

z@[ogq 

DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY & FISHERIES 

FACULTY OF SCIENCES 

UMVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE 

FAISALABAD 

2004

Ih. Cmrotld oa E\miMtiJ'llrrvor:ri/ 

Univ6ity of AgrialluE, Fri{ED.o' 

rt_lqld,-1 

OEAN' 

Facdlw of s'i'ncer' 

or Agncultu|l 

''We, lhe Sup.Nisory Commin€., ertiry lbat ihe @nl.n$ and fom of lhdit subnincd bv 

MR- MUqAMMAD MAUMOOD-UI-SASSAN has b€s found snisfebry md 

tcmnod lhd ir bc p@sd foi cvllultid by thc Exttnal EMis for lhe aq4d of thc 

SUPER\4SORY COMMIITEE: 

CHAIRMANi 

MEMBERI 

MEMBERI 

(DR. SHAHNAZ aKmAR MNA)

.xc1(r{0wL6affi9dw(a 

r dn tE ntlat to Df. Mia Athtt 84 Jot tB fr.b onl 7ui{dtu. it ti. p.p'ft,bn of 

tiit naa.tipt I Jut 6o$/nr{ to 6. ni nu41t! I vilA I MuU 6 Afu Ein I tn rtto vC tfr'nFflt 

e Dr, Atbrr Ali Khr., Di Ejo R.!ool, DL ShrbD Aknl.l R!tr. a'.r' DL 

Mlnrbb.d Att.rfldt a;w6d6l ng4d.tu Speial tfra sdfttu @Mr. D.vid fi. 

Jonnsor, PtiMNt lMtga@ of rtu eln^ttodatbla., fo/ tit .di@t ttutut in tln @d 

ptui* q wt 6 fri' rt.b in ?tutunnt ttu tbu,t frt /'tut. It\ o4o dn o[podrni, b $tnr,D., 

Lbdnt r'rhid fu edng w loN eotubb ?oF6 an 6rf, d,tr Jtun 1)s' s6.^ tu M ,6.ft fu 

frit.Pu/a@Mt utu, I .n tbt rr,i.{f/& Mi N. M, $onrk y, atsio"et aidoa ed'(t 

orauraiJ., qeilkna ABtun4J6 t\ .NMtit di i.iR ontM.. w rq& AnD.d-i' rir 

6.4 t!'ns tt .o@ oJ,t nut@ 

I nd a6o .\tu' at |n,itut' b nr Mnfr ddftaJ$ou aqcc;e4 Mriz. Hrbib 

Ali d'.tchufrn Mr.dr Ranid r''lMr, Mlh.nDrd tunrrl @i@4Io/ 

@weinr tt ftal\fe' 

et6t oJaq t olil p stu*ut to r, 'f.rtiotukldttd(kL)e46 

t6.n f4p drr' 

| nir8q mn'd fii3 

ttuhMt wfrbrttay *Faltufu filsfdit.b {Ef. drt@frtut ti' tuo!fl\.n a tunt 

alfercit eppo4ltua pawl ifioot r? to ,riq6irt t *t./@tio\ n @!6 t6r 6a o M 

[tunfu tu tu atiM ths hrtoJ Etidnatibt 

No noubr,4it Mt &. rtrden ptiadal rD 6Ja I dn gtutq irr'.bt nro ry 

6turh.6 arr' 

trrr aqdfJ Di Mul.no.d Mmhtrq-ul-Hseo, Dr. Allrf-ul-Hr$.!, Afi.b-ul 

llBn a'1MlbroDd M.hrb-ulE$.n u6. no.n sfrDu@d b @iti tu b 

'hot6d 'hdft 

ry Raqi6 nh{,Mtue !.r ltuff. b tt aLr, tu 6.rseMpqtt tadtuItun ttafrui,A 

dJ& t M r Jat @trdn/ l.fun i w,ut'otu jnr $ibbt w/t3 oJ intue inL6.6 &r' 

'rtb nu'@Jo nrftuEl 6J.Pd{sttd^ S@u. Eountdtior dnf,vw (eafr"su4 !n&l 

nvot t par.t N6 a-Al/tBb (2JB) otu{ t0at62o1 tult cti4 7tu ftun&t turyn of th.e tM 

tnliq arw! tt ent$$ &tsrAlst

CONTENTS 

NO. IITLE -]Z t^cE 

2, 

3. 

C'IIAPIERS 

t. INIRODUCTION 

I 

m. 

REVIEW OF LITEMTURE 

Rodrd innibitins poioials 

STUI'Y AI.EA 

Hafizbod and sh.ikhupud sub-@ 

Faisaldbad, Jhec, T. T. sinSh dd oke suus€a 

Balta*al.sse sub-d€a 

Usla nuhlmld $tsNa 

MAIERIALS AND METIIODS 

Colldrion axl analFis ofFll.ls 

Smpline for mall ndDals 

Coplmds 

ViUages &d r@houss 

No.{Dtped e6 

Ordinadon of spling u.i!s 

Food slativily ad Elaliv. .ncomtedalB 

Bioh$ass.Mdt 

ruSULTS 

ForaSing habitats dd lhcir sall MnalfaM 

Crepl0dr 

Villag6 and f.nlhoBt 

N@rrepp.d a6 

Combi&n trallilg data 

Pell.t size ed pEy i!.ms 

I 

5 

6 

? 

l3 

IE 

l9 

2l 

25 

26 

26 

21 

28 

ll 

t6 

t7 

l8 

38 

l9 

l9 

39 

,t0 

4l 

42 

45 

45 

50 

50 

5l 

51

NO. TITLE PAGE 

Lin d Deasrn€nls 

t^.liry Glaicd veiadoN 

Dirtrict Faishb.d 

Unjrcuig ofAsnctft'r 

UbD€s CRH 

Neala CRH 

Aninpu CRH 

Ncwe CRE 

Koi Khuda Yu CRH 

Ilikisda CRH 

Bunla CRH 

Kldl|@CRH 

Tqbdi CRH 

Rodu Koru CRH 

Distirci Jhang 

JhoBCRH 

Chinb@sBli CRH 

Mosque a1 chak no. 232 J/B Noulan 

Muradwah CRH 

Dsnicls T. T. Singh .rd or@ 

coja CRH 

Reoala Klud CRH 

Dislricr Sheibup@ 

Sdtrwls CRH 

Mudh BalEhd CRtt 

Disrict Hafiab6d 

M@hi*dt cRH 

Nsulda CRH 

Bhobra 

Sullt k€e CRH 

Dislnd-wi* @npdisioo 

vdi.tios in 0E owl diet !t diFereii snrdv ms 

Saeml ldiatioN i. th. diel 

Msin lrudy d Wintd 

spring 

Sunm€. 

Fdl 

Sub@ nI GalDqar@gE) 

Conpdison ofdiet ar dilleml lealities 

57 

6l 

6l 

66 

69 

70 

70 

7l 

7l 

1l 

12 

72 

73 

13 

13 

73 

15 

15 

11 

17 

17 

17 

77 

79 

8l 

8l 

E3 

83 

88 

8E 

88 

EE 

E8 

93 

96 

104

NO. IITLI IAGI 

Bidn of Frr bod 

ll0 

lla 

I{.rdB.d mo.i4 Lt'b 

lla 

B...dhg d.dd.. 

l2l 

Cl|!tdbood rirt 

ta 

N6r bo(.r 

t25 

Did dri.8 tlc o|io tfr.diry ae 

vI, 

VII. 

vltr. 

D$CU$!O 

Ilihiat 

Licdiv rcu Ydnioor h dia 

SGlwiiidi!tlid 

DiltudlFlddo 

NddlfrihrbEdn 

Adi-!od.d.d!,ld.tof lt hnoal 

sltwalY 

LITBATI'XI clllD 

Irl0 

14l 

l4l 

t43 

146 

l/A 

150 

l5l 

155 

l60

ho.f 

LIST OF TABLES 

|. The lmrions ofthe vaiou sit6 in the n.in study m i... Sub'aE I $.12 33 

hpled lor the bam owl duirg ite thc y6 of rhh srody 

2. TEp su4e$ (%) of snallmdrEls ih fie wh€rice dohi.ated copldds or 48 

3. Tdp $c.s (vt orsall n nnals in $c qtMl{ug.!!a donid.d cbpleds 49 

4. Tlap succ€s (oo) orrcme snall malmds in vrllas$ dd fmhocj 5t 

5. TBp su(.$ (%) ofsllsdnEls snlp-tnpp€d ftom (a) forcsr plebliom, (b) a 54 

sd duneilllal [,bir!r .d (c) mbldds of @tEl Puj.b 

6, Conbincd Tr.ppi.g dala for lhe snaU nmnah caueht frcm vnious h.birats 55 

duing th. sccond yed .xtending Aom D..enbq 2000 through Novhb.i 2001 

?. Montly md @nal vdiadN itr lne wi8hl ed lilM mdrcnst (mdinm J9 

lengrh ed hainm beadth) oflhe peUds oflhe bm owl 

8. Univdiatc dalysis ofvdi&ce t$dns $Nnd vdiation i. the Eisht {a), 

ndimnm hnsth (b) dd ruimh be.dth (c) of lhe p.llcls of the bm owl 

9. 'lte 2l n6d@$softh.bm o*l l@r.d in lhe sixdLtlicisofthes!b.a6 lad 62 

II fmm which lh€ owl's p.llclslre.oll*Gd 

10. Alistof thc ues comon in th€ pEmiss of $€ CRHSof sube6l dd 2 65 

ll. Relative.bundme ('/, of th. vdious PI.y itcm tpr*ntcd in 6e peu.t @d6 67 

ofthe bad owl @llecred foh ditrftor sir.s loered in 5ub-@6 I ed 2 

a. Disrid Faislabad 61 

b. DishictJhog 74 

c. Dhtricts Toba ler Singh Sileh dd Okd n 

d. Disfticr She dup@ 80 

e. District ttafizbad a2 

12. A disrrict-wi* Elative abudmc€ (%) ofrhe prcy ilens Fprcseded in thc Fll.1 85 

mpl€s ot lh€ bam owl froE suts@ I ed 2 

r3 RelariveabudaE (70)of thc Eiou ptly iatuinthcMd*oflhcbmowl 87 

Fllers I'on $e min sody ea, and slb.als I i.e Baluwlmspr (8N) md 4 

Usra Muhamnad (UM). 

60

14. s.e@lchdses inthe Elalive abudbe (70) ofpGy itcns inrhedielofthe E9 

bam owl in th€ thft ydly mpl€s liom th€ Maitr S$dy Arca 

(a) fiBt y@ {De.mhq l999-Novenbd 2000) 

89 

{b) s€cond Ye& (D{ebbd 2000-Nov.mbq 2001) 

(c) nid y@ (De.mber 200l -Novbenbd 2002) 

15. SeMnal ci&gs inde rdadve.budde ofpEy ncminthc di.toflhe bdn 92 

o$ls ofrhc nain nudy arcr duing rh@ ys (fDn S?plembs 199 

$orgllAugul2002. 

!6. SeMnalchmces in the r.ladve abudse (7o) olp6y itcns in thedi.r ofthc 99 

bam owl duing tn€ third y.e (Dcmtrr 2001 -November 2002) al 

17. NMbd of idividuds of e..h food ith Ep@ned ii 23 ffpling uirs l0l 

Gi&, located in Oe @jn study ea. 

18. Results fora coftspo.dc@ dllysison 23 sampling units Gitet ofihe pry 102 

ilems of tne bm owl non dr'd Pujab. 

19. S6allnmmals stuFtrapped fron six habitaE ofcendd Pdjab thlt we€ als 106 

identified fion th.ir enl@t in de p.ll* of lh. bd owl. 

20. T6p swce$ for lhe mall nmo4ls MFltapFd lion sn{ hlbitals of{E 6!nr 103 

nud! @a thdl vcE aho ide ified fiom lheir remnan$ in lbe Fllels of the 

21 . The Foponions of $e small namals in th€ envionmenl th.t wet al$ 

@oded frem owls' pell.ti- 

22. Preponrons of lh€ stt llnM@ls in ihc bu oels did thrt wee ftpped 

from six difcE habiHs ofthe naD study @d. 

21. Fo.d prefcrcoe (A) and Ftativ. .Metd lat6 (ci) for thc snall Fllm.ls 

species Fpr€Fnl€d in th. pellets ofbm owl of Dain siudy are6 

24. Avcd8e body wighi (g) .!d avlFse MdibL le.slh Gn) of smll Emnals 

coll*ted fon nain studY @. 

25. coivssion f&toro loreacha8ecl6softhesn.ll mmhalprcvs consuned bv l12 

the bamowls of lhe hain snrdy 4ea. 

26 Contibuion of the v.riout p€y it m lo the lo|!l biol|N consmed bv the IIl 

bsm owls of m.il nudy @ dwing fie ihc y.s (Dcembd l99'Novemb.r 

200r). 

9l 

I | | 

I I I

NO, flTI,E PAGE 

27. Nmbd ofe88s &d chick Gdded toln lh€ !d oflhc bD owk ofthe s r23 

disticls ofthc min study r@ 

2E. Sdenrl distribudon of€8$ ddchi.k@ordcd fromth. n st oflhebah owl t29 

of six disrdcrs of dE Min 3n!dt ,@ 

2e Nwbs of csss ed dnck |urd.

LIST OF FIGTJRES 

NO, TITLE PAGE 

L A nap of Palistd showing the loetion of four suL@s (SA) viz. SAt 23 

(HafEbld &d Shei!.hupu!), SA2 (Faisalat€d. ,hds, T. T. sinsh .nd 

Ok@). SA3 (Bah.valnasd) dd SA4 (Us1a Muhannad). 

2. A map sho{irsrhc lftation orsei disiricl! of Puja! (Patis€!) &d a 24 

towi ot BalEhisbn iiom vte thc infonDrioi on fic bdn ovl s@ 

collecred duing th. cows. ofpdql sludy. 

L Loation of fie 47 Min sit s (in 0E aix disticrs ofPdj.b), *nich w 35 

egulal! chck€d for rhe pGence ol rh€ bm o*l duing rhe p@fi 

4. veiario.s in the (%) pbpodioB ofs Duir6. dd f!|s dd mi@ in tlE 94 

seasoml dieb of the bm owh or $e Main Study A@ (MSA) duing ihe 

rhFe yea6 oflhb sludy. 

5. s€soE! @iatiotu in lhe Elative abunde* ofA rr&6, odenl3, bars 95 

ed bii& in th€ thrce yeas s.en-vise dala on th€ diel of lhe b@ owls 

oflhe mi. study d€d. 

6. Poponiotu of eighi specics of rah and mie, bars md birds in lhe ihree 97 

ye{s combi.ed seen-wisc food pr€y d.t on th€ d.in sludy eea 

7. Relative abuddce of $e fou eajorpGy €l€gori$ in th. seemled 98 

doul diet ofthe bm owl .r BalledMgn (BN) 

8. odi.stio. of23 smpling unns GUs) (i.e. the food data flom 23 silct 103 

lirm die min study @a. 

9. Moithly ldiarions i. lhe Elaive sbuddce or fou mjor prcy 116 

cdresori.s of th€ b.m owls olde min stldy @. 

r0. Dier ofth b€m owlofthe main study @ duing ns main b€€dins t37 

ses. (Aug!sr- February) md olride this pdiod. 

ll. Contribudon ofrh. wios pi.t irens ro th€ dier ofthe ban ovl ofrhc 138 

maih sudy ea duiins lhc D.in br@ding @6on (AusurFcbruary) sd 

oursidc this !€riod

LIST OF PLATES 

NO. IITLE PAGE 

l. wood€n Br boxe in.|.llcd ar ukb@ cRH (a), Ami.pu cRH (b) and 43 

Nouh vill.s. (c) for fic b€m owl. 

2. lioraging hEbirat ofth. bm o{l k@plmdt prcent ia rhe main $udy 4? 

I Sohcnon-copFd toEgrng ha,bnab ofrhe bam osl 52 

4. Bonr renn&$ of em. food pFys of the bd o*l iddtificd fdm rhe 58 

pcllec @lldt d fren diflfttrr ld.lili€s of tlE nudy 'H. 

5. A de.d ddb.rgia tr€e hebouins a nest cEvny of lhe bdh owl a1 Kor 64 

Khuda Yd CRH. 

6. A view of lhe Mund*d! CRH which hd bsn abondoncd by &€ 64 

krigalio. Depanmmt. 

7. orc of rhe lasc mi@rs (igh) wilh cm..r.! srille $p.d a. 06! ?5 

vhile thc .dje snalls oe rB us.d d Nsr by lhe bon o*l al 

8. Debris conp silg owlt p.llels at th. nouth ofth. cnlmcd.xir ofthe ?5 

ncsr or tbe bm owl al Nouhn @sqG. 

9. A hollow in the tlunl of a nulbery bee ws uFd as a bedinS nesr in I I t 

$c 1999'2000 at M@hiwala CRri rhar wd @dccd uft for ihc owl in 

$e ndl *en by dE villasc bors 4d &@y. 

10. Thc head ofa pepingoui bM owlfion alree cavily aiAmihpsCRH. ll6 

ll. Wide oFning of. n sr qvity ofbm owlal Jhon CRH. |l6 

12. on b€ine dislubed by ! climbins srlo, a bM owl is esapitrg fron l17 

one ollhe 1{o exitr of th. nstl qvity at Kot KhudaYd CRH. 

Il Sc.sing thc pe*ne of a Mrka d@ to its ct, a bam owl i3 lovins ll7 

lhe n6t cavily 6l Thibw.la CRH. 

14. lhe nodh ofa nesl cavity oflhe bm owl in tn€ trunt ofs.Llbergia l18 

rN Rodu Koru CRH.

NO. IITLE PACE 

15. A brrn owl r€sl csvity with ltr sdlei oFning (lsxl2.n) E@rd€d ll8 

dui4 lhe pEfi 3nidt !r Nall|@ CRH. 

16. Soh. natuil.nd fifi-narbrBrsotrhebqn ovl. ll9 

l?. A clurch oi iix .sss in . tBt box !t UldrE CRH (phoroEiFed oi 126 

SepLmbd 9, 2000). 

lE. nE ld chic& of cl|nch of fire chicks al Utbe$ CRt eith fttlly 126 

develop.d feial disk ed doMy plurge (plotoE.phd on D.cmh.t 

2r,2000). 

19. Fm r ctqtch of six .ggr b I Br tox !t Wb.B cRrL G c88 is 127 

nissiiS r,hilc thc ahell of &othd onc is broker (pholosnph.d on.luly 

r2,2000). 

20. A €htch ofsix.sss.r Tlikiw.la CRH i! r hoUov in drlb.4ia ItE 12? 

(plbbgoplFd on Scltcnbn 29, 20{0) 

21. A clurch ofsix egigs in. hollow ir fitu r.n!21€st Bc !t Stl.r*d! l2E 

cRH (phoroglaph€d otr ociobq 9, 2001). 

22. A clutch ofnine eggs ofUe bamovl'n tre. hollow al Mudh Balkhs l2E 

CRfl {phdo€ralhd @ Ocrob.r 5, 2001).

a$srBq-r 

IgfiqgDAC.IIaJ'r

INTRODUCTION 

lhjs sdy on t,/o a/ra yerea (Hanen) ws condwcd ar rh@ l@lilies. One of 

these locllities (namcd !s hain jrudy da) coisisled ofsix disrrich of rhe povince of punjab 

of Prti{!n. qhich togdher tom ttEr pd of$€ Indu valt.y $ar vs t{gety bouded by rhe 

rives Rali dd Ch.nab. The olhcr lNo d.as w€e the canal-irigaled clltilations @und 

Banawalnas& md Usra Mullln,nad. Bahaeltmstu, a southm disr.icr of punjab. teared 

betwan dve Suduj ed Cholisra! desn, M aomqly vegcrared wirh a mpiol rholn fo$l 

wbile tjsra Muhmnad (dislricl Jaf&rabad, povine of Balrchi$an) E foneny und* lne 

dry sublropical *hi+lersen *dblbd. 

'I he nai. srudy fta has tdgely been ndsfomed *otogicauy ov.r the l4r I 50 y% 

by rhc inrrcdudion of coal irigaton. Accodine lo Tsb€, ., aa (t96?). hefoE rhc s,l 

ftie0toi dcvelopncnt fou najor biotc associolions w€re pEsefl in lhe main study ar€a: (a) 

rh€ dv€rfled plain compl*. (b) thc tropicat |noo ptain berw.en lhe dvc6, (c) Uc sdd hilts, 

ed (d) rhc village cohplex of eologically sidple houses. 

'rh. lbpical rhon focsr @cupi€d rhc plaitr bound.d b' iv€6. Tle plaiN krc 

chmclcri^d by rhe prcsnc€ ofalkatin€ ht s vcSelared qith tow busbes of sltuon lbnjly 

bd vast *pse of sandy soits doned with buhcs of eacia ed $aft€rcd r*s, oarcn in 

ctomq; ol- Proeph rpi..gsq Sateedoa oteoid5 .!d

INTRODU('ION 

with the sid€ly s r€red snrll vill.Ses (Tahei e, a/., 1967) Dighl have been the main prcy 

foods oa the osl if il erer i.babited the rid lhon ptain. PEsunably. befoe !h€ inloduction ot 

idi8.rsl agiiculru. i. rne hopical $om plain!, the osl would have ben confned n.inly lo 

$e nparirn for€sr which offercd bener food, ..sling ed rcosiing opponunities. The owl d@s 

ior @cur in de$ris in PEkisrm (Rob.ns, l99l). 

l he hpical lhorn plains tud rhe sond hill cohnunilies of the main study dca s€ how 

largcly supplanted by canalirigated rce{ringed cropldds. forest pletations. ud ude and 

rural habilalions. Tl.e chuges mut hare nosr lilcl, incrcded the nesting. r@s1io8 dd the 

leeding nicbes of lhe owl. Th€ lFpulatiotr of srch small trEnnals 6 lhe l6ue shdw' the 

hous di and lhe hous mous in rhe villdges dd fmhore. which d npidly incrding 

borh i. number and in siz. sm ro hav€ ire@$d er.ally 

(Taber et al., 1967: B.A ct al.. 1979. 

19E0. 1981. 1986r ubaidullah s, a/., 1989i MudElaq-ul-HM er zl. 1998, 1999). wnh th€ 

exccprion of rhe hoe rat which sppes ro b. conlincd lo the limils of lh. hoes, the 0$6 

r"o rFci.s de found in the holM a wll 6 i. the coplands (8.8 ed KlDn, 1984; Bcg ,r "r. 

197?. 1978- 1979: Msn laq-ul-H6s.r o/.. 198- 1999). Sone spei.s. for exdple. the 

$n-funcd rierd rn (xar6 acra./a), fie lcsr budi@r Et (radtcoto bensoL$k) {d the 

shon-oaled nolc al (,&sof,iu t dtca) *t'ich v@ pEvisuly nol pE$ in lhe area. aG now 

found in $c culdvaliotr if, larye NnbeB (Tab€r er d/., 1967r Beg dd Rea, 1978: Bce md 

Kid. I98.li Kha md B€g. !984). The 0exiblc nesif,g ed breeding habi$, oPlonuislic f@d 

habirs dd high bioric polenlial oflhc bdm owl (Cottan md Nehon, 1937; Man', 1994; Tavlor. 

l99,li w.lk rt dl. 1999) *ould hav. helpcd $n lop ordet prdato! in fully.rploidne lhe 

ccological changes $ar rool placc in $enopical $oh nlains aRer lhe intoducton orcanal

IMRODUCTION 

idieation Dk !o contut of $lsonal flooding rltrolgh Ersanon, Dqrag€s abd in€.sive 

cuhivalions nes $e main rivrbants, de npari& foEsts hav. tdsety dispp.r€d (Rob.n: 

l99l). llence. rhe inisat€d cuttilarions oflne plains seh to be lhe main habiral ofde ban 

Ihc bm owl is lhe most widety sp6ad of a lhe owt sp.cies (Bunon. t984) ed 

exlosivc lile8r@ oo irs f@d habits ad repbdrcrion is avaitabte. Bul, suirci..t infomadon 

nss not been gadered ovenl, fom irs enrir€ roge. 50!|h Ads is one of the r€8ioB wh.rc 

pubhhed lircratuc o! rhe owl is s@€ dd sitc€d. whisder (t9j0) od wail€ (1948) 

repoted !h the owl was pPs. in rhe Rasatpindi ad Satl Ralge, whit. M@n dd Gfoy 

(1912) in rheir hehoir on ..Tbe Food ot Th. Birdr in India wrc that rhe owl d.pen

INIRODUCTION 

tlsFod€n t(' 0E ch&s6 itr rh. t{d$ap.s fo osirg inanljE d.nognphic ald rgiottu al 

developnenb in th€ Egjor. 

n!. objeriv. of tb. l|ej drdy ,.8 jo: 

L Quddt ihc loelity lnd season rclared vdiarions n the diet of the b6rn owl 

pop'nadds of 0E min srudy ars. enlnt dd lourth puj.b. dd soudEi.tD 

2. Cherriz. lorE of tE FFrdudE p.tuci.B of rtE 6am owt p.puladN tivirg in 

rhe .ero.@synm ofta main sludy @ (mtr.t puJsD), 

3. K,ow $m.thing IiDh rh. dict of rtrc owt abour th. stuLDDmat ct)muiii.! of lhe 

.s@qrsr.B ofcenr.t &d $urlEn punjab, ard sou$anm B!|Enie!,|' od 

4. AsBs lh. impacr of the baF ovt h irribirinS the pd uls and nice poputarioos 

bfesing rh. copted..

AAqTER-II 

wwgwoFtt$EMn)W

REVIEW OFLITERATURE 

Oqls @upy vinElly atl of tn. wotldt mjor hsbitais, b€iry tb.e onlv liom 

exrFmel)' hieh elevalions snd trteles ponions ofhash deens such s lbe Sdhafa. Thcv occur 

on ers) conti.ent exc.pt Anbrcd€ dd rrc s!.cies. lhe shon_.ared o*l (Asio lam6) {d 

ban o$l (? z/ra) have coloniEd $ne of dc mosl Enole @eanic isldds in $e world (del 

Hoyo .r !1. 1999). Owh blons to the order Stisiromes whkh conpftes lwo fmilies; 

Ttrtuill@ \Vn owrs) dtd S.'iqi.l@ {gTicalo*ls). o,ls (wilh $e exepion orrhe Holedc 

speiet dc lcs well knom 6 a gouP thm sy othd bird sp*ies vitui and Vai$n 0998) 

reviewed th€ slate ol knowkdge abonl owh in the 6t Africe t opics dd *esien lndid 

octr lsldds. He not d thll nore of the l0 owl s!ei6 foud in the rcgiom 96 sumcidrlv 

k.oqn 1o rh. people. They arc th. cotogicol cquivol.nls oflhc dav-huting hawks ed li'l6ns 

Sone of lhes. dd $pecially lbe bam owl. have h€en regeded as dobib rcdenl calchd 

(Brcklc)_ md Coldsnith. l9?5: Glw- 1975: Smal. 1987: d€Jong. 1998) 

The blh owl is equipp€d wilh lniqu. &alonical feaotcs. which dable n !o *Nb ns 

prey from !e(hes, and in flighl. Once ledted. the prey is capluted md su8ucd befoE bei.8 

anef, Ir is almosr @iely nocltm! lhnuShout mo$ of its tug. (T.vlor, 194). Ils tchniqlc 

of hunting depends pndarilt on ils qla-odindy ms of hcdinS, wbich cnables il lo loca& 

pEy in ol4l drtn€ss (Payn., l9?li (nudeo and Konishi, 1979i Knudsn, I98l) 1. addition. 

ns excetion.lly long les ad r.lons help it to hu1 os ope. al6 (T!vld. | 994) lB fligh is 

silenr ar lNquencies audiblc to humm etr md.r ulirMnic levd (Thoqe sid Ctiffrn, 1962) 

FOOD llAlITS 

Bm of,ls ulilia a side tuge ot prcy nens including a r@elt of small Mmalt 

(Hftm Md Jobic. 1980: Anonynou. l9E0; Cdpbdl gr ,/.. 1987i Tore$Mm ed 

conrrcms. | 989: Aftbrasky g/ a/., 1996,199?, I 993i B&bosa and Beml l96i vvmo and

REVIEW Of LITf,RAIUR! 

Turini. 1096r Rabaca &d David. 1997r Robens er at. 1997: del Gush. 1999i Vm-VuEn., 

z/.. 1998r Rilai c/ 4/,, l998i Jorgetron er c/,, 1998i d.Joo8. l98i C.pizi er d., l998l 

Esponda rr /- l98i Maai ad Camori. 1998r Jakic .r a/., t 999; B.lldq, 2000; Boo @d 

Baani.20do; Khalilou €r d/.,2000; M.hnood-ulH*d ?r a/., 2000; Mcchie, 2001i Debror 

€r a/.. 2001: Boe od Cuidali, 2001: Pelo .r al., 2001; trtur er al. 2001; Hey*@d snd 

Paley.2002)- birds (Carpentcr od Fall,I967i Buden,1974i Nuftell, l985iAnonymous, 1994i 

Yonrliv and Wml, l9?i Esponda e? ,/.. 1998; B€llcq, 2000; Malnood-d-HN. e, al, 

2000: l).bor .r,1, 20011 Boe &d Guidali.200li LetuE e/ u/..2001). repr'tes (V.mon. 

1972: deNauois. 1982i Yon-Tov and Wool. 1997j Bellocq.200q Lckwe ?r a/,.2001). 

amphibinns (Hcft6 dd Jaksic. 1980; Mahnood-ul-HM .r zr. 2000: Bellocq. 2000: 

L.kuizc a al.,2001), fish (Benl, 1938), dd insds (dec'oot. 1983i Rabaca md David. ls97; 

Maim@d-ul-H6s €r at, 2000i BeUeq, 2000i Boe dd Cuid.li, 2001; L€kllE,, ul., 

2001) Allhough a majonry of small nmals caplmd is rne$rirl yer lh€ capluing of bats is 

nol uncommon (Rupcher l9?9., b; B6udd ald Kays. 198& Mahmood-ul-HM ., a/., 

2000: B.llcq,2000: Boe and Guidoli, 2001i t kU@ g/ a1..2001). Belloca (2000) ud 

Heywood and Pavey (2002) havc also r€poned rhe pr€snce of marsltials in its dier. The 

mnanN of eme diuMl smll mantuls @ not re in lhe pellers of lhe owl {Mahno.d-ul- 

I las$ ?/ ?/..2000r Khalilou s/ al.2000). 

l he owls ha!. @nomizd th.n dis.nivc abiliy by voiding rne indig.srbl€ food ilehs 

orally in the fom ofpelle$, The p.llets compie such lellt le Ddts ofprey nems rs rhe 

bon.s. hai! fdhcB. b€aks. clas md heavily cuticul4iad pnc of inen b.dies (Wall@c 

dd Horllnds, 19?6). ExaminarioD oflhe pellcft no1 only revclls valuable infodarion about

REVIEW OF LIIERAIURT 

$e dier ol $e osl bur slso lboll lhe smsu mmmd faM of lhe habirat ot @ll4rion (Maatli 

and Carcmori. 19981Jakic a,41.. 19991de la Pena e/ d/,,2001) 

Dimal p€llels diflq siglificelly in th€ir dineBior froh $os. .jeted no.tdallv 

whilc rhe o$l is ill fo6gi.g The fomer e signii@rly largcr ed h€vi* thtt lhc laLr in 

rhen lined dimeNion ond wi8lt md @ deposited ar the dimsl @si iouidali md Pigo2zi. 

1996) In$e pEseir srudy. rhc pcllels were coll€cted fron lhe roostinS and nesliog$lesonly 

The dier of th. ban owl in EwoF (Pidoplils€hle l9l?r Lang, 1948r Pncd dd 

itlsh 1964rBhonshdtl, 1966: KnoG, l97li Schnidt,19734 SLcalen dd Aslbqg, l9?li 

Clue. 1971. l9?4. 1975: Hmr4 1974t Lovdi ., al., 19?6: Saif,l_Oidns dd Thouy. l9?Ei 

Bethge and Hayo. l9?9: Cunin dd Cuisin, 1979r deBNij.. I9?9; RupEchet, l9?9 a b; 

Bos. l98l: Bandrin, l98lj Pikula er d/,. 1984; Man4., d/, 1985r Snal. I987i Tavlor' 

1994: Read &d allsp, 1994; MonlaMi, 1995: vvdo dd TunL l99q Robens.r,/. l9?j 

Tmvaini ?, d/.. 199?i dcjong. l98r M@ld sd Camori, l99E; Esponda e, sl. l9E; 

( ryizi .r,/. 1998i Bon rnd Baai.2ooor B.llocq.2000iMc(lhie.200li Paolo Pr,/..2001r 

Bos and cuidrli- 20Olr de la Peffa d/ a/.,2003). Anoicas (Fnch, 194?i wallace, l948iCise!, 

1965: Aulr- l9?l: fcncb ed Whanon. l9?5r H.tm &d Jdl$ic. 1980; Bvd. 1982; Colvin. 

1984; Knigh od Jackm6n, ! 984; colvin and Mclqa 1986: Ro*nbe.8, 1986; cmpbell ., 4/ 

198?i Mani. I988i Jorg.nsn er./, 1998: Van.Vuren.,,l, 1998) and elswheE in ns rage 

(vcmon- l9?2: Ducketl. 1976i Monen dd M.nin, 1979j Lenlon, l980iP.Fns. 1982lsnal./ 

a/.. | 990: Rifai .r a/.. 1998. Ktalilou .r al. 20oo; Heywo.d .nd Pslev. 2002: de la Peia ., a/ . 

2OOl) n stll docun.nlcd. lnfodalion of, tnc bm o*l of Asia and p.niculdlv South Asia is 

generallrpoor Mason dnd Lefroy ( 1912 ). Ali and Ripley ( 1969). and Robe!$ ( l99l ) weE the

R!!'IEW OF LITERATURE 

m.in sures of infomalioo on thc bsm oql i. Sou$ Asi! Dwiie thc pa{ 

'et d'cad's 

Akha' dd B.s (1985)- 8.8 ?r a/. (1990), Mahmood_d-HM sr ar (2000) and Ali €r d' 

(2001) ha\e Foyid.d inlomalion on f@d n birs. Gsring b.havior ed v@liztion of ene 

l@al spccies of owl. Khan ( 1994) and Khdn ( l9%) have ddumented sone inlo@tion on the 

food dd bceding hrbils of lhis owl tom Pakis(o 

SeNill dd clim.ric ch&ges in th€ di.t of lhe bsn o*l lake Plsc€ $rcughoul ik 

6ge (webstcr. l9?3iMani, 1974i Dawe et r/. 19781Baudvii. 1983idcjonS l98llColvin' 

1984r Campbcll ct d/,. 198?; Bom, lgEl;Bdbosa sd Betul. 1996; dclGwlt' 1999r Bose 

dd cuidali. 2001: Debol €r at,200l) ercepl in $oPic'! coudries wlEG thc clinatic 

condnions tend lo bG morc stabl. ihmughout Uc vcs- S@nal choges in lhc preporlion of 

!016 in the b.n oql s .liet in tlE lnF6re rcgion e wll do

R.EVIEW OF LITEMTURE 

rc$n.s ol lhe bam owl- The r.laiombip of lh€ bd oel s f@d niche silh $al of erc!| 

honed owl (Knisbl md J&knan, 1984) liillc owl (Oofia and PigSozi. 197). twv oql 

(Montandi, 1995; Bo! sd Baz4i. 2OOO), svnpatric lo.8-ea.ed owl and ranv o{l (Ctpizi 

er aI. 1998) h6 sle bcen studied in difreE p6rrs ofth. world Th' di'l@PosilioD of th€ 

o n indicaive of ils acivity in dinft nicobabillts. plasli€nv in ns abilitv lo captuE 

spe.ies of difrmnt sircs ed i$ b.havioFl adalbbililt ro lile in md mund hlllm 

selrlehen6 and vaned envnom.nts thlt explains ns widc apr'sd di$tibution i' $e world' 

'Ihe diel of th€ bm o*l chde6 with lhe chmg6 in the htbii't (dcBruln' 1979: 

Capizi4r,/.. l998iM.zzoni dnd Camod, 1998r Bellocq.2O00r Mohmood'ufHasen d4l' 

2OOOI P.olo.r,?..2001i Mcchi..20olr D.bor rr al 2OOl:Letl)mda/'2001) lD lightlv 

grmd pdures dd riv€ines of Nelhdled., onlv @mmon voles dd small nmFals such as 

@nnon shes. *hn _hIhed shB. wood nice ard field volcs w€E r€sul&lv tats 

(deBdijn. 1979). Cooke e/ 4/ ( 1 996) hale ePoned a posilive ss@iation b€rwen thar oi tbe 

6eld mous (,4Ax.t?tat t^dr,4*) d

REVIE\I OFLITERATUR,E 

]-hNugholt the world $e shews and vol€s irc $e bv fr ihe nosr prefeftd pr'v ofihe 

bam o{l (Srrcatn sd Aselbqg, l97li Glu', 1974i H@r" 1914; Lo\an et al' 1976' 

de8ruiji. I 9'79i Baudvin. l98l; Roberls !r 'l . I99?i Mcchie' 2001 ; Bose md Guidtli' 20Ol ) 

The predomin&cc oflne lol€s in $e owl s s@na diet in ihe @6lal salt ndh ofN€w 

Jc$r' is relded lo the loss ot snow cover i' sudmer {Colvin l 984) Snall ddnah los' or 

gaio hear in hoi or cold enviroon.n6 not rapidlv due |o th€ir latser bodv sudbce dca ro 

volume 6lio conequentlv thev exhibit coinict behaliollr holh in cold or hol e'vircm€ots 

ln cold climar. thev 6ave lo b.come eiive !o securc a rate oihid f@d intale ed hate 10 

b.@de inactive to @n*rve eneqy On ttr olh€t hand' in hol oviomcdl- the connid is 'n 

baqem toraging con*rying wld od kcePing @l (P'|€6' l98l) Thus shcws nusl lorage 

noa or less @tu|lntlv klE th'v e d the low{ exlEn' of lhc si4 dsc stues e 

nor e|n? oo wm cloudv nighs aod les 'cliv' os nidts oi lull moo lho *w n@n 

(Doucd fld Bider.1969i Mand. l9?l: vict'rv and Bids' l98l)' ehich could h€ i eryrcted 

6 a bcha\ iouBl adaPlalion 'itlE |o rcdue n€| tos or !o Ed@e Drctlation nsk 

ShE{s cone wi$ $inal bv linni's llnen acdvilv afll derdiig nEn bodv wicl 

(ChNhfield.I9EI.1982) On lhe @nln'v. ir w foud thd dEn nqnbd 6 a Dev oflnc b€m 

owl vas eEater in wi erthdin sumdd (Tavlor' 194)6d from $is n ws infedd thtt !o{ 

vegerdrio. cover i! wi n ncurrdiG the etTd ofedued lcrivnv The noist onlli€E and 

tcritorial bchaviour of shFs aho m*es thd noE wttuable lo Prtdsrion 

(Cla* t956i 

Tlmer and lleMn, 1973r Codv, l982iChrchfield l90) Funhemoc $€ thws dd voles 

once locarcd m nuch easi$ lo calch tbd oth't 65 dnd nic€ {Fd ed Ambrcs l976i 

Denin! and CBnlbrd. 1989i Nhhimora and Abe 1988)

REVIEW OF LITEMTURI 

Thc d.l)_sis ol$e conenrs of the owl s p'lle$ hav evdl infomatio! of consid'Eble value 

in dssins lh€ dive6nv ol small ndnals (Cl@ 1970: vvdo ed Tuini 1996: Mganr 

ed Cdmod, 1998: lal$ic /l I999i d' la P€n& 

'r ' '/ 4l ' 2001) Nudericallv' sm'U Deods 

fom up ro 90% of $e bm ovl s dicl in dif'Gni ld1s or rhe qorld But 6 sinple cou't oi 

skulh or lovc. ja$ in !.lle$ of lll. owl l!k6 no rcost of the difi€nng si*s of th' pEy 

irns. Mtr b.

REVIEW Of LITERATURE 

In lhe Calapag6 klande |he bom owl ft$s in grolDd in the uslk of lavo tubes and r 

sMlt volcsic @nes idecd! lgEl) ln lbe evd'n of Afncs it !s lh' old n6ts or 

hmnedop (scoP6 m,nla) (wile' s' 'l l986i Fry 'r al 1988) and thc @mun5l Bsls 

ofsociablc s€ar€r (ln,ierairbrdt'J) (Fry e'di 1988)' Theow! fr'qEnllv ndrs in churchd 

(!loncr. l96i: Schonf.ld a.d Ciibig. l9?5 i Brutsn! md deBtuiin 19?6: Julliard dd Beueq 

1983i Pitula s/ a/. 1984i Baudvih lg86) a'd in d'srlsd 'nd neelccted coMses ud f@ 

buildihss (Tavlor. l9l) The owl h ale knom to ne$ hdo'iorslv wirb sone o$tr bird 

slecics such s jackdaws (Tevlor' 1991) Wilhio ! chu€h 1he bell towe! is lsed noF 

liequ€otty $d r@f sPacc (Baudvin 1986) The 1qo most inpondl cril'ria for the seleclpn 

of rcsl sile bv $e bam owl d' (a) laf€lv fton the isk of pEdllion bv ndmalis pledatos 

(c.lvii. 1984) dd (b) av'ibbilitv of esr catitv wi$ ninimM noor d€a of 0 09 nr (Sivcrio' 

194) bul h @* lh@ is a choie tb' owl *ill p|efs dtv cotu'aled sit's with oininm 

dhropogenic influcne on Nhich i 6 @npomie (Ttyltr 1994) 

BREEDINC TTABIIS 

l hc breeding eason of 1hc ban owl vo's gognthicsltv $bughout the wrld udet 

$e iniluence of diflcrenl sdnuli lndeasing sutrmd lehpmluE $inulaEs lavins in nofln€m 

lempeErc Egions when lhe f@d 'budance is still dalining dd ihe small idnal PFv is 

jusl b bKd (Baudlin. 1986) but d inccde in fie tenslnal ed seneral adivnies oflhc prcv 

(cldt. 1956: Tuder and lvq$n l97ll Codv 1982; chuEhfield' 1990) in celv spling 

$bstanlilll!inc€slh.iravai|.hi|itytooglsinl]M.insthelayingd4te.Thusinallthe 

Euopean bd owk. esg hving is stiEulacd pdnanlv bv ldpeBtE dnd sco'dadlv bv food 

shile &) lo8$ hd 'o influen@ Conveelv the 6i'fall is the pinary sd f@d is sonddv

REVIEW Of LITEMTURE 

factor rhar innumces rhe esg laying in the ravduah habihr of Mrli {wihon e, a/., t 986) while 

in venezucla fte f@d supply is lhe sinsle imponer factor th stjmulald egg layjng in bm 

ovls {Ldder er,l, l9l). Eeg layin8 in Acoilir is ste @stard ro a t*r cxtc ro food 

suppl' (Irlci!. 1968i Monen./ d,, tgTTiMonon &d Mani.. l979rHollmds. l99t). 

Annual variations e exhibired bolh in lhe sran of taying dd in thc med laying 

daI6 by all the b6n owl popul.lioB havinS r cguts rnd di$imr b6ding se&n $tulghout 

then tuge. In Scorlad, il vdicd lrom 90r April !o 26th May and r&ged 47 days ovf I 2 yds 

(Taylor. 1994), in Fmce l6rh Aplil to 8lh Ju. cov{ing 5l days ovd eight yea6 (Baudvin, 

1986) while . gap of 15 days 6 @rded by dc @ti6i lrd l.16| s.@n orcr tiv. yes in 

Ne! J€6er populatio.s of ban owl (Cotvnr 1984). 

Loodl v.rialions in rh€ nesting habnal @ al$ knom ro inU@nce lhe laying dates. The 

difemces {B probablt due lo diffeENe in pEy abundmce adund the ncst and $e pai6 

nesling in pcy nch habitars lay @li€r lhd rhosc n6ting in prcy-poor habillls (Colvin 19841 

Baudvin. 1986). 

D'c b.o owl esSs alE oral in slEF. whirc in @tor.l.id efter ar rm or rh@ day s 

inErurl Th. gap hetw€en lb. laying dates indicalcs lhe food dcliv€r€d by rh. nales 10 $eir 

mates durinS.gg layins which my become evcn toogd dnging ftuh lhE 10 svcn days dd 

elen $o we.ks {Roben5, l9l ; Trylor, | 94: aronymN. 1994). 

hcubation pe.iod .angcs fom 29 lo 14 days &d mosl ol $e €8gs haah within j0 to 

12 days {Bunnll aa, 1982r Muller. 1989j Rob.ns. t99lj Taylor. t994; Ali prat.,200l). Th€ 

clrch sie is clNly @ftlaI€d !o food srpply ad rhe nMbq ofcggs pq ctucn va.ics f.om 

+6 (A.oiynous. 1994),l-? (Robcrs, l99l). r -ll (S'paybs, 1992),l-ll (Mani. 1994) and

REVIEW Of LITERATURX 

4- l I (Ali cr al . 2O0l ). Latge clulch 6ay ale rsuh loft polteynyi Mani ( 1994) t corded lbut 

ces wherc lwo female be owh resled sinulwEouly in the @e nest ln lhc p€t vol. 

yed d aveoge o15.5 €8gs p.r clolch and m av@ge ofl2 to 4 5 ha b€s Goded in lo* 

vol€ y€s6 (Schonfetd and sirbig. 1975; r€s, 1977: Baudvin, 1986: Chdsn dr al, 1988i 

Mullcr. I 9s I ). Afncd bm owls ale E+ond |o low md hieh rcdmt @nc.nt"tion (Wilson ,, 

a/., 1986) wb.rcd th€ NonI Ancrico Fpuladons of bd owl @ not consisenl bul 

rlcnge clurch size in Tax$ exhibiled. sharpdccline in low rodenl teds (orieni.r,l. l9?2: 

lhe ovdall hllchins su(*s of $c owl\ esss in cer@v Fmcq Mali ed 

Maldysia has ben iecor.Ld 6 7l % (Scnonfeld &d Cnbig. 1975) 82% (Baudvin 1986) 8i% 

(wilen ?, a/.. 1986). ed s4% (Leilon 1984), respetivelv Almost 80% of dE eess $ar fail ro 

harch @ .nher lasl or scond 181 in th€n durh.s (Tavlor' 1994). 

Harcbing of lhe .ges oFus in e Gvnchoms m@et Hatching in tis fahion 

bencllb bm oel.olosicdty by aloiding Fot 

lood d.neds bv aI ln' chicks o'lhe se 

brcod ar lh. sane ime Tnis b.haviour ..obles rh.n ro .e.r hoG voung 

pd bod $ar suld 

orheflir be i m poss ible i f halching h srnchtoni zed ( Husel. 1 9 72) The ch icks hatched earl iest 

reFcsenl rhe lowest moialny rac (Wikon eI d/, 1986) while lhc lasl ed the p'nuxrmarc 

harchliies exhibit lhe hiSh*t monaliiv rates complising 80e/o of the 1otll expities (Baudvin' 

1978). Mmnslid pEd.tors such 6 be.oh manin (M/ti"ro'4) &d n@oons (Colvin in 

Taylo!. 1994) my. in a,ldiion lo slltvadon. increde lhe monalnv 6t. of bd owl chicks 

Mani (1994) mr|ed fo. si en v.6 

in lha irilaLd fmlan'Ls ofnonhem UDn md 

d@un€ntd l9l nesing ttt€mPls whrl. sludving the Fp@dElion of dB b@ owl Mon of $e

RIVIEW Of LITER TURE 

owb n sled at on€ yd of.ge dd prcdued om brcod Fr y@. Th€y ely ptudwed. 

s@nd bd)d or r€ple.d fsil€d fi6t.1urch6. Complete fitsr clu&hes lhtt.veraged 7 l? e€igs 

(n=27J) serc signific.ndy ldger the repl@nd (av.tage - 5.81, n = 16) and s@nd 

.lurch.s (alcne€ = s.79. n = 19) bur tn.E B no sienificer difl€rcnce b.twen the ,i& ol 

fi6r (aveage = s.45) &d sond brco& (.v€6ge - 5l?) R.pl@nenr btuodr wer€ 

siSnilicetly smller (aveBee = LE]) thm thc fist Fuu clu.hes {er€ Frduced in 88'/o or all 

rlE resrins atenps while ?1"/0 yi.lded d l.at orc nedStiry' S@.stul nests on rvmg€ 

pbdu.d 5.09 o.dglines pq brcod, 4.94 pd sond brood ed 3 60 pe. rplaccm€ b@d 

&cond ateEpls *ft rct N likEly to ptudu@ nedglines N ein r fi6l or t!pla.4€ ancmPn 

Of $. €8es fiar halch.d, 8?% wiv.d to flcdgins Mdch 13 a lne nd dar' for the 

inirialion ofegg laying and ldl6t *cond cld.hcs h.lch€d o. o.lob€r 4 P'6isrqt smq @!d 

and los lehp.muBs sienincolly dclaycrt 0B oMl of.8g lavi.8 ond redwd $e nunber of 

sucestul bdeding an mfls. Clutch siz, ho*vs, did Nl vary signifiddv in vdios vd 

Mani (1997) $udied rh. liretid€ tplodlcti€ swc.s in lhc bun owls in nonheF Ut.h 

and epon€d llle nd age ot firsl biedins ro b. l.06 vc6 (tu8e

A'EI'IEW Of LITERATIJRE 

bui tne ase sl qhich $. breding begif,s did not sronSly arcl lifetinc EPoducliv. 3$es. 

Bedin8 ase had a wc.k b non4ignificflt efle.t on cl ch sit and the nmb* oifl.ddincs 

Foduced 

in a beeding season Habital leiabilily did nol affeq liiedme tPoducive success 

Veiabiht in rhc sev.rny of thc winlr *srhd had a strong innuoce on lif.lid€ EPoductilc 

RODENT INHIBITINC POTENTIALS 

The bam owl is uhiveN.lly acknopl.dged for ils appetle for rodenb and olhq snall 

ndm.ls. As r Esdt oflh€ pEpond.tu ofDdori in the dict offi. bd o*1, it is thousht 

to be playinS a. inpondr relc b th. contiolofth* poEnftl agriculluEl P.sls (L.k@ 3, 

d!.2001). lt h6 been reponed thal in onlt 20 ninut€s the ban owlcaudr sixt€en nice, thEe 

gophs. onc rlt a.d one squiftl (Aio.yno!s. 1980). In B.mud! Isl&ds. 15 lo 20 pairs of 

owl @nsmed 15,000 6ts F ytu (M.ddioi 1990). Sipawns (192) *nmrcd thar rh. owl 

caughr five €rs ps day, Thu the bam owl nay pnv. ro b€ e import! agenl for O. conFol 

ol ds and mi@ (Contoli. l9?5). I-lnron (1980) rcponed that the biolosical conirol of ds 

involvins lhc bd oel @ metirg g@l success in $e oil paln pl&lalions ofMclstsia. 

Dwkar {l9l) foud that dr. b6m owt Fpuladon via dE B of n*l boxcs dd poFr 

nanagcmeil could be spread over a large ea of plmbtions ensuritg & even pFdalion on tat 

Mmoz dd Muoa (1990) h.ve studicd rlE con ol or sh.ll Mmals in paln 

pretltiotu in Ce ral Chil€ by nodiling rhe hrbibt of pred.tou (tiL T. albo dtd 

PwdalorB sp.- a cmid) ad the pey. one of tlt€ srious probleds on the paln plmlarion 

m thc danagc caued by od.Dc. Allcr cleming the 0oor t8clatio. and prolidins P.dhes 

rl

RXVIEW OF LITEIATURf, 

lor lhe prcdalory birds in a slatd of P,,!s ,R,r';oro, thes workes s$di.d the prcdalotFev 

Elationship lor hoe thd a ye{, This modifi@id impmr.d the visibility dd ce of adal 

mmuvering oi bam owl. lt al$ irc@5.d the wllMbilily ol th€ n

u:VNW OF LITERAIURE 

effetive populdion mdag.not ari onl4ation in Nelhdl.nds- Ih. dudy wa nad. in trc 

dismds o, Ne$ohnds. Thc audy srM.d ov.r two @Ilsutiv. D.riods ol nic y6 i.e. 

196?-75 af,d 1976-E4- The aboveDmlior.d l@lo^ wrc dalyzed in tlladon !o €nemsl 

faoos such as food supply. winld weathcr condilions. ne sile avaihbility and cheges in the 

rual lrndscap. and in lhc famine pdctices, ll ws dieovercd lh.l thd londscape diveuity 

favo$ bsh osl dd it' popdation incels€s in a ben€rpresdcd mix.d fadda!&. 

hsrall.tion ot mst boxes nrrh6 €nhees dE bm owl pop'iaton. 4e dic nea. nmber of 

youg Eiscd in id boxcs is signifi@rlt highcr d6 $ar in nlludl nBE, Thc lo$ offonging 

babibt due to lapid ubariztio. dd a sh,rp incEse in ftafftc ar ih. najor f&1os 

conlributins loqar& the delin€ in bm owl populaiioB.

gt slEqIII 

snkytxwfl,

STUDY AREA 

Pali$d k mudly donboid.l in shap. &d lies b.tween 24 &d167-nonlt larirud€s 

dd6l.0 and 75.0'e61 longilultes. The |olal 4a of Palista! is 80?,048 kn: that @ 

lopognphicslly be suHivid.d into trvo distin t regios - dr noulain t dain dd tlblel&d io 

thc nortb fld the gradational fl5ts in lh. suth - th€ tndls PlaiDs Th€ Indccmgetic pl.ins 

were lormed in the Te.lidy when gel depresioN in liont oflhe n€wlv up'holed Hinalevd 

app€ded. The proess of alluviation ftom th. hiehl&ds dd the subs.qud severd@ of rhe 

riv.r Indus lion the river Ces.s following ihe upliff of lhe Siwalit svstem rcsulEd in lh€ 

pEsol fom of$e lndus nd Gansclic Pldns (Wadia. !951) Tte plain is ser.dllv rcalneless, 

sloping Bcnd! rcwards the sa - & impon4l hydrcSnphic l€aurc in dlarion lo flooding and 

iFig{ion. Thc l.dus is $e only $ulh'0owing dvq in Pati$a', dd is fed b, fie gl&ic6 i' 

lhc Kratorm ReC. Gig. I ). Th. rotat lhgth of fic dvs in Pttisttn b 2900 tm ard lhe toal 

bosin ea n 259210 lh2 ompriins n*ly ot. rhid of lh. blal ag of lhe @stry (Rob'6 

l99l)- 

1he pRenr sfudy ca on the bd o*lis a P.n of lh€ Indus Plain 

which li's betwco 

32"04 dd l4 18 non! latitu{td dd 32"2?' snd ?f4l 6l longitudes cnconPa$ing th€ main 

study dea which co6pn*s 1h. six disbicts of $. povinc€ Punjab viz Fbislabad Jhae' 

Tob6 Tek siish (T.T. S'n$). shciknupuB dd Hailabad rh't lic in th€ the lsd trsl betw€ei 

$e rive$ Ravi m{i Choab. while Ok{. n located in thc led rdcl belw4' lhe rilea Sulluj 

ed Rn (Fis 2). SoDe pellels of lhe bm owl wete als collcct€d fon lhe fmlmds of 

Bah.Mlnagd (30'49N. 7l "42€). a sohe*hrt euih.n distncr of th€ Prevince 

of PulFb md 

ftoh $e cmaliogaled fmlands @und th€ lom Use Muh@iad (28"10N 6f02E)' 

22

Fie I A nup of Palisb shosi.S r\e localio. ol fou suFatd viz SAl (Hailirbnd dd 

sh;i rupu6 dMrcrs). S.Al €ahalab.d. JhansT. 1 sinsl md Otda disllicl9 sA3 

(lUhtrulnactdistricr) and SA4 (Ush Muhmoadl 

Pakistan 

*,urr,rfit -fl

Fig 2. A mao lhoHn! the l@riotr of s.n disticts of Pujab I P'rsh' Md Us 

ir',i-"i*J. r"tt".ud dhtridor Baruhisrd rtum 

"i*. 

qhcrc Dfomarionon th' 

i"ii"ii* *rr*'.4 a-"g @u*c orne Pmnr 

'hc 

studv rte major pan or $e 

:il;;"'i;;;;h,'d;;;i"en ds) Ri\i dd ch€mb wbre the 'm'ler 8s 

i,ii,i' -^"J iii* -l B"r'"Mrnagar dnrrid or Punrab ed raflrab6d diddcr or 

a 

-{y 

f, 

i; 

fi 

lxEr 

I 

3. 

! 

Wr) 

cb% 

ru, 

lrtDlA

Disrrid l.lled!.4 which is ir euth6lcd Balwhisl4 povina Two 

River viz. $e .ives Ravi &d Ch.nab dlvese through $e main study aca 

Snduj, floss along 0E nonhmcm hord€r oft. BahaslMgrr disrrict 

On $e b6is of lhe ninor diffedcca i! lhe climalic co.diios, 

w5 $sreSated ido rhc iouovinS sub-ams. 

I. EATIZABAD AND SAEI(IIUPURA SUB-ARIiI 

STIJDYAREA 

Ihis sub@a conprisins of thc distlicts Sh.ikhupu (]l'42N 73'30'E) fld 

Hafzbrd (12'MN, ?l'4lE) is cb,er.d4d by ebuoPicll @ndnc al climate wh@ 

cooditions ad sub-humid $d dinfall h rclaiivelv tlioble The fom€r dislrict N'ives 

ehnv.ly les 6ii (loom - 559m) rhd |n€ lano wh.e rhe Nud dinfall tdics tom 

5o0m lo lol6m. The nee fti.inm dd me{inm snn@l tenFrstues e 16 6"c dd 

2. TAISALABAD, JHANG, T. T. SINCH AND OKARA SUB.AREA 

lhc disticb Faftdabad (31'25N, 7f07'E), JhrnS Ol'16N. 72'19!), T T Shsb 

(30'57N. 72'28'E), md Okda (30"48N, 73"278) compise ihis snb'arca The n'ualninfall 

in lh* dislricls vdica from 254m ro 38lnn. Mav, Jft &d Jdv e lh. hottesl monihs oI 

the yqr. lhe hol dd dry Friod 

usually exl.nds from iid'Mav b nidJllv wh41he ned 

mdimud remFr$d may be a3 hiSh s lg"C Verv ofun lhe lemp'Btue r€achcs lo 4?"c 

md Gcdsionally may shool to 49"C It the sMnr monft, du* stoms follox€d bv nis e 

frEqueir, The noisooo EiN hdly fdl in Jllv and August wbich d' the @hien frontl'r of 

$e yar. D(obd and Jenary d€ $e cotdcsl monlB of thc vd 

wilh the nem mtomM 

lenFdure of 6'C. Almost etery wint r, $. mininm .igh tnpetalure nav fdl b'low 1he

STUD! AREA 

f@ing point. Jusl wst to lhis sub-rea is the Tbal d€sn wbcc $. mud dinlall arde's 

3, BAIIAWALANCAR SUFARf, A 

'I his- alnosr d arid .tbrrict (29'59'N 7l "42'E) is l@led a1U€ pedpherv ofcbolisrd 

deen. lhe dver Sutluj flors done ils norlhweskm boddarv of this dGdc! Like the 

preding two suh-aIs, BahlwaldgBr n al$ a ce.l-inigaEd @loniz€d suFue H'E dte 

cumare is houeJ sd dri.!: M.v, June a l .lulv e rh. honcsl non$s of th' vcd 

sd Scflmb.r ec lh. hot dd hmid morihs of ln' v4 

whil' Ausut 

Th€ md runinw and mdNm 

sMna is 23.9'c &d 439"c qnik in winr€t il is 44'C ed 156"C 

rsF.tively. Dnring rhe sumns, cxMelv hot winds blov md dul stom 4 coinon i' 

.!une and July. Dunng $c winls. the iighl |cmp'6lw nav rdh tE2ine point while lhe 

d.t remFntw duing stlmd mv b€ s hiSh 6 4S'C or ectsionallv up b 50 C Th' 

avdgc @ud Einfdl in this distict is about 2??m thll scncdllv ftus dEng $e nonlis of 

4. USTA MUIIAMMAD KITAI\ SUFAREA 

U a Muha@nt KIB (28'l l'N 68"Ol'E) b abM of$e sulh clstd disEict ofth' 

povincc ol rhe Baluchish call.d Jafidbad The eutbt$len Pan of Bduchisd is 

chanadsiad by Fonouned hmid vinds dunie moNon sden; olheNise n is hol' dry ad 

lion-tcc for lhe Esl of lh€ vce The nat@l vegeldion of southem Baluchind 3d Sindh 

Kohislu is dry sub'uoPical emnde.gr'en scrub fotst The Bain featu$ of fte foresl de 

fie clunps of cac$elik. ,rprorbia thal doninale l4dsaPe Tne pft@ding dFe sub_M

STT]DY AIIIA 

of rlp rlldy 4 l@led in $.1 p€n of th€ lndu phii *hich w fomaUv v.geut d sith 

hpi@l rhom foen, mo3| oi which in ic onginal lom ha di$ppeled (Robetu, l99l ). 

'fhe n@ mual Einfall in Jaflqabad district is about lolnm od thc med @u.l 

&frpedue is 27'C. Like the oder thrc sub_dc6. this suLdea is 1o0 drv lo culdvale .xcePl 

sirh rhe lid ot idgadon. Jarmbad is bcry lo hae q l-inigatcd agicultua. 

Th$ the climat of thc pr.541 nud, dca on bdn osl rdg6 lon suhlnid ro 

slbtropical whec the rains nainly fall during ihc monsooo mo.ths o' Julv dd Aueusl The 

Md.6 @ hol and dry ud wi eB s hoddlelv cold Usudtv bv mid_May the hor sten 

sls in and fion this tine on*ed uP lo rhe ..d of Julv thct is m din of impoiaft' Ite 

@cdional dusr stoms &d 6in prcvid. tebPordv relief fton oPpr€ssive hear' Lare sumner 

dd ea'ly fall nonths e hot ed huid ftc .v€ns. nintall is vdilblc nost oi shich is 

@ived dui.8 l$e July uroush A!gu$ 6d the Bmlinine duting $e vinter (Jdutrv dd 

FebMry). Thc abov. Patems of dinfall and t mFBt!rc t€sul in lwo p'rio& of pl&t gto$lh' 

the fisl ext€ndine fron Febru.iv {uough MNh md the othq one tom Au8usl lhDudr 

HABIIATS 

Aboul a cent!ry ago befoG th€ idsoducion of irigatioo cdal svsled four lypes of 

ccologically $Flated habna$ cxisled in 1he study aca. Thee included tbc (a) fl@d plains of 

nvd Ravi d.! ch€mb, (b) topiel thoF fo6t' (c) sd dw a@s and (d) viua86 (Tab€r e' 

dl.. 1967). Th.e habitals suPPoned a ldielv of @rc- and micto-Ia@ With the inccc in 

lhe humln populadon &.1rapid colonization followi'8I i'tcnsive calal inigalion svsten a 

lot ol habi6 cn&Ces hak uLn placc. RenrM$ of llDpical thom fo6l or tu sdondary 

21

STUDY AREA 

giovrh loms ldgely ocN in snall pdches onlv S&d dunes arc @ excett hee thc Thal 

sd Cholistsn desen. Ite hydtic habil.t h8 .xrcnd€d in lh. me&while A si@bk Fnion of 

thc inig.ared l.nd of tE coulry b alf.cled bv alkalinilv ealinitv and war€r loeging (AhtEd' 

1999). Cell irigarion ha h.n fit d the tFcica lil. thc hom o*l that m f!rcurcd bv lh' 

spcad oa iFiClrion dd crllivstion, tn rddifon inig.tcd forcsl plelatioB @'l{id' dil 

oad{ide 4d rcad{ide pldatioff halc 8rcarlv chdBed lhe l&dscape in which $c $om 

focst preliously predoninaied lrigaion cmals along wilh lhe stnF of ioFsl plant'tions ad 

gra$y nuvial l ats h5!e helped sone ripdie sn.U mud'ls for exeqle Neso*ia indlcu 6nd 

Ta@a kdi.a to .xtead :dltrj.tt w9e ro l& plains (Tab.r ,r ql . 1967) 

Anothd inp.ndl habi.r of th€ rual l&dsc!p' of th€ snldv aM is thc hund 

s.nl.nc comprising Yillag6 ed famhou$s, which s inc@ins born in n!mb" dd sie 

in c enre of lh. fdtqpanditrg hl|!M poPularion. I d'village disMs haE $ond'd and 

ir hs be.one e6id for m atndr ind@' lom of the hoB Bt (xats 'ar6 Nllidioi to 

populat almo$ all the viuaees (MBht q'ul_Hds d a/ 19?; 1998) The owl tniShr lind 

io$s and cites closer b the.SmecosFEm io be iddl plrces for neslin8 dd roosiing' sd 

hutiig sEall lJ(ll,tMals p,niculelv the sp4ie! lik' Rat6 runa sMcts ntinu Mut 

HlNin dd Bholla (1937) T.bd e, ai (196?), Ali drd Rrplav ( 1969)' B!8 ed Qudtn 

( l9?2i l9?6). Robetu (l99l:19?), Beg and Khe ( 1984)' Beg et al ( l9??: 1978i l9?9r 198 | )' 

Akm (1987). Rd (1991 1998), Ali (195), MahFood'ul_HM 

(1995) md Mushataq_ul- 

Hssd ,r al. (1998i 1999) w@ the souces fom which infomarion 'bod the faua or th?

STUDY AJTEA 

$udy ,ra wd gteeed ln lhe following Pags onlv thos dimals which m'v (a) sfr' 6 f@d 

to lhe osl- (b) compet with the owl for food' or (c) nighl pred'tc otr the owl have been 

Sm.ll nmmals belonging to rhe o.de6 lNctiton (houe sttN Sucd nui'h dd 

s!vi\ ptgny sbrew s e,tuc6), Chiopld Ch€ Kden! pipis?elle PiPbte B ce'lo"k6 

lh. Khul s pipisrellc P t!r/i. lle lndid pvgnv piPisL'lle P titlt &d th' SrEater vello* bai 

s.otophilw heath.t, Rodsti. (lhe hos ftn Ratts rz s' the sR-fuded field Et '/t 

neltadatMill,ttlio netado'tJotoe noE Md t6els fie linlc lndi4 lield mous M 

,@d4a. $e les! bandidr d Ban licota b"gale6h' nE stnn'siled nolc d rvetotit 

indiea. rhe vns!\ rd Golltnda elio". thc Indid hairy-t@l€d leftil Gqbill8 deadovi nte 

lndid Ge'bil lara'a t dtca, lhe Indie dsr jild M"ta'd 'n'iztu' 8d $' five sniFd 

Futunbulus pematti) {€ lhe poEndtl FEv iEms ofdE o*l TlE vougoc of 

'lnnq]'J'nel 

$c Indid haF ,€P6 ,isri.,lb my ale he ilcludlr.t in tnis lisl Of dr* lnall ndnals' rr 

hwiafue, F Pengnti 8d L nig rb'lit at dimal fom 

Adong rhe cdivoN n.lmats, tlF Indian jlckal cohsf Ni6' tta dc*A tox 

nipd r/prd. $c Bengal fox l/ betgdledit' lh' mongees HtP*t's 6d H 

'tlvu'bi 

ou.opunctdi,s. nE i88le .^ Felis c"!s &d thc de*n cat tl pEv lpon dcns 

"rt' 

Besid.s, lhese dimals nat .ho pr'v upon bm owls' specialtv flcd8lings qhicb l"ve lhe 

sai€ty of the natcnal ..$ dd fall doM on $' glouDd The c'$ sd 6peciallv the t'ous ca$ 

(F: .lo'sli.,t mav even bc mo'c sver FEdaroB of thc osl t/adntr ao"of dd 3 vocrv 

of $stes. {hich se @Dhon in thc *udv ea nav rcb fie eges dd chick lion the owls' 

nsts. Nineen sF.cies of owls havc b'en hoM to ocd i' Pali$a! (Robefis' l99l ) h

sTUDYARf,A 

addition io fie bm owl. fou other species of owl viz the lndian scops owl (Or'r 

,.[r,z@n/), the dNry honcd owl (8rro .otom'r''4), 0t spon'd oslet (Ath'ne brtul 

and ibe shon-eded o*l (,4iiolaur?6) ae connor in mt studv sdas ofPuniab The sPotred 

oqlel h comonesl of atl thes€, md afrers tlF cultivatiotu s wll 6 th' *ooded urban ma 

A nunber of dimal raPtos b.longing b th. order Accipitrifomes ed Falconifomes dc 

pEs.t in fic ea. Of rh*, lnc @mon m6 lite 0E blet winS'n-ki]€ (EldB ceruleu) ' 

the Shik* (,rcc,Pikl ,adi,t, the while'et€d bu@d (B'rssrlr ,.64) &d rhe lag8er ftl@n 

(Fal.,j,eqdr) alper ro bc lhe pohdal @dFtiloB offi' bam owl 

A nlmber of ree cavrty n*ting birds ale @cur in lhe studv @a Th' ones which 

miSh be conpelins *$ lhe bam owl for tlF n6&s dd tftstine lre houos include the 

spoited owlel (..1 brgta), lhe common nvna (,4c'jdd'erer tr'nii) th€ ms{insed pda}cer 

\Psiraculo toahd),tlE WEelaniu p€rElccl (f "4ztio)' lhe erev bo-bill (1016 M!t'r) 

dd the Indian orrer (Col4.,4 ,4r84l4aii) Th€ Pied woodp€cket (Dek*ocopt! osinitid) 

thc yello$ fonred w@dPelct (D tuhtutt4sx) sd the copFBmith (Megulai'a 

h4.nocephulu) te rh. hole-rtsleN dsr caac oul th€ir owh nesl cavnies wnich due b the 

d@y ol dc *@d dd slargcmst bv rhe l&gcr @vilv rcsres lilc lhe pdkcs mv be 

squied by the bM owl for dsting ald roosdng purposs Temitc rcdvnies in nv siudv 

.s sd ro be impott in cclting ldge lt c hollo*- 

Birds like the house spdoB (Pass,r dote$E'r, $e d'w'ded bulbul {4t'o'ol'r 

.o/€.),lhe @@on babbl€r (rrdoid.r.a!do6), the jusle babbld (I r'nidru) rl.F @mon 

nytu (Actitlothdd tthtis) nd ihe ose'dnged p'dt"t (P rrau'ri) which abound in $e 

srudy aH lhe Porential .vie Pev 

of the bd ovl' 

l0

atxsBqrl 

il"Aetaqlills At ltD ivlEtD{sDS

MAIERIALS AND METHOI'S 

llle pesdr study extendcd fom D{emtq 1999lh@ush Nov.mbs 2002 in lhe six 

districts ofrhe pmvjo@ oith€ Phja! (Paldnd).'nEc dislricts 9@ faslabad, Jhe8, T T. 

SingL Sheikhupd, Hdfiabad ad Okm of the prcvine ol Pujab (Pakisl$). 47 difcent 

i6ring sncs could be loc&d in th* disnicri Of 0Ee. 28 wr l@rcd in F.i$labad. ninc in 

Jhans, four in Ha,i@b!d ud two .ach in Toba Tck Sireh, OkM md Shcikhlpm dblricb. 

Especliv€ly (Table I , Fis. 3). 

Duing $e €xplohlory phe ofthis nudy tsr enended ftom Jue 1999 to Novdber 

1999. old dd udislubed buildr4s, ruins, ablldoncd wclls, deE (rm hoas), $e srovs 

ed foresl pleialiod ircluding cdalside md rcldside lre bchs EE checked for $c pEserce 

of$e bafr owl duDng the explohtory palsc of this sMy whhh.xhded liom June 199 

dotu8h Nov.nber 1999. s@n il beme appent th.l tlB bfr owh of Dv sludv lM 

hvour€d the grcvcs ofrhe old re6 pErnr in ftc p@is.s ofcMal Esl houss l€aled on the 

ba.k oi irisation @dls (Fig. 3). 

Oi 0E 4? nesd.g sites @orded ftoh 3utsat ! I (flanabad ad Sheiknup@) ard 2 

(Faislad. Jhmc, I. T. Singl md Okara), 23 *@ st€.ted fot this snjdv &s {*v iwolv'd 

niniFm rnvelling. all l,\cs sii6 *t visitd a! l.sl one in a nonlh for colleding p€uels 

ed drln on b@

Table l. The locarions of rhe vdiou siles in rh. nain study @a i.e. sub-deds I and 2 

sampled lor the bm owl duins rhe t.€e y€6 of lhis siudy. (CRH = Cml RBr 

MllmroaMuemof F&ulty ot s.icnc6 

Raln Bdcb C&.1n6 Carwala 

27| R J$ Bmch n.d DiiLor 

SialwaldcRH 248 Pit! Bmch, Fahalabad-smudi Road 

6l Jtrds Brdch, Fais.labad-Aminpur road 

Bad of Jh&R Bdch C0rl, Aminpu 

NeaaCRH Banh or Jher Bdch CaMl 

B&l of ft08 B@h Cdal 

Banl olfianr Bmch Ceul 

6 ftds Blmh. Sidc brach rc€n of Faisolabd- 

Thil$walaCRH Neq 74 Jhdc Br.nch, Fa'saltbad-fims 6ad 

o.e (m non Satios nain bB slop at Faielabad- 

K-r"; cRalr Gose6 Brdch Caml, Faisalabad-Salifla oad 

co8m B'uch Canal, Faielabad-Sariea Rosd 

Burala Blmh caal. md Jomwah cnv 

CRH" 

Faisalabld-Jensrh Dad 

Kh@'@ on Fais.lab.d-5atiM Md 

229 Rath Brtuch, MdEmadqall 

lamwolo-ftunmNala @d 

J@wala.KhunMwala @d 

52 Ra}n Brsch, o! a blmh r@d frcm Fai$labed' 

One kn frcd smudri city at th€ bant of Bunl. 

smamraaCRH:' Tddlidwla.Kmaliaoad 

smudri-Pir MalFl oad 

KhiddeRala CRH" Smudri-Pir MalEl @ad 

TelklMicRff 

Faisalobad-smun.li oad ned 133 lhss Btuch 

T.hsil

Bdlt of Bhaba Btuh cdd 

Baitrdd CRH'" A Lw ldloneles &06 Chinoil on lhaog-Chinon 

Cnat Kot Qazin@ t li& FoBr Pleladon 

45 kn on F.isalahdd-Jh4s oad on Chi@s"li 

b'r' !@p 

VinqEt of rhc mosque !r 212 ,B Noul& 

Vi!q!:r ofrhc moscu d 2ll JB Juueula 

qhal No 175 JB, Mundwh 

Chal No 2?l JB MMgdiviltage 

B.nt oI fi.ng Brtuch 

8mk of Jhans Bmch Cmal 

coja cRx" Two kn Aon cojh cily ar tbc banl of Jhes 

N-u.n" cRH- 

BanI of Lov.r Bdj Doab Ceal, Remt Khurd 

Banl of Low Bdi Do.b Calrl, Oke 

Rnrji 8|fuh (e1, n@ Cbd( rhma 

Bek of Ralh BEDch Cmd 

Bs { ofJhing B@ch Cd,l 

Sulnele CRtl" Bad of ftlrg Bdch Cel Pindi

Fis.l. Locationof$e,17 nain sites (in six disricrs of Pu.Fb) rhal wse eguldltch4kcd ior 

rhc oE*n.e of rl'c bdn o$' dunn! dre Ptesenr rudt lhe dr$F ha\c bccn 

demamred bt R{ l,ncs rhe ma'n 'Fisanon cel-/b'Mchc" b) blde lines M'l rhc 

vdious sits by steen dob snos ndcs m siven in (he l able bclo$' 

ll:1llqelcttl _ 

.b11 

(:;

MATERIALS AND METHODS 

During lhe thid yes of this sludy a snpl€ of 252 p€Uet of bm owl wa conected 

lrom te premhes ofGov.rhnent conprchensive High sch@l localed in &la{almgar cn} 

ed a c..alside foFst Pleraion 

l]ming fircugb .opld& in the licinitv of Balav'hagar 

ciry (Pujab). Thjs sne @ visnol fd 12 tincs ha vw d the de ofon'visitp€rFo n 

Fon lhe founh sub4a viz. Una Muhdad Kh4, dislrid Jaficabad (Baluchisrt!) bm 

owl p.U€is wee coue&d frcm lhc red banr ofm irgaion cdDl' 

COLLECTION AND ANAI-YSIS OF PELLETS 

The p.U€ts of the bam owl wd€ dGtlv colleded fom insid€ lhe nest evides ot liom 

$e ground uhden€ath lhe calili.s dd r@$s Cre *6 ta*en nol lo leave ev inttct pellels in 

ihe ncsl or on lhe gound below $e rcost lo prenPl nixing of Fllcts 

of iw or nore sonpling 

periods. For $n !.ry lten th. fEl peUd smpEs Aom ev Sivc! sirc of cou€bon w6 

Mov.d and 6 nor erdined for th. Ftt renmts pw't h lncm' 

All lhe p.llas 6llal€ l fiom a Sivo spol sr Pto"d in a sepMle p6Pe' ba8 alo'g 

wi$ alaB indicatinSthe dale dd.xact leatnv ofcoll'dion Th€ pelle8 *e dn€d over n'8 

al 55"C in s oven b.fote b€ing sioEd foi vsying periods 6l dme 

All the Pellets @llectd tluins fie fisr ved of rhis studv w'E {'ided on a 

eledrohic bala.ce ud lhcir lincd neasld' s viz ndioum lenglh GE) and mdinm 

bradlh Gh) ueE taken The p.tleb qcr di*nlanBl'd lo slcd out such emns$ of Pcv of 

ihe osl 6 bones, hai6, l@thc6, b€dc, clNs ot veiebole food md culiculeized Pans ol 

inr€rcbBtc f@ds The* rcnl@rs ffi ddine

MAIEIIALSAND METHODS 

thc study ca wc made available in $e laboralory fo. @np&ien Eltn th€n it sd not 

posible h know th€ slcics of ndy mmmdi4 pt€vs beaE rh'ir bonv cmmts wE nol 

go.d moush to .tloe their speific idenrifrcsdon 

SAMPLING TOR SMALL MAMMALS 

Sndp liapPing wD cdied out ih th€ sub_ee6 I md 2 during th' econd ve& of this 

study. AU types of habilab likely tcl h&bou snall nffids in Sood 'umbd liz the crcplads 

non@pped aG6 clo* lo cmplddl' villggct aid lm hoNs wE spl'd for sau 

ltmnals Ce $$ t len no1 10 Enovc lh. stnall nmals iion {i$in 2 lo of dt ol lhe 

knoM nesN oflhe bam owl. 

'nE tdps used wec 6t (mebllic) (l?x9.5cm) &d mou$ (wood") (10x4'scd) taps 

The tnps w€r *| at dBk sd chEked on th. ndl dlv @lv in the 6odin8 'IlE traps wq€ 

b,itcd qnh thapali" {i.e. Pa}isttri bdd, stcd in cdring oil) Vcrv oft'n, dts Mov'd 

lhe ban ftom $e smp tDPs b€fore mv .ninal wB itapFd Mey timcs $ne pEdalos 

c6ov€d the animals frcm lbe rsts otun lcaving behind a Pise 

of thc akin or hind linb' 

Panly co.suned sninah weG aiso @mmon Bul, no corecdon laclor wa used to cnlculat€ 

th€ trap srcc.s tlEl sas calculared 6 foUos: 

% TFp sEess = {(nMbd minils captued) / (trubd ttap niShls)}'100 

In $is study thc trap swcess *6 usd s m ind.x ofpopdaion den3ily md wE ued for 

€ontdinS tbe abundancc of toddts io differcnt slb_habiiak Ths dc nmv ciical PapeB 

on trappine mdhodologis ed vdiou o.ds hav€ bce! Eed lo int'rpd $e dala (e g Slickel' 

t948: ZipFn. 1958). How€t, for rhc PurPo* of this s:ludv |he sinpl' conc@r of FappinB 

$(es ounincd above wd adopted

MATERIALS AJID MEIHODS 

Au lhc diDals €ughl in rap6 v@ gi*i a field nMbq itrdicating tlE dlte lcalilv 

ud habnal of@ptu oldr sFcin€6. Thc ap@inc6 wE bought in dE lsborarorv dd 

predcd ar low lcnFrar@ in n .a, befoE being wiShed dd m'6uEd Th' denbl dd 

skull chMclEistis of the mamali4 speimd wa noled besides lhe 'xl.mal bodv 

chmrcB to Nss th. lPPoxinlte ag. of sh speies Tlc lhE l}Fs of habita$ vd 

| . Cruph.d!. Sn!+lr.9ping in tlF @Plard5 B togelv mnfined lo d !M of aboul 120 

hetats ol cdli[isded fd! dd. about tO kn nod Faislabad citv TlE ldpping w$ 

caF.d oul !t 16l one in a nodth non D@'nbq 2000 lo Nomb'r 2001 Fiv' *rt ofsn'p 

Mps. cach cotrsislins of tso 6l .nd oN mols. mp w@ *l in d 4c of! siven field cop 

Thu, a rolllor l5 taps {ten rar mps aril firc nousc Fapt wlE *| in @h &e olrh' field 

The tlps wee s.l for le to lhe cotsuirc gh's dd lhe lolal nubs of mF op'hted 

d$inS ach lElping nigbt ldicd liom 60 ro 90 Fr niSh AU the inpon4l sub'h'biuG reE 

ellplcd $ough nor equdlv i ensiwlv B6idcs th' lta crcF (viz Phe4 dce susa car€ 

and ftddq). rhc mind cop6 !u'h s onot\ puls tnd vcgctabl6 *eG tl$ tlaPPcd Alkalis 

fi.ts cloe to $e crcplands wF tlF splcd- TtE* alltlinc rac|s along qidr lhe minor 

cmps h!!e ben cfer.d to s ni*ltanou $tshtbir'E it dP $!dv 

2. vitl.s6 .d F.m tlo$6. Twlrc tudonlv $leted vill'ge ltl l@atcd *idh ! Edu 

ofTOKfrof Faisdabsd citv lNw mptcd d lrc dc of ore vitltge Fr mon$ Fon lh€$ 12 

!itla8s. a lolal of 61 viulge hous"' 16 rithge shops lJd ei8!t nou milts *6 ddomlv 

eldr.d a.d spl€d ltr addition o tEe tG srutws 26 fm hoBs toc'ted in thc fields 

ar varyin8 dislanas Aom th. vilhg' sd al$ spLd

MATEIUALS AND MEfiODS 

L Nor+mpp.d ^rc.r. Suihblc non_ctupFd g@ *€ selsl€d non $e dislric$ of 

Faiellbad, Jhtug md T T Siosh for thc @llcciion of tn'u nMds I1EF non{opFd 

.B @npdsl (!) d oFn 3mdv foEsr pldlldon le'lctl in l?8dB Mdhiwla tehsil of 

disrici Jhng (b) Khieda nain dran blt} ad end due !g in Fhsil GojB of disuid T T 

Singn Md (c) Kh@ns $al. sbland in r'hs kn@ie wal! of disEict Fai$labad ln atl 

$* sub-h.birab, lhe d.ps *c s.l otr lra|Ml litu !t $srios *poml'd bv s disl&c ot40' 

50 fdt liDm efh orhc's Ar ...t {ation I t?ps (tso 6t dd oft 6ou*) w't set Thec v4 

t 5-20 statioB in @h l|.tst rnc. 

ORI'INATION OF SAMPLTNG UNITS 

OrdiMtion is a rcm us.d o 'tesibe a *t of |@hniqG in which emPlin8 uits (SUt 

aE alr&scd h cldion to om or ruE @rlidte dis sEh thar rheit rclatile po6nion to lh€ 

uis o.l lo *h othe. providts lwinm i'fodsdon abo rben @bgi€l sinil&ili6' The 

CoGFnderce Analvsis (COA) v6 u'd fotlowing Ludwis &d Rcvnolds (1986) rot th' 

ordinttion of dE mpl6 i e- splinc uDtJ (SU9 fton 23 sil6 l@l€d in sub{t'es I aid 2 

unn dF pogd CoA BAS. Tt' SUs @mFii'd trF nmber of sD'cireB ofvdiou sP'cies 

@rdeii in rne sPlcs of th. bd o*l Pclt'ts frch difler'nl sitts 

9OOD SELECTIVITY AND RELATIVE ENCOUMER VALIIES 

since $e FDponion of small nMsak in 0|€ empl€ obtaftd fron o*l P'Uets wrc 

difr@ fren lh.n pFPonion in tlE @Pnlpped sPlc ch'son's ldimud iil'lihood 

dliMror (l98l) giv6 bv H.dricr 4 d (1989) vE us'd to n@@ |hc food rl€ctivrlv vdu6' 

The lomnla is Sivo b.lo*: 

ai = (dni)f,'j., (!i/ni)

MATERIAIS AND METHODS 

Wh@ Ji h the proponioo ofthc ilh species in the prcdatols diet ed ni is lhe poporlio' 

ol lhe sme sp4ies in fie envircment Tbe s.le'tivitv vatNs re e sctled that lhev 6 b' 

i.terpi.ied ai the prcponion of de die! which could consist of 1vP€ i' if aU the lood tlT€s 

weE peent in equal nMbq in the cnviemenl tn othcr votds ai snouB b€ equ'l to l/S' 

if $erc is no sl*tiw Prcdation 

$dca 'S' is th' total nsbd oi sP€ci's in $e mrromcit 

While onsidenng the ovt s prffficd for difient Pcv hos nt €ncounLt 

fEqudcies {irh then sec ale lcpl in dind Thb is inpntuht as lhe 'nco! er fitquencies 

of diffsefl pty itens {ith the owl difio due lo a vdietv of e$ons For $is Een $e 

.tlaile mcouot€t values wrc ale @npuert using the following equ on given bv Hedrick 4/ 

wherc ai (nd) is fie muins value or ai' 

BIOMASS ASSESSMENI 

€i = at gi (Id) 

For assessine the bionass of diffclcnl pEv sp€'i€i th.l $e bom owls of suts&6 I 

s.d 2 had consuded, rhe bodv seignr' fie mddible lengh ud lhe gcn€lsl retures orrhc stull 

includine the {.e parsn on $e occlwl suf&e of lhe nold wete notd in the |rEP'caughl 

sp€imen' Thcse bodv md shnl feaNes weE usd for apptoxinaing the age of $e 

s?€imehs Krosi.s lhe rlario6hip b€tqd lhe 'ge ald lh' s6enl sloll fealuEs' nolar 

*@ panem dd lengn of modibt6, il e!5 Possibl€ |o es |he approxirat! ag' of 0rc 

sMll nmhals thar *@ apieenr'd is the o*l's p'lr's' 

Thc iofomatioD on rhe bodv {eishr ofs srlt"r s6 obnined frcn Ali (1995) vhil' 

orC ellr,/i. bats sd birds waslak'n liom Rob€ns (l99l l99l) such prev ir'ms t's lmphibians

MATERIALS AND METHODS 

a.d inetr wE isnor.d s lhcn plqofiios in lhc did of the bm oql E reslbiblv sall- 

Thc birds and bals th we id@tified fron $.n m@ts Peenl in rhe pcllcts of thc owl 

ihcluded the house spdrow (P4$er do'err@r), ihe Ed'vented bulbll lPvcnatutut Calit) tne 

j6eL babblet (Tu.loid* caudat6), tE cohmon babbler (l vfid'J). lhe comnon Fvna 

(Aqildheris tktk) ed tlq @tuEen p&.'.er (Psitt$ula *rtuti) *hich abound ii the 

to order to know $. relalive impoilrc. of lhe v4ious PGv of the owl' a 208 PGv 

bioN w6 t*m s $andad uit t d all olhd spei€s w@ conrcned into prv d'ls 

lollowiie Soul,bm (195a) This M done bc.5N the val@ o' tuh pEv sP€rcs @ dorc 

realislically expicssed by bulk rather rhe bv nunbcr of pEv ilens (Bucklev dd Coldsnirh' 

197t. 

BREEDING H.ABITS 

Tbe b@ owl ncs$ @ €laivelv dimcuh io lda& 4 conpaEd !o fio* or orh" owl 

!p€i.s (Tom et 4/., 2001) as &ey e l&gdv o@tunlal. bo$lv non-vocal dd do not defe'd 

$.ir t nirory (alm st al, 1982; Shtrul, 19?6; Bibbv e? z'. I92) Thev n'sl at srch places 

which N dific to b. locjt d &d th4fot muv n6lins P!i6 so umoiied, dd bv thc 

peoph livins in rhe clole vicinity or $e ncal sitc (Tavlor' 1994) fte bd owl apped lo 

del€care shit€ sitli.g al the nouti of lh. ncais end toosls Wlic ndks on th€ ouler sidc of 

$. cNny beuay.d thc prc*ne ofdE b6m oql 

!.tnsive 6cld cffons \r* mdc ro lo6lc s nov 'sls &d @srs ofdE bm owl 'n 

dc atudy dea d possible. On@ a bEe

chicks. Such fcan@s of $e 

Sround, nunb* oI openin$, 

MATERTAI,s AND METHODS 

The ncst cavili.s qcrc checkcd Eglldlv throudoul the sludy priod for lnc pE*nce 

of the bd owl or dy olhcr dinal ih'l nad rcPl@d ilF owt or d€adv h'd b€en livi'8 in 

ln.d. Hocybes ed hotuB sd found ro sh@ en. ofthe owlt rcsts Thc comon mvnt" 

$e ros nneed pant*l dd the If,did tullq lm found ui'8 ft' caviths in spn's sd 

smnq. Snak6 od junel. cats qG foud *cuPvins ttc hotlows $at had b'd in E olof 

NEST BOXDS 

nesr caviris s their imer dimensions. $eir heighl fon the 

En ldalon in $e tG dd lh. cFci.s or $c lEe hebourine 

wooden ne box.s have trcqwdlv bc.n used 10 ptovid€ ecure md addidonal nesring 

sn.s ro th€ bam owl fid @ them fielv 4 b@din8 ftsls &d @sts (l€nron' 1980: Dwke! 

l9l), Appdialing th€ pa@ilv of suit ble ncsling sil€s iD $e owl's habiht 25 w@dd nesr 

boxcs (45xa5x80cn) elch with 6 oP.ning 05xl5cm) 't tlE fonl vft in$dled al wioE 

localities in $e study @a duirg th. fist v* ol lhis sludv (Plale I ) The* box's l@ affired 

on lhe uee hnks sing iton nails sl va4ing h.ights fiom rhe goud al suitabl' sites in the 

*udy e. $h€E the chances oflh. box* king sbten wd ihougl lobeninimdl

Phr. l. woodd n6t boics in$all€d d trkb..r CRH (rI Aninpu CRH (b) dd Nonld 

villase (c) for rh. bm owl. 

I

q{AgltE&',\) 

(MSULTS

FORAGING HABITATS AND 

THEIR SMALL MAMMAL FAUNA 

RDSULTS 

The bam owl is a furtiv. stMttropic open countv sp'ci€s' lt is e opponuni$ic 

tEtlator trhosc dier b gEatlv inllu.nc€d bv lhc @mposilion of tbe availablc DEv fiua in a 

panicular $en of a panicuh a@ ln ordd |o find d 6sw€r lo the seMl sd spatal 

vdialions i. rhe dier of lhc bam owl one slDutd 'ls l@w $e dGributio& lbudtFe and 

encou.tcrubihy of ils Fi€ndal PGv items in th' habirds il huB for iood Such s aPPNch 

hay help i. kNwinS snething aboul t\e o*ls pEfcrenccs for veiou pr€Y ilem &d ther 

olnembilirl oi being c.ughl bv $e orl. 

'l he osl mat visil ! vdietv of habints of 1he aglo4osvstems ot lh€ cental Punjlb rn 

s.@h of lood The leg€totional dilesriv dd oe prewnce of hume habiltlions of vai'd 

sies in asGcosysrcDs ofthe s!b_e6 I od 2 de Gll€cr'd i' iis nch nmmal faun' (Iabd 

sr 4/.. ls67). ftice main ItFs of habitals occur in centdl Plnjab $ indud€ cmpldds' 

lillages and tm hous6 &d the mFoP els sucb s fordr Plsllio6 

CROPLAIIDS 

dd s'rublands' 

'nc nalu. of lhe copltnds in thc cniat Punjab vdies The veiabilirv is g'dqallv 

dlatd lo pdipnatio. dd svailabilnv of wtt* for imsatioo At snc pl'cts Bh"t_cotlon 

aSrdosyieE dominares at oihds cirh'r sh'al-ricc or {hest'su8ar cdc e donind dd ar 

$ill ene plac.s wheal_ric€{ugar cme svst€n is @mon Wheat-sugar @e &d wheat-rice 

croplffds wete prcvalent in lhe vd dea sudoudihg th€ nestins sd oosting si$s of the bM 

o{ls of th. Plcsnl study ['beat is sor dtjnly irom l't' Oclobd $toush earlv Deembq 

and is hdv*ted liom mid'Apd thmugh @lv Mav Tmspl&ldiotr ofiice lalcs placc dDng 

June and Jdl' wheteas iB hdesling erlends fom latc SepkFbet thrcugh crlt Nolcnb€r'

f,ISULTS 

Thc f@6 qh@ hold'r8s m snrl s {hqt @li4 s $'t rhev @v b4st the Nt bv 

abour $e econd w€ek of April. tn this way drey g€t a 8!p 

of dt l.st lwo and a hall month's 

prior io dc ltuspldtalior of ne, 'Iris Fdod is used for ercwing *al fodds cbps sd 

vcgerables. othesi*. the fi€lds e hn un-uliliz.d dll $.v @ plouded &d idsat'd bcfor 

rdsplahtins ri.c. Duing the Pqiod ql€nding fbm iid'Apnl thDugh Jue $e leeeLtion 

cov.r is $$ty in the coplands dd $e snsll nmtnals should be moG vulredble to 

pdd.don thd at o$4 tmes of $e y.ar. 

-nE cft cop, on th€ othd ha.d, it fi. rusl s1!bl. h.bit t in the cmpl&dr 6 il 3itv3 

in the fi€lds much lodg.t thd dy of tr crcPs greM in fi€ arca l$ hwesting scns in 

Octob.r md @nri.es rilt late spdrg !ftd qhich its mll sn Ed Patchcs G bn in mc 

fields lo be !$d s s*d, In the ehcat'suCa. cde bded coplads, Novembd'Dsenber is lhe 

pqiod *n€i mosl of $e cultivatcd hnd is g€nttllv deliciol in snibblc vee'lation @vs (Pltr 

z). 

Th. wbcalice bas.{t coPtandr ofth€ ltudy ds wE snaFrraPp€d ovd 6075 ldp nicl s fu 

tr.pping Bsulred in the captre of 135 sp.ciFens of B"d'c'ra be'galetui!' 46 ot Ratt's 

fl.ltada, 91 ot Ms WP ,. d22 of s!,lM uuod (Trble 2) Speines of all th* spc'ils 

w€rc pres h oll fic fou seen l smpls; lhe onlv exccption b'in8 thc abstre of S 

',.ir!s in rhc rol dd Vintd 3mPl6 Th. $8!Mnc fieldr 'pp's to b' te PEfcF d 

h.birals ol A. &,saleriis, X D./,4& md M6 spp. 6al i'f'sled $B €rcp h"vilv for th€ 

ge.tc! pan oiihe yed (Table l) File species ofsnalt mmmals'viz B Ds"8al'ro's(lJ3) x 

zeltda: (rr4), M6 spp (ro8), S nvi$ (63\.rt Totio indica ( lla) l@ caughr'i tri!6 

*t in larious croPs of ih. wheatiugar me domi.dl coplmds (Table 3)

Pl.t 2. A fi.Lc adjGm io t $g.M n.rd is Mdv fd wing wbal {3). Ria rtd-nie 

tunadE; de 6.ld; oe out ir dE oD.! b L.d oi dE sh'ot t'!dt" s"dlins! 

;d riil6 Erroed bodi@t td b@wiinpadb hs6kd c{c ficldtEndd rts 

i.!.bidts sibdblc lo b6n wl Dr.nrlio (b Or th. oa livB i! *b slo'ed 

butlufdss (t|v! b.lm Dis;lrg b ohtsLd Fn old' ca f''l& d io 

lotu oths fi.ld! ofc'ins ru6o.i @ts tupdins *h.'t ficld! td' otrd 'x@iv' 

;ov.r dd lbudel f@i to lodal popuLtibs which bted int Eiv'lv i! lh's 

fi€lds du.i!8 lb. string sa&. on b.i!g &ptir.d of @leonm fouNbg 

hw6dnB oa*td@v;lhe todoE b@m a3y pEv lo pcd.lotr io LL3ptilg

1 lble 2. Tnp su4ess (vo) of stEll Iimnah h the vhear-rice doniMt d copla&ls ol 

$. $b-N6 I 4d 2. SDp t?ps wE us.d fq c!!|Uins th* 4imls (n = 

nu6bs of mimls €Dntr€d.). 

225 

r.)t{r) 

I l)(t 

t' 2) 

155(3) 

AbbFitrioE: Rh,B bensaledisi(ft 'R ntttad.tus-' M nutrulf^dM 

,rodrgai S.m.. s. tudtd. 

4t

Table I. Iri} suc.es f "r of small namtls h de qhqGsur' cee dom'ndcd copluds of 

fie iubes I ed 2 Snap rtp, q qe Bcd lor ctpludng !h$e dinds (n _ nmber 

of minab caDtu€d,), 

l02l 

201 

rm3 

0n(r) 

rr0(rl 

r,21t29) 

J23(ro) 

t.rr 

(l3a) 006) 

| ?l(r) 

Ti 

1,1&1) 

t,rl 

(v) (4,92) 

AbbHi.tion.: B.b-. 8. b.,CdeBx:R.^ N rchadaiMs' M n@l$ $4 M 

boo.tugais 6,S nurin6i'l-i 'T idica

I'ILLAGES AND FARM IIOUSES 

RESULIS 

Vill.ses dd fornhoes thd re scatced sll ovet lhc cultivaliom. @ m ihPonml 

featuc of rhe ml of €cdral Pu.jtb As thcv e in@ing both h nmb'r and in si4 lhe 

populatio. sir ol the sp{ies liL. S. ftfri"8, R. tott6 Md M n6.!&r in $e aeroecosv$eE 

My h. inci€sing, izx6 rar* h ldgelv @nlin d lo rh. viUases dd fm houss in ca@l 

Punjab (Mushaq-ul-Ha$d er 41, 1997) As such $€ food Esource for th€ bam orl in lh€ 

ae@costln is ituteine. 

sone of $c lillases ed fmhoues, which did tor li€ in rh. close prcximilv ro the 

owlt ncs! {eF spled fot r.t! En t die ev.ry nonth. ln all in 5400 tEP'niehts sp'fl in lhis 

habif.t conplex csul|d in fie capnE of621spe.inos oli rarts' 120 oI M nt'culus.69 

otS n rin8 NdEl nfT. itdica. TlE fomd ltt e speci.s wee sord€d in the fou seasonal 

sples. $he@ t ,ttd,.4 v6 Gpcsted only in in sPring sPl.s o'nv 0.ble 4) TE 

src$ lor r f4rls Ms lhe hign sl md emained alndt constmt lhroughout lhe y.dr n 

tugcd lbn I Ll% lo 12 0e;. M6 t6.!lb cxnibiled high sbodanc. in smnd (3.19l'). 

ress in rint& (2 44%) dd spdng (2.5Elt dd de l€ar i. fatt 1061c/.) stucus nwiM 

cxnibind ndinm abudmce io fsll (3.41%). while duins lhe rcnaininc three Fens. ils 

abudsce B low. Iatsrz,rr'i.a thar @ reDwnted ir lhE€ of lh. fou sdnal spl6 

ws non ablndml in slllmd (4.22%), les in wintei (l 54vo) sd lesq in ftll (0 74%) 

NON.CROP AREAS 

Foesr plantadons in lhe fom of blocks ed cs6l_ ed toad{ide b.lts tEed wirh a vu.lv of 

sp..i.s d @mon in the cential Pbjab. B.sides ihe pldlaioc. reBn4ls of1h. lropical 

rborn aoEst riz. rhe scrublmds dd sd dun.s m ale a rcgula pan ofte agm@svsl€n 

50,

TrbL 4. I ED sl|c.s (9{) of son. otl n@'Mls b villagd tuxl tm holc ot lh' s!L@! 

'*-' ;;;d;. ;;i;;; wo tor."prurine rhc* &i'uk (n - nubc' or minars 

r2.006r) 

%Tnordrnr 

AbbBi.tioN: R,r', Rzl6 /4,n!:,M 6 ' tl neul^tT i'-'T lhdlcolSm'S du'dr 

!l

RESULTS 

Ioe$ plant tions. sn.l .lu.c a@ and $rublmds suppon rd'fl populrions sd 

nishr bc *ryins d ioFging h.bil!|s for tbe bm owl in c'nral P6jab smPlins etrons in tre 

foEsr lldhdon (l7S J. B. Mochiwala, lenlil ed disiiicl Jhadg) of corral Plnjab €!!hed in 

ihe epruF of fivc sPeincN of nie ald.ighr s!€cimar dn of T ir'lica a\d Gqbillu 

sl€o./o*, ( lable 5a). 'nE nice \|4 tecoded in tlE wintd (0 81%) sd fall (2 6?%) $tnle C 

gLad,wi was re@ded in $e sPrins (164%) dd $' fall (333) suplcs r i'dica wE 

dorded in th@ of rh. four s.em viz spnry. sl|md &d fall ad lhe ovcbll hP sec* 

ws 1.49% while $e trap suc$s lor the nice ed O Eleadowi Ns 09J'k tud \'49%' 

sdmplina cflons in 6c sd dw d along $c Kh!&da min doin (r'hsil Goid 

sd district T.T. Sinch) rcsuli.d in $c qFue oi Tselvt mice, Tcn T innic! (3 65%' dd rvo 

spenens of t .ttud (T.blc 5b) 

A tolal of 85 spsin.N of mic. &d fou of ? ltdtda wcr€ kapp'd ftom 6 scrubldd 

dca on Khunesala'Cnal Jhum bad. Sdonal &d @mbin€d tlp swe$ for 4h sP€ci6 

COMAINEDTRAPPINC DATA 

The dpping .!ara frcn rh. rhG alDE m'ntiored habihrs htve h'Gn Poolcd in llble 6 

The nicc md t i,lt d wde lrapFd tom all lhe habiials *hile fie otheu {'G gemuv 

rsrrictcd in $et distribulioo. foi cxmplc $e R 'au6 a bengdlensis R na\a'ls G' 

aeldr'ovi tnd S drutu wE t€.oded &on mtv oft of rne fivc h'lilaL smpLd in lnis @a 

The hous shre* was Eprceor€d in $e smples &oh tuee ofrhc fiv€ habitlts' As a Esuh of 

trappin8 .fons omprisinS l9 l S9 mp nighs. 1922 spccins of smtll d'nFars

Plta. 3' s.n lo!{tupp.d for.dq l.tftrn ofalc h.n orl ssdv lar v.l.ltLd bv 

!4haMei;wut dbvt lidkaaldM Doodls4 tt, Enbodo6nrot@dr 

vcg.ucd wl[ gtlls bwi.€ 'Euld dd! &il tloE ov b.@m DfBt dwirh 

M;td- (b) S-,blt d! (ct ud d.v tldv tlt. (d, .|! ofrcn irh&icd bv I 

h.li.a. G elion t d M boodwa. Thr *6|,r.Dd rhoM i! O) htd t€n 

t opoEilyclccdfold.s'nt.

Table 5. Trep su@ess of snall mmdls stup.lrapFd fom (a) t loGst plet tion, (b) a sad 

dde-nullah halilol ed ic) *obldds in sutded I sd 2 (n = nMb€r of 4imals 

(r) Focr pl.4!!!9s 

(b) S.trd duo6-no[.[ 

251 

292(D) r7?(l) 

AbbHi.tiotu: Mts. M macths Nd M boodLgat'1.i.' T. indica, A.e ' Oqbillut 

"letdrrii Sn,S,,.irui S€,S etrltc,r 

54

Table6. Conbined rappingdat for the sntll nanD,ls c.!€l fren wioB h.bilalt of $F 

a@ | ed 2 duins lhc s@nd y.4 cxlendinS fiom Dcccmbd 2000 lhtougl 

November 2001 . l. = nunbq of aninals caDtur€d.) 

SynboLr: 8.b., a.,ergdl.4is: R.n-. R. tutunai R.r'. i,turl,/,ri MB: M 

ned6^ d M. b@drsoi'f i,T indi.a:G.8, Aerbila Cleadovi; 

s.m.. S r&D6: S.c,, t et6.a

RESULTS 

ft€ caprued duing the prriod exiending fom Junc 2000 throuel' May 2001 The ovetall irap 

s@.ss for tbe mi.e wd L65% in.opl ds ed 2.20'lo in viUage and fdm ho!s6. R tarru 

ws Korded fon village - f.m ho& conPlcx only *hm irt trap slecs wa 325% 

Sinilalt. A ,.r8ol.ai, dd i @Ikd4 *!r lsr&d ody fm rhe crepl.nd! wilh a tr.p 

suces of I | .54% and t .45ta Ep€tiEly. Th. lnp sucs for the nia {d U t di.4 in lh. 

sd dunes ws 4,l8vo &d 3.65% .rd in sbluds l5 85vo dd 0-747c Gpetirlv C 

Sidcdd , wa rapped fton e oFn sddy arca in 6 forc$ Plelalion 

sfi.rc i$ rap suces wa 

1.48%. S er49lr M cauelt Iiom the vegeuied banls of! dniMge nullai p€ssing $rcugh . 

ssdy dedr ihe tap sues being O.7l%, Th. ov.dll tnp suces for 6 ALddovi ed S 

./f!.!t Ms 0.04% ed 0.01%, csFctiv.ly, 

56

PILLITSIZE AND PREY TTEMS 

RESULTS 

A rot6l of 2160 peUsts m colled.d fom suLm6 I ed 2 duiing the lhre yEs of 

this stud!. rhet nhbe6 b.ina l8l. ll39 &d 618 duitr8 the fiRt. *@rd dd dird yd. 

GsF.rilell. Thc* p€llcrs w ollqi.d fDn $e nesl fles &d ftom th. Sround sudee 

under $e owlt roosts duri.g lhe breeding $asons. Th. Fllets colle.ted durilg lhe fist 

founeo oon$s ofthis $udy Ee weided and th.t mdimm l€ngth dd muimm bedlh 

PELLET SIZE 

W.igl . libh 7 givs infomalion aboui lhc Fo hly dd sendl vdiliioE i! thc siz of trre 

pellels of ihe bdh owl. The avenee weielt in the $asonol smples vari.4 thc sinler pellels 

almged 5 78 g, rhe spri.8 5.ll& d. irll 4.319 dnd lhe smno on.s .v.d8cd 1.688. The 

seMl uriaton in rhc weidr of $e Fllels vs stiatkidly ngnifi@t (F = 29.4,10i dt = ], 

481 | p < 0.001) Th. {inic! and spdng pelLll w.idrcd h€ai€r thd $os of lhe sumd md 

fall, th€E b€ing no difedce be$een the wint t ud spn.8 dd !mm.r &d fall p.llels 

Llnar M*!rcE.!c, The nonihly tnd 3.ed vuidions in rh. ndimrm l.nd and mdmum 

hddrh of rhc D.ltcts of lh. b,m owl R Siv.n in T.b!. 7 Of the 435 p.ll.B 16? E! il6n'p.d Md 

hcnc. 'ere nor lki for mdsu*nent The sv.rg. le.3th in rhe monrhly cid ,csnal spl. *s 

vai$le Borh thc sumne! and fru pellds ive4Sed l.74.nd 1.97 cm lon3 thil.lh. winretand spri,8 

on6.veEsed 4.5Ocm.nd 4.44 cm lons. Thesc lvedgcs w.E sisnifiBntlydift E (F=91'14;d t= 

l,ll4; p < O.O0l). Ttu *ini.r Flhts wre 3ilniliwlly l@Ser rhe lh@ ol lh. summB.!d flll 

.|4 rhe sp.i4 pcll.ls *crc loqlr .hr rh. slmocr ond bur th.y rcE nd longd tht ds. ofth. 

57

iffi".. ** **" ",* 

lood ptqs of the b@ al i& 6'd ton 6' Fll'ts 

con;ted rrcn difimt localiti.s ofth. snrdv am

Trble ?. Monlhly ed sasonal vdiatiois in thc w.idi ed lind m$u€nmls (Mimum 

leneth md ndimm &qddr) oI dr p€ne$ of th. b€n owl. 

weiSht G) 

M.& +5D (n 

WINTER 

I l8 + r.r9 6?) 

i& 99-2000 

Feb.9 2000 

5.104 2 46 (4) 

5,74+ 2,16lr271 

4 68 ! L62 {5?) 

508 ! t.79 (4) 

4.0E + 0.95 (29) 

{3' + t,{E t90} 

1I + 0?4 (29) 

3.26 + 1.07 (q)) 

M&. 99 5 t4+ 2.22 (861 

4.61+ 1.90 (4) 

52lr r.7t {7) 

5.J r 2.lE (97) 

SPRJINC 

4 B + r.0600) 

4 50 r 1.08(l) 

4.60 + 0.91 (4) 

3 00 + 0.60 (?0) 

3.00 * 0.7t (3) 

3.lt i 0.65(4) 

!.00 + 0.61(?7) 

Jul, 99 

1.68+ l.6l (|| l) 

].47 + 1.52 (44) 

2.04 + 0.90{t 

!J8 r 1.60(t60) 

SUMMER 

t9r + 0.9r(7r) 

I ZE ! 0.55 (26) 

I00 + 0.00(t) 

l.?4 r ltSt (9E) 

fALL 

2.1E + 0.@t1tl 

2 18 + 0.42(26) 

2.30 + 000(l 

2t2 r 0.62 (9E) 

Oct,99 

2.74 * 0.Sl(t 

4.22 + r.55(4) 

4.54 + 2.t2 (54) 

4.31*1.90001) 

l 74 + r.08 (24) 

r.97 * r.03t53) 

2.@ ! 0.86(24J 

2.19 ! 0.66129J 

r.59 : 0.7(53) 

4.59 r 2.,l (aE9 4t6 ! r.r9(3lE) 2,19 + 0.ra(318) 

59

Tablc 8. Univdi.tc ltslysis of vd'@ lcsdng e@d wiadon in th. sight (r), Minm 

logih (b) dd mdimM bGrdth (c) ofthc P.llets offic b6n owl Siulu alpl[b.t 

show staftticluy non{iellificot diffcreice or p= 0 05 

D. F, 

3 

481 

4U 

Du.€n'3 nrftiDL n!* rda 

t22,t48 

4.t49 

5.780 5.310 3.680 

B 

D- F. 

l 

3t4 

D|rncrtr\ bultiDle rrnr. l6t 

4_500 

AB 

lr7 

Dustr'r ElrrDl. n!I. t6 

4.500 

D. F, 

3 

I4 

AB 

12.028 

1.315 

7.542 

.636 

3.730 

c 

3.730 

c 

60 

29.440 l-900E-llr. 

Fll 

4.310 

B 

Fall 

3.990 

BC 

8.091E {6.. 

ll.E61 2,2268-07.. 

F.ll 

1.990 

BC

Rf,SULTS 

Thc av€rage breadths of winler, spnn& fall &d sumer pdl€ts *e tesp.clivelv I 26 cn. 

LOo cm, 2.62 cn ad 2.69 cm. Thee *&@l deage wc sienincsdv difrw (F = 

I l,86lid. t l.ll4i P < 0.001). TIF ElalionshiP mong lhe seMn l aver.gca was tbe sc $ 

iorcd ror rhe leneths (Table 8c). 

IOCALITY RELATED VARIATIONS 

FOOD OF THE OWL 

In oKls lo kmw ld.tily rclated cheg6 in rhe dicl of lhe bm osl a lold of 2E64 

peu€6 was mlyz.d Ofthee, 2360 w€re fom $e nait sludv ata ie sub-aea I dd 2 252 

from rh€ snbdbs of Banav.ln.sd cny (Pujab) wh€r sndv sbtands, .8al idsal.d foEsr 

plulotions 6d coplmds *t prc€nt dd 252 w€e Aom fsftldds md scrublands found in 

$c viciniry of Usla Muhmad Kb.Il. dnrict lalfsabad (Balu.hist n) Fon the naii sludv 

@. rhe peuets wcr @lleled frco 23 difi.E @sts leai.d in th€ disttids of Haliab3d' 

SheikhuNn, 1 . l Singh, F'aisalab.4 Okda dd Jhmg The number of th. pelleb coll€cled 

from ah or thce sit s *6 dill4.i A ror.l of | 163 pell.ts 6 @llct€d fion lhe II turs 

loc.icd in .iisrrict Faisalabad, 394 fton lolr bosls i! distid ,hdg, 142 ftoD a hanv @srs 

in disttict llafizbad ald 388 fon two rcNn in Sh€ dupm dislnct The sanples of lh€ owls' 

Fllcts f'on sinsl. @sls in T. T. Sinel (! = 3?) ed ok@ (n = 36) dtr'icts' \@ shal! 

of thc 23 Flaled @sling sn6 in 0'e slb'atlas I and 2, 20 wGrc lMled in lhe 

prenhs of can.l resl houes (CRH) (Tabl. 9) ftes coral &sl houses verc built bv rbe 

Britbh tu1e6. .fler the inttoductioi of iriearion ca!.ls in thc s€d at fie b€giMing of th' 2Ll|h 

@nlur- The disi.ncc beiwat th. @@ntiw CRHS is gene6lty 16 km For @b of di' CRII

Tade 9. The 23 nst9r@sk oftlF bdmowlleated in dr sii disricroftn sub-{l6 I dd2 

lom whicb rh€ o{l's pellcB w* @lLcred. 

Sik 

I.I. Siun r.d Olrd Ditlri.E 

CojB cRH 

Mi@tof MNMoI F*ul.y of S.i6ce 

Ralh Blmh Ced n@ C.r$da 

6l Jh@s Bdctl Faisdlbld'Amjllq44 

Banl of illnac Bruch Caml, Aftinpu 

Bark oI I6s Bdch c@l 

Bark of lh&g Btuch Ce.l 

ThitnMla CRH Nd ?a ,hrnr Bdlr Faisdobud.Ihag '!.d 

Burala CRH aosed Brmh Canal, Faisobladj!4qdg4 

Khtrlm on Fais.llbad-Sari@ rc.d 

Faiel.b€d-Ssnun&i mad nd lll Jhdg Bmch 

Ba.l of Bhawooa Bmch C.nal 

a5 rd oi Faielab.ajhttU -.d 

btrs stop 

chur No. l?5 J8, Muud{d9 

-',Mroi$.moscEar2l24le!!4 

on Chiddwali 

Tfi6 trorn cojia city at ltre uant orlhme 

Btuch cs.l 

To* ot r*e s&i ooaU C*a. ncnul Xl'u'd 

r"rh-'E;;i6;, mtt'"t tlrqq 

ttnr of R $ Bdch ca$l 

ffiof rhdqof 

rh6S Btuch Co.l 

Bank of I h4SBdch Cdal 

62 

Pindi

RXSULTS 

a chunl of lad of 12.5 aG h.s sinc. b€o cmsk n by th. lriS.tior Dcpannenl for ns 

6id€.t c@(4l@s of the canrls ed CRHS Sone of ttcse CRHS (.8 Aninpu CRH sd 

Oojn cRH) have had 25 eEs of this.mdk d ldd. Exepdng aboul one &rc of rGd ldd 

eMd rhe CRH buildiner. fie 6:t of the land it cultivared bv thc udlren ro Erow cops likc 

shst rice, lodd€u and vegeLbl*. Bcyond thc ptni*s ol th€ CRHS w'G th€ car'l'sid' 

pl&rations md copldds in which *hear, sugar cN, ice dd iodd€r cDPs wce the 

"mon 

'nE CRHS d in f4t s pln of rhe @al-side foBl pld|alio6, {hicb d P|tsI 

alons all the @jor irigalion c.nils. Th. re* of tlE CRHS ae ho*ev€r dillet€nr liom ftos 

fomd in lhe cdol-side plmtalions beinS geherrllv old€t @d of diff'rcni sp4ies A lht oflhe 

comoi rees found ir the p@i$s of $e CRHS h giv@ in Tabl€ l0 Tbe oe_ritgcd 

Psareet (Ptit'rcuta k'amzd ed thc St ar l lid P!6rd (P t!P"''a) '1$ 

lbr beeding and rcostins pu.pos (Khd 2004) 

f!vo' U' cRHs 

The anslysis of lh€ pellet of the bah owl collcclen nom 23 localides Evealed thal 'l 

mai' y dcFodcd o. snall ndmals for ils food Bi(h. mPhibidt 4d ins'crs co ribued 

elativ.ly Ery linlc toqards ns dier Thc sltll Bamds identifi€d fiom their Enrmts in $' 

osls p.lleB w€€ Srrc6 ,afu6 s enscs Fhonntlss PeMnIi lot6 tott's R 

reltada, M6 n6c,lu!, M b@duga, Bandicold bengal4is' Nesokid indieo' Taterd indica 

GoUuh.la .llioti, ild sileîfiad Emdts ofdls @d micdbio €6 bars tar muld not b' 

idodticd ro sp..ies l.v.l 

A disltict'wi* brief d€eription of 4h ol th€ sites rnd the remnlnts or th' wnous 

prey it ms recorded in rh. pellets oflhe brm ow1 is Civen t'low B6id's becring a ntme eNch tr' *ts

Pl&5.Ad..d d.lbdSitri.. ttttoli.t! !.dc.vitv oftt bd! dl |l r.ol Kiub Yt 

CRH. 

PLte6.A vis of dE MuErlw.l! CRH 

slnch h.d b..d rlaldod.d bY

Table 10. A lin of rhc ft6 @mor in lbe pMiss of ih. CRt* of sub{B I ed 2 

Bohri 

thAloptuagtu ddetuPltllo 

'Thc old* rB of |h* 3pai6 N nor prere to lhe forndim ol eviris in 

rJmr s ed linbs $s ttE orhs.bove lis@d u'e' {Kh& 2004) 

65

gircn . sDeinc nMbd to lFlp ldle fic food data docdot d in thc T6le I I - 

DISII'ICT fAISALABAD 

ln Faielabad disticl the Pcllcrs 

RESULIS 

of tlE boh oql wft coUe&d Aon II sn's nE 

clalirc abundme ofth. pEv it ns rcpcent d in $e FlLt spl6 ftom 4h of $e lil€s 

l.U v.siiy of Agri.llirln. Th. .dp!s of UnivGGiIv of Agicultut' Fds'lab6d which li's 

in rhe hcan or Faisalab.d Cnv is vcgdn€d sith lall tle6 flow€r b'ds and lam- The ldse 

|16 bclons.d to l2 sFciq dd avedgcd 25m in Hshi T'min'lit' s'ldna]ia ed cuiDa 

wE lh. domi@t tei GoG of b.ngo' cit'N dd ptlm d'16 lft 'l$ p6e al {E 

@pu OnatanaMrcn 800 er6rof dE oivditv @pB vlcal n@ $8d cm miu 

rniller erehd. oil s.€d @F a.d t vdi'ty of vegprablcs e 8rem for 'xFnmd'rl 

Th. bd ovl hs bco sn jusl fou times onlv tt th' U'i!'6rrv cmpus ddng u' 

p6l25,3au (8.& M A'Pcs Com) Dudtrg th' nst vd ofthi! eudv lh"e bdn owl3 

boushr ar dilTs€ riFd of fie vet fDn E 'dsb!t' (ma!el'M) of Pit K'm Hue! 

Stah Gne 36; T.ble I ) .dd clas.d ar tlF Unitdirv Onlv on' of lhce *s found living in a 

@vity in a salm.lia fte otb of ' bs owl wq' hdrd dditrs its bft'di'g !'@n ln rh' 

Fllct otlded non $rs !ir. ffiMts of foE lP'cics oi saU r|Mntls" ed bitd! wr' 

epemed. s 'ut6 (5@/.) x tu/,a& 061e/') &

Tablel l. Relative abundance (vo) ofrhe veots prev itcms clEsnt'd h th' Fuel mpl's oI 

tl'e bm owl cou€cled from .lifi.enr sils l@aled in th€ sub'ar@ I dd Il (M= 

nunber of Fll€tsr n = nmbo of pr.v ir@s ii M ) 

t0(t 

Sitelr l=Univediiy of ACticullur. Fais.labrd 

2=Ul(bsa CRH 

j=NaMla CRH 

6=Aninpu CRH 

?=Ncqd CRH 

8= Kol Khudd Yd cRH 

tt 

61 

) 

| 3{4

4 r(2) 

I t =Tblcimla CRH 

l4=Bmla CRs 

2?=Tdtldi CRH 

28=Rodu Koru CRH 

Inl 

J (r) 7Z(5) 

6E 

M-ll2 

).90) 34(14) 

0,6(D

RESULTS 

2. Utb.or CRH. A par of owls lived in th€ CRH pEmi*s in which 159 l@s b€longing to I I 

sp@ies weE pesent. Tbese tees ardged l6m hid Detbdsia sd E jina janboli"d (M) 

w@ rhe doninml rces heE An cl4aled Mbled of tbo e@einsi&maleprcml 

in inc cbse vicidt of fic CRH A Elcl of *6t Lnd vcgdared ib PrcMpit iuliJltu tu 

alons $c canal h,nt for lrc km ad addcd funhd @logictl divsilv lo lhis bftdine sne ol 

the oql. Thc main cop6 grom in clos. ptuxidrv to the CRH wd' whdt' sngEr c&c lodder 

and Gg€tabl$. Ar old absdorcd mU *6 de pEsnt in the CRH prehi*s but it {a not 

inlabited bt the bm owl 

'I1E Pair nesled in e ldge cbn in lhe runt of a elnalia fte bu1 later o! it shin'd lo d 

w@

RISULTS 

A pan of bam o*ls ftsr.d ed tusl€d in a €vnv l@t'd in rhe linb of a salnali! le 

A dd ol I ? I p€Uets was olldt€d hom ihis sic iTablc I la) An e@in'don of thes p'llers 

dealed rhar rhe owls pteyed oo sdall mddah belongine to 'ine species Birds vde d$ 

eirs s u,r,,rs (64.9r^), M nutulus \1!6h). x tu tt (4 5%) 6d N indica (4 tv") 

@ufled for moe rho 80% of lhe orls dier 

6. Aihpor CB}r. Thc @npoud of lhis CRH wG rled wilh 135 tles of l4 sp€Es: 

dalbeqia add d.te palm being the doDi.dl on s A euava orhard eas prest in the vicinilv 

ofthc CRH b*ides 1h. fields of whear. susd 6e. mai4 dd sotdM 

A b@ding pait of bam owls {6 r@dcd hft ar lhe st.n of thc snrdv bur laGr on $e 

stafr of lhe CRH bld u thal rhc osls *€a d.$oved bv |he lell Foplc 

R€sulB lv lne 

nmber of pellets collected lion thh CRH could not exceed the figure of 16' s 'ut"r 

(?0.7%) and bnds 0 4 7%) weG the najor Pry iietu coDsuded bv the owls (Table I la) 

?. Nd.r CRH- Thft weE lO? tres belonging lo cidl spclics in rhis CRH Tncs tres 

avmsed l8n i. heislr' Orchardt ofsuava sd cirus wde aho ple$nt in its vicinirv whe@ 

sugd cm€, {hca( haie' rice &d veseubld w.re lhe main cops olth' fields 'round it 

A bm oql h.d ben foud rcostrng in ue croM of date Plls 

down lard on. Howcvct, bd owl peuetl *G @ll4Ld ioB difictem Ples 

vnhh w6 chopFd 

*nhin the 

bouodsies of fte cRH No nesl of th. owl could be lo€ted fom insidc the ptenhes ol lhis 

CRH 

A lolol of 283 peuels of the b.n oql seE @ll4ied fiob hcc Nic aPclis of sm'll 

samals weE repre*nled in $e pell.n (Table I I a) Ilt' 'vl als consmed birds s 'u"r

RfSULTS 

(56.6vr), R nelada (r5.31A), R nnw (1 JoA) Nd B ,e,sars'r'r (6 8%) rom'd norc thd 

80% of the diet oI the owl in thh @4. 

8. Kot Khudr Ytr CRH. TheE were l4l ts belonging 10 l0 sp€cies in lhe prcnis4 oi $is 

cRE. Ac&ia, dalb€$ia, salmttia sd cualvPtB vec |he n@ericatlv doninm sp€oi's' 

Sugd cane- wh€ai maia and $Ighu s€e $€ oajor crePs 6f this a@ 

Herc. . pan nest .! dd ro6ted in a hollow of & old dried slump of dalb'Bia h ale 

r@s1e.l on a neeby salmalia l@ Ei8Jtlv-nine P'llet *erc colhded iom this sile S u'lulr 

(55.4%) was lh. most i.tnsiv.lv ealetr ptv of th' cighl smatl damnDls' species ecorded in 

tlle pelle$. Unddtified nts {9 1o t' B benCole&is (5-9v') ed R 'atd (4 27t along with tbe 

5. uu,r6 d@ur.d for noa ths 80p6 of lh' owls' di'l 

r1. Tbilrii.l. cRE. H@. 12 +ei6 shat'd ihe I5l rcs ofrh€ CRH which lvdg'd 22m 

hish dalb.4ia fics ad jol@ rcs b€ing lh' domiMt oms Whe! $s!r @q ne ud 

hairc *e $e @nnon cops of this lMlily' 

The ost d$.d sd @s1ed in ! ldge @vitt ofa F ue TlE 

'd'galtan 

q0le *e 

lcd dd fed under |he shad. of$is tF $ th€ p'llets uiicb fell dom otr rh' sreud got 

rmpled and $6he

RESULTS 

Only fou p.ll€ls cootd b€ coll@kd 8om this CRH No o*l Bt or mst M foud 

h€8. Bars (13.1%). M t dtua dd uid61ifi.d rarr (33 1%), bnds (25 0%) and s 'ui"r 

(8.4%) vce eprc*nled in pdl€rs (Table I la) 

18. Kh.nu CRJ|. Abo l32 tr 6 b.lonsi.8 lo I I specid wt pEstir in lhe @mpo$d 

of $e cRHi dalh.rgia, mulb.nv, &eia md tc@lia beins rhe domindl ones The res 

avdged l8n in h.idt. Thc ficlds dund $e CRH w.t used lo 8re* 

wh@l, nce, suB& cde 

Only ll P.ll€h {erc @llected from a cavily in a r'msalis lrc' ihat *fl'd s s 

oc4ional mcl. The prey llllrMts in the peucts belons.d !o fiv' sleies of mdl .mnds 

s ',/,,6 (5s%). bats (ls"/o) and bnds (lovo) foded 80v' ofln' PEv i'ns coNMcd bv rhc 

2?. T..Llroi CRlt. In fib CRH thcrc wd |5l ft6 belonging ro ninc spci6 The tre" 

averaged 18n in heighl Dslbdgia ed lopld w€rc de domi@l species hdE The 

sududing Uelds wrc n*d lot sowios 

whsll, suser cs€ foddcr sd v'8ctablei 

A p.n of bam oek pan [t d in a 6vitv l@rcd in dE linb of u old ccdttllo ue€ 

Tbe p€llcls wde .olleded fron inside the calitv dd flom ih' €Pund dd't this tr* Dte owls 

N@ frcquenrly sd msting in lhe tbick coM folioSc of beri plnt duing rhe hol sllm'r 

no hs bu no pell.l wd foud ftom uder thb nee 

ln the 54 Peuet @llal€d frcn this CRH S '!/'6 (65 2%) M pdoni@r' x 

ws forlo$ed by unidenrified ab 11 t'/o). B be"4ah$is l12vr) dd M M"tu! l5Ec ) 

TI

RESULIS 

2E. Rodr Kod CRH. TheE wF 201 tfts b.longi!8 to l0 sp€cies in ths CRH Thc aveBg' 

heigltl oi rhe* rees was ] 6m D.lbersia. acscia and jam@ wcE the donitur uees hee The 

cst hose bujlding heF ws nol *€ll k.p dd i( es cltriv€ly l6s di$ub€td bv !m 6 n wa 

lo.ded lwy fom the htt!@ h.bilalion. Al about ltm disrace from dE CRH tuund€d bv 

the @pldnd ws a $rubl&d IlF slmb.lin8 neus, dcFnding on th' sas4n \@ copped 

wi1h wheai. ric., sued cdq naize ed veg€t bl€s 

Thc bm owl rcguldlv oosled heE in thc

RfSULTS 

A paii of bm owls n6t€d in a F.e hollow whicb *d aboul onc m€1er deep dd nre 

meleu sbove $e gould. The plir lrid egss ed Bisd chicl$ OD a ebseqkfl visil a jungle 

cal (f.rir .rau) wd foud 6ling in the nen. 

lh E coUection of 88 p€ll.Ls fom this sit S zur'n6 (67 8olo), dd bids (l? 8%) 

iomed moc rho 8opl" ofthc oelt food; rcdcntsjoi ly as6lcd forjusl14.4% olthc io1or 

33. Mosqus tt Ch.k tro. 2!2 J B. Nolltn This mosqre was located in the cenrer of the 

village 212 J.B. Noul&. Thc E6s .@ lhe top of on. of thc mi@ls of thc hosque q6 

beiig u*d by a pair ofbm owls 4 msl ed tusr. Onlv 4l Fll.rs 6uld bc olldtcd fom lhis 

sire. The o*ls depend.d h€avily on S Dot ,r (?7.5%) for th€ir lood. Bn& N€t€ a pan oi dE 

d.nu 6 $ey fomed 5.6% of th€ prcy nens Su.prisinglv ]t. fattus *a nol pEel 'n rne 

spL wh.@ odEr b

Trblc I I (Conrd.) 

Di 

Jb 

r3 

29=Jho6 CRE 

l2{hinbtu*aliCRH 

3l= Ctd No 212 JB, Noul4 

l5-Mdldwala CRH 

t.1(l 

r.rll 

'15 

I tol

?1.r. ?, Oe orrh. llrsc minccrs (riSnt) with cllm&d rrill. Fcd 3 t Mq wbilc $e 

rdia.dl mslld@ ws u.d $ rmst bv th€bdowl a'tNoubnmtqua 

rr.t r. O.r,i*rno.i iogo*t'spellct!atth.noui!ofUGdt r,nc'/'xilofth'odtofthc 

brE oel!t Nourd m5cu..

DISTRTCTS T. T. SINGE AND OX RA 

RESULTS 

only on€ boh owl mosl fton each of tbese lrc disiricts ws smpled for th' Pellets TlP 

nub€r of pell.8 collecbd fom bolh oftn.s @s1s *6 cl.liv.lv s6all' 

!9. Gojn CRH. The I 12 tes foud in thjs CRH belo!8.d io s.m sFid .nd avenged 

l6d bigbi dalbe€ia. salmlia and eualwtus wft the doniml sp€cies 'nF Eajor oots 

greM in th€ nckb Nud thc CRH w thc of sugA .@, *hd! and foddd 

The bm o pan n st'td in ! hotlow p|F61 in . a t l4rda re whilt it bosred in th' 

foliage of a F rrrga&roir s w.ll s in a cavity in n1 'rl,c, bec. 

A b|!l ot 3? pellels M @lle|.d fi!6 $rs sic Oabl. I lc) t nuina (65 6%r' R" 

nelada (16.6%) .td B DdnsaLair (6-67, s.E th. bencr@su€d ih6 lhc ot'r Fty 

,|l). Ro.l. Khlrd cRIr Thk CRH is l@r.d t@ {E Rci,l. loM (disttict Ok@) Tnifit' 

six Fllels wc mll*led frcn this CRH A! rtulvsis of Uce pcueis rcvertcd thlr S Mi'6 

6ro.e ecoured for 68.40l" of the toi.l .tier of th€ owl. B b.nsateNis (l0svrJ dad M 

M6.16 (t-27o) wcE the orhd imporrdt Pr.v illes. Il* t[G sp&id fmcd NE rh4 

80% of the prcy itens rccord.d in the p.llets (Idble I I c) 

DISTRICI SIIEIKEUPUM 

Pelteb ofth. bm owl wE @lleled Am tto tii6 (cRHt lo.{'d it llis disEicl' 

42. salrm{h CRH. The 76 rees in this CRH avensed I ?m hid dd b€lons'd ro six species; 

dalbdeia dd jal@ beine tb. mosl abunddt oft. SugEr dq $'lEal nce and itifoliM Bw 

ihe €mon cDps Srom 

in th. dvi|m of thb cRH. 

Durirs the firi y.s of the sludv neithcr P€lle! 

ddns ln. $b. qrctrt tuo 

't4 

nor thc owls w@ sight'd hcE Hwaer' 

of tl'. dudv a p!i! of owls 6 sishLd EsDlet d $' CRIL 

11

d Dirtncs T.L Si.lh rd OIr otud 

sFcojh Crul 

t3() 

r.3{t) 

.l.l{)) 1,5(7) 

t.3(D

Itu o*t @picd. dep evitv in {F tndt of d old F 

'e'ga'cai' 

prlst in me of lta lnnh6 of tt€ me tE B cw clEk'd for dlc F*!c' 

peltets b€.ac a ldge honevbe hit d@ to iB molrh I pr6ar 

af,auLIs 

Amrbd qvity 

of thc o*ls' 

S. trtttu (?6.2y.) sls dE Ein eue ofrutiD'fi ro rlc owls Amdg lb' od6l!' 

R tultura(r e )atntgM bedls4 (6 6%) }4 b'tt'tqDsoEed spaci* (TabL l ld)' 

41. Mldh B.b.h.tr CBU. 'ftis CRH h.d a ttrd of 9l t'6 lhtl b'l@8Fd io wo spetg 

dd av.6s€d lsm hi8h. Datbdeia j!|M dd Nngo wG t!' doEinsn sFi6 Tbe bundits 

of lhis CRH h.d complclelv fdlcn don- wnnrn a ttdiu of 5OF of thb milr t stl buildi'€ 

bl@l, a few *rymt hotg dxl a mosq@ *4 PI4rt 

Th€ dtiE Crur Ld b'ar ab€ndoi'd 

Rie, *tEal. lugs @c dd Mi4 94 t[c ojd coF h thc fiel& eud llF 6t bo@ 

The owls n6r.d in ! €vilv lhst hld a cbntd op@ing in tb' ruol of! srld'lit [& 

The tE 6 pE*nl io a field of the CRH *h@ qnd and ie *w ltoh tltaEtclt A 

lol.l of 25s Ftlers wst @ll.d.d frotu llis silc s 'uiru (?4 4v') *s lhc plldonin'nt food 

of th. o*k, she@ a' 6e,8u,.6t:t (S.l7O $s dtc s'c!d bei dsd'd prv iten (Ilblc 

I ld). 

DIS|TRTCT ITAFIZAB^D 

SmPl6 of th. bd owl p'lleE 9d Ltir6 froh tb' fo|lo*ils fou 3il4 ld't'd i! 

4.1. Mochit.b CRH. The @mpoud ofdis CRH htd ! sttnd orsg lrs bclongidg to niF 

spei.s nr ir 'Ite avedge hcidl of thes ued *s 'bo!t l8n DalMa' jms' F: ftl@osd 

md n.nso lere lhl doninanr rEs Whear riF dd og! @' l@ lh' mii' cb9! oftlh lo'dnv'

I!bl.ll.(cmtd) 

Dbri.t Sb.tti 

lr(?D 2.1(3) 

6.6(r2) 

t,2(r) 

Sitsr 42=s.lNd. CRH 

43=Mutlh B.luchan CRH 

].(rD 

r (2e) 

-80

RESULTS 

H@, o pan of ovls nst€tl i. o de€p hollow, {hicn tu ibrcugh most of th€ ldgth of ihe truk 

of m old nulbetry i!ee. Thc incubatine owh @uld bG Fi lioh the groud rhftugh a n@s 

sIil in $e wll of th€ holtow Thc local Foplt, 

in then lncnpt to havc a bdrer vics of ihe 

owls {idef,d the slir which fo@rt $e pat b abedon iis ncst (s Pl't' 9) Si@ irEn no owl 

ihhabitcd lhe pPhies of lhb CRH iU lh. md of lhis sluilv 

?\ wPlc ol ?2 pellcts M lrt€n foE this silc An emi@tion of thc p'llds nvltl€d 

ltlar 75 2% of lhe di€r @ due |o S. 'rit6 Amons the odsft' M a@16 l6V ) ad B 

,.nsaiezlir (a.6o^) seE thc b.tt€r@Bumed food its (TabL l le)- 

45. Nru.!. cRIr This CRH hltt 42 tFs in ic Fdiscs which b'lons'd ro lile s!6r4; 

dalbcrgia" reMdia ald dc.ltflos being doni@l o!* as $c cRH s cl* lo ! villoge 

rhe rillage cllildFn frcqudt d its Prcmis tguldlv A lsn 8t&sv ft'ld wss ale plgrt s 

$. vicinity of $c cRH whc.t, 'i'c dd sugd c4 wc lh' tuin @F gsM in Dost of th' 

nekrt of lhis sit Pee@ of a ldge gNv [&l in rh' vicinitv added Ne v€gebnonal 

divc6ry b U€ foEging halitat of lh. owl- 

mde of | 58 p.lleis M ollecd fon rhrs t(dnv lte tdponion 

of S tdjM 

G (41.4olo) 6 conpdcd to 4? l7o of 6ls dld hie; A benaaleBis (l0lv.)' R tuuae 

(8.5vo\ M booduco (7 -9 ) sdx fand (5 4vo) beins the tuin contibuloB 

(Tabl' I le) 

46. atobn A psit of oels @31'd is t hollow Fs$ in the lru'l of a eucalt?is tt€' wbich 

ws peent ar thc FnPhery ol a vill4' l6'd BhobE siiured on rn' b' of Jhog bl@b 

@'|!l tbal sc ior v.rv f' ftom Pindi Bhali4 toM Hows' th€ pan M rcr @ded ro 

bGd hete An sElFis of 39 peucts @ll*t'd frod rbis locditv shoqcd lhtt lhe hoM snw 

alon fomed s6 2% of lhe dicl of tht o*ls (TabL ll') 

8l

Sia6: 44=Mochi*5h CRH 

45'Ne!@ CRH 

46=Bhobra 

41=Sutheki CRH 

5,tl12) 

6.6{15) 

82 

) 

lf,too 

7 6{n 

.130) 

.].10) 

14.ll1) 

3.3G)

RESULTS 

47. S!k[.k€. cRI|. A pan ofowh i.h.bited a ovilv lcat'd in th' nunl ofa lree Eucalt?lN 

dd dalbdeia wee $c doninad nes of$is cRH \r'he!r tud rice wft the @jo' cops or $e 

l6ility. Thc Enrfuls of lhc pEv ns foud in ?l FlLts 

olldted Aon this sitc alFrd $al 

S. nwk6 (5s.4vo). B bersalsruir (1410/') dd i rolld (? 6%) jointlv fom'd norc thd 

8Cr./0 ol $e dier offi€ owls hq€ (Tabl. I le) 

'nE i.fomatior sivcn in lhe pc.ding Dog6 on th' dict of llc b'b o{l in dE l 

Pujab cm bc ffiMred 6 fouo*: 

,S ,,.irrr qas EPsent€d in $e FII'i spl'! hom 'u ihe 23 sil€s The rclative 

abund..ce of lhis pcy sp@i.s vdert fsn 41 4"6 to E62% lnd a@g'd 65 6% Ral! al|d 

nice wE also Epeenled iD all $e site smplcs Thev dounted for 115%to 4? l%of lhe 

o{k dieli rhe avcla8c b€i.8 27 8% Bats werc dotded ai 12 of the 23 site mpl6 in {hich 

|hen tlativc lbutdse dg.d ton O.l% ro 13 l%; $c Nm8' Fmponion 

for dt rhe 2l sir6 

q6 2.tr/' Birds €. bettei consMad dh blls Thev *rc rcPrcenred io 20 sit' spl$ in 

sbich th€ pDportion oflhh food nem tuged fton 0 Ol% to 25 0%r 1hc av'Es' for all $' 23 

si!.s m 42% Hcrpinbs (av Foponion olv') td ilen (d Prcpoiion 0l%) re 

GpEsnied in tnft ad two sPlesi Fsp6tv'rv' 

DISTRICTWISE COMPARISION 

Tablc t2 de@enre irfotuiior on rhc utilizrion of vtnou pcv lcns bv the bdn 

owh in six di$cts oi the nain studv aEd Shrcvs and rodenls werc th' lEin 3tapl6 ol lhe 

di.i of the owl in lhc six .tislricts of lhe Pujab The shws wcrc mor inmsively uili*d in 

shcithupu6 (15-elt, Okar. (58 4%), Fiasaltbld (672vo) ald Toba T'k Sine! (65'6v") lha i! 

Hafiabad (56.3"/0) and Jh38 69 5%) 

8l

Rf,SULTS 

ADong ans od nie,I E.lada dd t ,e4st€sir }m h'nd erc of f@d to rbe 

owl rhan the othq foms (Table 12) The fom* sFci€s s i e'sivelv consmed bv $e T T 

Singh owls dxl l6t inltuiEty by th. Olln oqls *'ltib a '€48d!rit 6 tu mst 

i ensively by lh€ Otd (10 50 ) dd Haifi4bad (9 4v0 owh ed ih' L4i bv ihe ShdllNpu 

(5 4%) owb. As lhc numbd of p.llcts in th. spl6 fren tl*s iwo dittricts I rcl larse 

enousl, rh. daia foi lhes dislricls mov not be rcliablc ln rhe rcnaiing dhricts' dF 

preponio.s otthes.6b @g.d frcn 38% ro 73% std 54% lo ?47o, Gpetirclv I1t 

av.Esca lor lhe sir di$ncts ll@ 6 2ol. md 6 t% 

lar6 ratrs was bend consu€d in Hsfizibad (4 4%) ed laieLbad (4 2vo) disrid 

ihd in $e o$d fou disFictsi its Popottiotr in the dier of$e oqls of 3ix disticts tr8'd frod 

| .@/, ro 4A% averagi^g ro 3.5%. the PmPonion 

of I td./,,t in the dids of lhe owb of the 

sn disdds tuged fron l.l% lo 4 3vo (av 2-5%), Th. Poportiotr of M M'rga shich w 

nor record€d in $e Hafizabad ehple, vdi.d fton 14% 10 4 8"/d th€ &vetage fo! th€ six 

dic.ti.ts @ 2.5V,. Neetia indie ws Epr.*nEd in all rlE six dislricts' sdpl6 of pell'8 of 

$e owl whee ns proponions tu8cd ftod I 2% (Hafiabad) to l 5% (otM) (av' I 6%)' 

The poponioN of t ,,tdr.a in th€ ovls of the wioB disticts rcntined wnhin i mwh 

snaller !&ge vtryins tom 0.6% {sh€ithuPu6) lo 24% (ntud snd aveBin8 to l'6% 

conuibution oi C €llto?t lo $. di.t of the owl @ Elativ.lv $nall lt ws EPBdt'd in lhe 

sples fNn laislab€d, ftde ard Hafiabld onlv sirh d average proponi@ of 0 3'l0 

VARIATTONS IN OWL DIET AI DTFFERONT STUDY AREAS 

Thc suLais I &d 2 wet ldv sinild with Gp@1 |o th' dicts ofrhc owls livine 

1heE. ln sub-arca I , tbe poporrion ol rhe shrcws. ds dd nice, ball dd birds in $c owls

Iaucl2. A dislrict-wie Elarive ahnd.G (%) of th. pcv itas e?!!selt d in th' pclld 

sole of th. b€m owl ftom six ditnicis of sula@ I sdd 2 (M = nunbdof 

D.ll.c; n = nMbo of pty ncns il M) 

M"l? 

tt(a) I t{D 

r.4r) J.}{]) 

3.50) 

r.6(r) 

85 

1.5(2) 

ojo)

RESTJLIS 

Ftlers w 65 1o/', 21 .3vo, 2.2Vo and 4 7'lo as conparcd to 66 2%,28 9%. 1 sr/rvr ttd 3 l% 

dp@rivelt in tbe Fll.|s smptc fton sub_at ! 2- On aaoul of thh sinilditv' lh€ tlala ftom 

$ese tvo sub-ded *as lumped dd the t{o suFde6 h.cane! wrc gilen lhe nde ol Main 

The owl population of sub-seas I dd 2 depelded heavilv on S t'rt'6 for ils food s 

the slEw lomed 65-50, ot the tottl diel of th. owl Th. orhq te s!b-'s wF difrcEnt 

ftoo th€ maio sludy ea 4 they b.lo.8ed to diff*nt 4ological en* ed had m@h sdull4 

hmm popularion dosig csPeially in lhe 3ub'@ 4. Th. prePonion oflle shtw in tlc dicl 

of the bad owls of the sub_aE 3 ws 59.0%, whrle in $. sub_@ 4 il w6 4 0% Rats ed 

îe Ion d 27.a%, gl'V/' dtd 13.2% of lhc diels of|h. bM owh ol o!' sludv aEa dd 

sub'eallnd4(Tabl€ l3). 

In th€ diel of ihc o*k of the min slu(|v ac., lhe mn*hFv food conPns'd biidy !al5 tnd 

mice (27.8%). bnds (4.2%) ed bats (2 oo/t while in sub-dea 3, n @nPn*d birds (18 9%)' 

ds od hice (l3.2vo), dd iMts (? 4%), qhiL in thc $Lag 4' dE mn-dftw di'r 

conpri*d nls md micc (92.8%), md heD€dl* (2 8%) 

The d ad mie food in rh. del of ih. Min studv 'fu ws leg'lv due to t 

beseate8is (6.st ),R nattada (62'/'J, Ms spp l5V )ddi farrd (3 5%) ln ihe sub_dea 

I fie pedoion pessurc @ nod or ls ev.nlv di$iblrcd mone dt six sFic6 of€is snd 

mi@. while in the sub-a@ 4, i kelado (53 6%) dt1 M,s sl]p (2E 8vo) w'E the chief food 

86

Tabl. l3. Relative abunde@ (%) of th€ veioB pr€v ii.ns in th' sdples ortnc bm owl 

Fll.|s ftom rhe min sfu(lv !t . sub-als 3 (B.h!wbagd) ed 4 (U3! 

Munanmad (nd). 

6.5(?17) 

0.r(r0l 

8? 

M-252 

t.1l?t 

2 (3) 

0.2(D 

t*D 

4 0(2t

SEASONAL CHANGES IN DIET 

MAIN STUDY AREA 

RFSULTS 

Tabl6 14 dd 15 DGst infomtion alo|n tllc s.!en l dr'E of bdD osl i! tlt lhF 

ydly spl6 fom MSA. 

Wi!&r Duins lh. eiild of 199'2ooo.t D!'iru don o@ucd for 7E l% of dF dier of 

0r owl, rhe cr h.ins dE lo 6l! tnd nie. axl bitd!. Duins tlE following teo wint!6 th' 

.tict r€d.incd rltio6r mhsgpd (IaU6 l4a h c). h th. mbin'd d'tt of thG {ircti' 

S'ui,6 (??.?96) lnd 6t! ttd nic. (20.9%) wc tt dicffood Pcvs AnoiB 0F mders' i 

whakla. B. b.nealedtt, &d R. 'and w@ tL inDorLdt food p!!$ (ttblc 15) 

Spri!& Th. FoFnio. ofA 'uins in 0F tlG triiS 

64.!%. Aeodingly. lh. pDponion oftiB !d nie F!y! 

diGG of200l s 59 ?%,46 1% dd 

in thc spdng didt inPold b'ing 

33.E%, 41.3% ed 32. , Espcctiv.ly (Tlblcs 14.' \ c) Fd $nE E*rou tt@n' u|c 

pbportioi oflhd food @Nm.d by lhc oek v$ sslld in tlE lping fo'd oft[t s"ond 

y{$rnth*oftt +dn8softt fil3r lld lhid v.G 

TIlc shoi.s. of sh|* iD thc s@nd 

ycs's spdng di.l ws conF.laLd by 0E ost by coorunitg no!! odcnB rd wie Plqs ln 

lhe Mbin d {r!t! of $c lhE stnngd lhc DtlPo.tio 

of s tu,ro M 54.Ev. !d rho* of 

rh. ds rnd nic. .Id bnib wc 15.9'6 rld 6.6tq llsPetiElv. Amng U' mdc s' A 

b.asate$k std R. neltada wE lhc Di! Fcy i.ins (I.blc 15) 

Su!.i Thcc 6 t shdp detiE in th. Preponion of ,t 'uin8 

i! !* 3'|mcr dicrs or 

b€r ow!. vhc@ thc conbincd poponiod of tu &d mie thot uP lo cxcc'd lh'l of dtc 

shr.* dldns sll fic lhc au ltc.s (T.bb laa b, c) TI|c prcPodior of rcd'nts in th' lhG 

ilmd srf.s {s 49.694 53.6% ed 49 5% rs coo?.ttd lo 255%,202% atd 40 zvr or 

88

Tabl. 14. srdon l chages il th. rcl.liv€ ab|lnd@e e/o) ofpt'v it@s in tlF dier of ft !€m 

os& in lhc th; y*ly spl6 iln lhc tuin studv aE (M = nMbE of P'UGI$ tr 

= rudbq ofPEy item3 in M ) 

(o) Fi i vs. (DeeEb.. 199' Nov'Eber 2000) 

M-l?.' 

7ll(t3l) 

2.(t 

r.36) 

0.(D 

zats) 

rl(3) r 0(2) l.toD 

3.1(2D 

E9 

2 4(t 

t.l(9)

(b) Ssotrd ydr (It .@b.r 2!00' Noverb.t 2q'r) 

% R.|!@4cs!!ErgL- 

M=2 M- l4l 

r75(J3) 

2r(1) 

7,(12) 

l r00) 

t.70D 

t41) r.t(n 

r.3€) 

o.J(!) rJ.rct rt(rt) 

0.(l 

0.t(?) 

1(r7) 

0{t 

pJr) (ld3) oro (r?91)

(.) Thiril yar (De.ub.r 2lrlc Nov.dh.r 2001) 

M-317 

2.215) 1.24 0.3lD 73@t 

lr.20t .l(I 

5l{t 

2.1(2) 2.5(]) 1.(t6) 

r(o 

tlttl 

9l 

5.2(t) 

2.(2) 

12,(r2) 

ln(D 

0.)o)

lable 15- s.@El chang6 in th€ E!'ti* abudan€ of pFv ir'G i! fi' diet of rh' bom owrs 

'--' 

"iir'"*i'.t,iy"."dulinsrh@v$is(fionD.amba 1999threushNov€nbd 

2oO2). (M = nMbq of pcue€; n = rubd of Fv ites itr M ) 

r0,9{33!) 

0l(t 

20.s0.]1) 

) r(2t 2.1(rr) i,x||6) 

0,lc) 

92 

l.r{7) 

0r(2) 

rt(n

R,ESULTS 

rhc sr@*s duins fte lirsl. s*ond ed hird suMas' Gperivclv (TaU's l4a b' c) Thc 

ttladv. inpofiane of b.|j 6 . food of the owl g@llv imFottd ln lh' lhG sul|t@ s 

twFd dala the dietry Pict'ft did trot ch..gc; od'ni3 outMb€tld rhc slw* wiile h6G tftl 

bids fon€d a nEh latSer pdrt of lhc owt\ di't t'! in ov of lhe othtr tIle $@N OfdE 

r&io6 mdcnt sp.ci6 R n lado sA B bt'Saledit w hettet @nsued rh'n dF olhd 

rcdhr pEys Pa*nt in rhe stlmer did (table | 5)' 

F.lL tn all $c dG 6ll spl6. t tuiro agai"rt its 3$tus of & lbelut'lv doEiMl it'm 

of dr owl-s diet. The impor$ne of rod6! b{ ed bird food dc'lincd (tsble 14 dd 15) ln 

UE onbinerl da|j! of tbe f.Is, ]ll tdclid 'dged s rhc b6t'utrliz'd pcv amng th' 

Ths $. parEm of stetil 6iltr$ it the cldive tbNdda of s muins 'nd 

Dddts in lhe dict ofth. owl m chactdzed bv llt d"lin' in the n@cri"l $p'rioritv ofs 

zu.i,,' i. spdng siich turds .bbed h sulns e

Fir. 4. V.dsio in th! doFrd@r of tb. S tsi,s/t, .td l|tt ed dn'! in llt !'ffi'l di'! 

- - tl" bod Ad ltdr ddrt drii8lto!'F-roflbir'dv' 

"f

Fk, t. SG'.l vdakE b |h. dnir!$mdrE of S na's' |td'c' td rd hitlb h 

''' -;ffi 

;rt-*LG.rdiEd"@rb'[aofibboslof bo'bs'dv 

€

RDSULIS 

b6c and birds wcE appmximtelY sinjld Tt M tucda cure {6 sinile ro ll 6o'r''gz 

!u the smmer *Mn. p6t which h devi.ted fton thc paftm in be.onins not abmdsl D 

SUB.AROA 3 (BAHAWALNACAR) 

Tablc 16 ed Fig, 7 PEsdt i'fomalio on th' s@td vsjadons dwine 200G 

200I inthedietof $etaho{t inBN TbeFl*irea!l)n&s€of S nu uinth'owls' diel 

pelcd in wi er dtl v6 tlE lowcn in spring fte odot Pievs followcd lhe s!tr pdr'm 

BaL {* not rcpt€e ed in th. owls' diet hd' Bir& *E m6t i ensiv'lv 4t'n in sPrine 

when rhen abundance in rhe owls' diet wd clde to thit of s' mu nu (Fig ?) lnssrs weE 

@rded in sprinS, sum4 @d fall diets ohlv Like lhc rcde'ts 1hev serc abudet 'n sullrer 

COMPARTSTON OF DIEIS AT DIFTERENT LOCALITIF-S 

The ovq all fo.d dlia for @h of lhe 2l ld'lilis of th' tuin sludv .@ hlve ben d€siSMted 

heF 6 sPling uniE (SUs) Table l? Prde s rhe data n'itix lor th€ l5 food il€ns $d 2l 

SUs while Fig. 8 depicrs the postion of each of the SUs in th€ hvPeBp'ce' which ws obt'iDdl 

by applying corespond€nce d,lvsis lo ihe 'ta|6 

Tbe Pla"nent 

of $e SUs in rbc btT'sP'ce 

w6 detmiDd bv lh€ taxonooi' dive6itv &d rclavlivc abund&cc ofthc Nsblage offood 

pEys onPositrs rhcn Tt6, lh. SUs h'bg $c cdlrrdblc diYqsitv muld tend to be d4d 

nqr |o dh otl*r in lhe hYPeGPtce' 

Tnc hlse$ clustr of s'n SUs tts fonn'

"'tffi*#ffiJ#*H's*f'Affi 

or'tsA). 

tl

Fig. 7. R.ldis drtddE of dt tou Fet c-.tori" in tb dl 

b4n owl !t B.!.sdn8t 

ta 

'd 

dl did dtb

Tablc 16 s.en l cbansd in tlE rclatis abud,ne (%l ot pFv ir'tu ir lh' did of bdn owl 

dunna $. vea .xt0dins fiom Sepl.mbq 2000 thrugh Ausust 

'- ioo ri'i e"l'"*"!d- tsN, (M=odbdof P'lleb:n=nMbdor 

DEY itcms in M.) 

r.5(5) 

5r t(l?l 

1,50) 

r.r0) r 5(r r.2(t 

||.10,r) 

0,3(l) 

,8,{Gr) 

(7) O'9 

ll{5)

RF5ULTS 

Ano$er clule of $re sus Viz. 12 dd 3l ton Jh&g &d sU 6 fion Faislabad v6 

cheded4d by a strcnsq (€l abundm@ 65 - 78%) oft '/'i'd' low abfdde (14 - l5%) 

ornuid dd a Elaively high prcDonion orbirds (6 - l8v') A Uird clGrcr offiE l@slv 

sp&ed sus viz 5 dd 18 from Faelabad tnl 35 fion &dg B dlsdngudt'd bv t Eldivclv 

lowabu

E 

s 

I 

E 

I 

'5 

; 

3 

-t9 

-lH 

al 

9 el. 

E s 

ilc 

I 

R 

s t € * 

! 

: 

: 

t 

a 

t 

i! ! * 

e z 

J 

E 

: 

t 

l+l+ ls 

; 

E 

a€ 

qE 

;tn 

fl- 

z 

l 

3r 

* 

g 

6 

5 

1 

t 

; E 

: 

l.r 

ll ? 

l(, 

€ 

E 

6 

.l 

t 

9 

.5 

9 

Ii 

lf 

6 tr 

! I 

It 

I 

Y

'a l, 

^rl 

E 

3l 

E!l 

:E 

39 

3E 

i 

E 

; 

e 

Ylcl 

& 

a 

e 

t 

R 

!l Elq 

elE 

IP 

^ti t 

a 

F 

i ? I t E E 

9! 

a 

a 

a 

$ a 

E 

€E 

6 El$ 

FIR 

;13 

6 

t I P 

l5 

-l 

L5 

n 

z 

i 

tg 

: 

t 

i 

6 

n 

c 

+ 

F 

4l 

il 

E 

; 

e 

i 

e : 

I 

E 

IA 

a 

i 

E 

li 6 

E] 

3 

? 

l: 

!l 

€ 

2 

IT 

6 

ll 

l! 

o 

z 

E 

v 

t!

d 

! 

& 

t 

: 

t 

E 

t 

.E 

; 

lt- 

1" 

-t.'

TOODPREFERENCES 

RTSULTS 

Tlble 19 povides infomrion ato |h. nMber of shau namtuls io fie mPl6 

siaptEpped froi six najor hdbiials of thal Pan of$e central Pdjab which lomed lhe msin 

sfudy a@ or thh study. A btal of eidt speics of s'll mMntt]s wG 6ugh1 'n snaP uaps- 

Scv.n oflhe* spcics w* al$ GPrcstcd in ihe Fllets 

of thc bm oel @lletted ftom me 

dain study e€a a.d 1nay rccounl.d for 88 5% ol dE owl s diel (Table 12) ll @v be pointd 

out that no €IIon 6 nade to *gEg'r. ifE sdPlopp'd lpdinehs of thc mie inro dt 

spccica M D8d.,i,r and,ll ,oodlgu Th.v have bfrn pd under M'r sW Getbillaut 

g/€.r',wi who* em@Ls s6 lol @ordcd in th. p'llels s !'pp€d fion a sgne of a 

foF$ pldlarioo goM on a sddy soil. SP@i's like N indica ^nd A sllrbti Pcrc nol 

ep.esenled in $. tlappql samplcs. Tlre fomo sp@i's is lsgelv subtemned in habit and 

favos dE embrltndts of iniSltio! dd d$img€ @nals- lr is @lv eldt in $e mdonlv 

sr tdps (Hu$ain. 1992) G s/liorl is ml cohno' in lhe siudv ea ud it ohlv tery rarelv 

apFB ii rhe MFrt?pped splca (M A B.s' peM!'l @nnui€don) 

Table l9 gives rh. nmber of sP4iDeN of rhe scvo ndmdie sp6ics in lhc six hsbitats of 

rhe nain sudy atss, vhile in Tabt€ 20 is sivcn $' tlp succcs offor each ofthese sFci€s As 

$. rhpPine nighs spent in th. vsiou hnbilars wE nor uilom it @ nor advieblc lo @ 

rhe nunber ofsp.cinens captuEd for a silcn spei4 fot conputins rhe FoponioDs lnsEad 

the tbp suas wd used fot onputitg th. Proponio6 of veios sFci's Table ? l Povid's 

infomarion abod $e prcponions (of rhe t aP qughr small mqmals) conpured uins rhor 

rap succe$ lmped for 5ll th. hrbitats. Tabl. 22 giv€ lhe Popotion 

of thc ane *ven sFcies 

in $e sple otth. owl-c.pnE

Tablelg. The nmbq of salt nmDds $EFrtPp'd ton six h'bids of thc doin lnrdv a@ 

' ""' 

i"**i i-i"u, o"r" un* $cie 

uriicl we rto rcPIgcd in [E p'll6 ol th 

b,m 6$ L hlv. becn inclu.led h lhis llble rTh€ Ttbk n bsd on lnpprlg @u 

flon Tables 26 ) 

s,ruhe bas.d crelhrds 6015 n 

-Whe4-susd 

S.. 

No. tp..io.!t 

Lr 8b. Ti. 

91 B5 

cee b6ed 6l 134 l0E 153 B4 

5400 69 621 120 E8 

5t9 

214 

516 

19189 155 

2 

2 623 t80 

5 

t2 

85 

427 288 

l0 

ll4 

!74 

!!E

Table 20- Proponios of tn. soll tuamak in lh. $tp'trapped sdtplq ,ioh 3i' h.biiats of 

$e mah sludy d€a (central Pujsb). ft. Tlble b6ed o! the data ofTlbls I9 

S. R.r. B.h Ti. 

wlafie ba$d coplsds 0.004 0.004 0.0t6 0.027 

Wnalsug& cN b.ed mddds 0.010 0.o21 0.0t7 0,v74 0.(Dl 

vilkqcs dd fm hos.s 0.0t8 0_l t5 0.022 0.0t6 

0.009 0.015 

sfld du.s and drainag. nllbn 0.007 0.004 0.036 

0.002 0.159 0.250 

Cobbin.d for rll hbit t3 0.034 0.007 0.1l5 0.029 0.267 0.046 0.1t8 

106

RESULTS 

dd lhat S. r,fitb s'at nM.ddllv tlE nod .lonintd irm ofrhe owb' diel sd tuld 6ffh 

in $e fiel.l trapFtt sple!, wbas r t:tdtc, tur'd f61 l! thc @Plc of Utc owl captured 

sMll Mnals, the lder spcciB ws pl@d sixth (Ttbl€s 2l tld 22) Sinilelv' Mtu spP 

fron lhe second lo the foudt posilio[ X tar'ai &od tE thid lo the nnn posilon .' 

ba,g.le,s,i frctn the fou$ to sord Posidon, & 'alada fon the sixlh b $' 1hnd po$ion' 

wbile s sr.!r.,r rehined iB seve h pGlion both in th€ rapPed ed o*l €plured snpl€s of 

'ItF sdcn spai6 of sall 'tmmals ca!rcib€ €xper€d 1o elicit th€ simld b'haviou 

to lhe sn.p t aps Wdks r'lto h.v€ !a5t dPaimc! of tt!Ppi!8 lhes aitEls in $e n'ld 

agFe lhal S n,ttd ed t itt.a @ cdght noF @dilv h th' ftps fts thc otnd oB 

(Bcg, M. A. dd Mshlaq-uulas.t! M p'6' Com )- 

rnsFle of ihi! bais' S t4ina 6urd 

lll4in jur nnh postion otr $e basi! of i$ ahldd& in lhe tapped snnplts Though mt e 

lbunddsthe Pf* laPpi.g d'ta noi $G culriutioN of l[c ntin stldv d show ir lo be' 

L i,,ctca is knou lo be $e mosr lbrd&r spdis of todqn in &' drver r8iotu of Pafi$'n 

ln vid of the abo€ dr$65on it I loSical io alsse $at l!' pmpoiron ol the s€ven 

sFci6 of s.ll n'rnuls in {E owl5' di€t s lh€ 6' t of*l€ctve pcdaton bv fi' o*l 

H.!st, food *l.clivily vatue for '&b ofthc Fev sFci6 M comput'd Th' food eldlivilv 

valu.s (ei) for fi6e re 8iv.n ii |he Tlble 2l rhc TlbL $ssesls rhlt s '/i'd '!s 

th' mon 

crpiured (by orl) species relalive ro ils ibndm@ in lhc ltDdv !rc& Tnt sel'divirv vtlucs for rhe orhe' 

preys wed iel6tiv€ly lery lowi th'ir sel'ctivitv v'luca in d@6i!s ord4' we X zcl&r'4 

B. bengakax, R ruttus Mus sPP S ensdt and t iel"d ildietrng no pEfcMc' foi thm 

107

TrDlc 2l.TL FtrPotrioB of ....h of tt. tr6 rycci! of dll omd5 oo6@'d ui!8 tL 

6nbi..d tlD tr.d flt !I th. til hitint! 

0,034 0.o 

0.007 

0l!5 

0.00E 

0.13t 

0,029 

o6r 

0.015 

0.319 

0.(x6 0.055 

0.33t 0./()4 

Toai o,an l.el) 

t08

Tabl. 22. Pbponion oflh. sev€n sFci6 of s.lt bllnDtb in th. pool.d splcs ofth. 

Dellers oflhc bom owl colleded fron thc nsin ssldy ater' 

2t8l 0.142 

0.00t 

lt6 

26 

0.019 

0.0?0 

t61 0.057 

2t7 0.074 

t94 

0_017 

ltm 

T.blc 2t F@d Drcf@nce (!i) ad reldirc @coufs (eD vdu's for lhe $all tntnmls 

rcpr.rd€d in l,t Flleas ofbd osl 

109 

(li) (ci) 

0.819 1.000 

0.006 0.001 

0.011 0.039 

0.091 0.l ll 

0-00E 0.010 

0.064 0.074 

0.0(D 0.002

I.FsULTS 

The r€6on for fie obsw.d dispotilv i. el..tiviiv lalu's of the Prcv spccis uda 

onsidedion w6 rhar ihe encouid tuqudci6 of lhe o*t miSltt hav' wicd on a6ou1 of 

vdying rcasns such s secr.tivcne$, Pedil4tion for @w. ebt'ftmd hode of lifc' 

l@motry ad.F.rio6, Eudio_vist caplbililics ofth' FEv ed thc owl\ cap$ilitv of locaiing' 

qptlrins and hddlinS Ptet &imlls of difi*nl si6 Emounld fr€qu'nci's plav I vittl Flc 

i. d.remining the fsd pEf€rcn6 of pr'datoB Tlble ?3 d@ma'E fte Flarirc 

cn@dedbiliti€s (eD of lh. $rcn ptlv foo

Table 24. The average body *€ight (d md Mdible tdgth (cm) offn vous dd adulB of 

tull naDm.ls oll@lc

T.bL 25. Convasion flltds for tt }!uit &d ldultt of4|od'l PFv! c{plxt€d bv lh' 

hdn dlt oflt dil sdy .a 

l.E5 215 2.15 

3.?0 

4.lE 

3.45 

2!5 

5.EE 

295 

4.50 

2.5r1 

E. bqleat 4t 

0.45 

0,ao 

3.40 

3.60 

xfi 

0.75 

05l 

E.l5 

6.15 

6.53 

0.75 

0.51 

526 

d55 

4.0E 

'IJL

Tabte 26. Contributiotr ofthe veios PEy it€ds (4cefl b€rp.tiLs dd insls) !o tle 

total bioM$ @sm.d by $c bm o*h of lh! main 3iudv ,E! hom 1999 

2la6 67.9 59,4 

2l3l 61.4 2.15 

l 

0l 

28 0E 

0,!5 

0.tt 

n2 

ll6 

25.5 

3.6 

2.50 

542.33 

515.U) 

,7.6s 

6.87 

6.tl 

2-6 5 t.00 0.6t 

2t7 

2.5 

t,m t280-10 r6.20 

5.01 271.62 

52 

t0 

lao 

32tl 

1.6 

03 

2.0 

.J 

t.25 

1.00 

241J6 

t2_5 

19t2t1 

1.03 

041 

0.85 

1.17 

lrl

NESTING AND ROOSIING IIABITS 

BREEDTNG IIABITS 

RESULTS 

A bral of 40 tu$ of lnc bam dl ws @tded itr lhe six dhtlicls ollhe min sludy 

a@ dunng fte thrce yws of lhis srudy Tweolv_two of thee wct localed il Faielab'd 

dislrict. eigit in Jheg disltict, three e&h in T T Sineh od sheikhlpua dislricls dd ibu n 

Hafzbad disLicl. Thirty-lh@ of fi* *erc PEed 

in fte houovs ehil. the FMining sw€n 

*r loclred in M-mad. sE*$s. The tn6 h.ttouing th. wl rc$s *E Dol"tata ri$4 

Solanlia nalaba/ie, ficw beisaledis, E@altPts citridora MM alba TqnaMlid 

ujuw MdhEilera itultca, cid{ella toog Phoener dacvifetu' Ficu! rclioqtog E ciu 

Jambolinaed Butea hoaovemL Oflhe 33 nc$s,23 \|@ l@ated in lh' tuls &d even in 

th€ linbs oflrEs. Tw y{ne ofthe* rre n6lhoUows b.dotrlvon oP'oing sv€n h'd two 

lou had [ne &d one hld fou openings FivG of th* rE hollows ue subs€q*nilv 

o@upied by d'n.h likc jugl€ cai (rrlis ciau) (l), snake (l), motilor lizad (/ara"t 

',,td, (I) ed yelloww4ps (2) Some ofth. tE. nests orbm owlar' shou in Plarcs 9_16' 

The didelq (al b@sr heigbt) of th. tults of tbe lE s hrbornng rh€ owls GB 

avense

H.a. t A holtry it ih. nut oft d'tb.rv tt s u!.d s t h!.ding !'tl i! lb' 1999_ 

20oo at M@hisah CRH lb.t wB @d.r.d ulir for t!. owl in tbc ldl t€tM bv 

|}. vi[.g. bq/3.rd doy.

ll.e ra. Tt banlof.p..piliont EdlA@.tE8ity.lAoistlcruf, 

Pbt ll. a wid. o!dri!3 of. n . c.v'ry ofba! al .t thon

Ftr. or ui'u ai"o'*a ty. "ti.uus t!rt--r h-t @l n spirs to d of tb' 

twod'Eof th.st wny.rrlol 

n t U. S-rlng ,t" p.*." of . wdtd cl* to ii' M! t t'm 4l i5 levilg tn' 4il 

€vrty .l Thikiw.L CRg

'ttr. U. rt" -urh of" *t otirv ofibe b.D o*l i! lhc Eul of t &lbqgis ltc 'r Podu 

KoruCRH. 

Plil: l5. A b@ owl rcst crvitt qith the M.U.sl opoing ( 15 x l2cn) scold'd duing the 

F*.tirldydN6luCRH.

Pl.r. | 6. A long hollow in LhG nhl ofa Mulb€trt Ee ( fr 

r | * h'ch er(nd'd doMwsd! rill tr 

wa riibur rou fd 6!h lnc Bmund\ red s t 6r b t pst oft€m o*r3 d 

i'l*r'i""i" cni rm"et' i.'ticat;Ui iI rbc inbl th' owl could be *4 aom 

" 6c;ud Thevilhcech'ldMtcdllv vsibd t'c !o*lh' os|l*ho$n 

a".&J,r,""i i ir'"li"."t'; lds \dc'lslir hollow m'rs F runl lb) at 

ri'ai i*r*h;crs e.'i.*.tdeMGqEtrNollevill'8e(c)wts"xtErc 

bn miMcr (d) sdcd 6 n6twhilerhc.djdt sDAll4 (') *ded a d rctDs tt'

RESULTS 

ThG ol lhe $ven non_re€ resls reE presr D {oodcn tr6t box* imtallcd in the 

Es dui.8 this nudv lh. owl &eded two of lhd 4nd omerime whib U€ third box *6 

ed for b*eding in t999 &tl2000 ln (he min brceding wn of 2001' this n€sl box wG 

abodoned bt 0te p.il 5nd prodwhg a dd'h ot sevcn €8gs 

ThcE w.re folr sites in Jhss distrid *hee tne b@ owl *se t@rded !o oest in 

buildingsi the in $€ tecess ofde niod$ of viuaB' Dosques e't one o! lhe imer comic' of 

a done oi. shrjDe Tte nosqles \!w locat€d in th' center of$e villag$' r'b'td th€ sluin' 

was locatcd abou lwo kiloneleF awav frcm th' neesl villag'' 

Al one l@arion viz. the Jhod cRtl bts'

BISIJLTS 

The mindel of lnolhcr n6q@ in t n€sbv vill's€' Ch!} No 23l J B ldievala (s'& 

no. 14) *s l@ded to htrtoutlo a pair ofbm owls Thb ptn w3 also tlestloved On onc of 

ny lisils I M lold thal lhe owls w@ killed bv a be who wdi'd rh'o fot prcpanng ene 

kind of'ncdicin. fon thei! boncs This pair had bce' using th' nind€i as a nes'@d for 

Bm owh visited don€ of a shnn' bqttd in Chsk No lTl J B MamgMi The 

c{aaker of rbe shrine told lh.r $e o{h peved upoi lhe Pis@6 

(col"'o rivta) rhd @teo 

ed nsled on thc @hi@ of fie done The cetakd sls bld $!t sotEric th' o*ls wd 

caught dd rclcsd fd away Aon tn€ sttire in ooPlisc' uih $e in$!'lion of $e head of 

thc aldn., A couple of$e owls enich qEn @ght for heing cLs!'d v@ ob|!i*d dd 

brcu8hl by ne lo lh€ cmp6 of lh. Univ'Bitv of ASticdff' Faildat'd snd! rhev *F kepl 

dd fed in a woo

(n=21) wE @ded duing lh. Pdiod dddhs 

desigHed d 0E no@.t be.dinc sest! 'nd filc 

t@ s.plenbd lbre{sh Dembd, 

ndts *id4td rcFld.rio* etivirY 

Dring thc main brc€din8 sason. d& fif| cldch of ie s$n of 1999 s E !d'd sirh six 

eggson Sdptenbq II No {i6h esg w6 l@il'd an'r Odort' IS in l99 nF Exl v€{' lne 

Ild clulch of 8 eegs dd one chick {6 ieordcd on Sept.mbd 9 l! 2001' rhE cggs *cr€ 

reod.d in a n st on S€ptenb€t 6; fou mo€ cggs {@ ad'l€d larer o! to tbe clutch The bsn 

osl is m incone b@d.r (Dl@t 'r dl , 2000) ed lavs '8gs orc bv onc with s i eN'l or 

about lso days belwes 6v tqo cotr{uliv€ ege hyilgs &td thal s esg i*e! aboul 30 davs 

for har.hins (Tavlor, 1994) Fon dE above infodation il dav b' lafelv inf'ied $at in tn€ 

bom owl population of nv slldv .@ e88 laying stds duilg ihe sond bdf ol Augug 'Ilie 

n cbtch 6 at6in€d bv |he b'!'ding owls b'$6n s'pt'mhct 9 dd Novdbd l But' mosl 

ofth e8g lavites |oot pla'e fiom nicAugust trcugh 'hobs lh€ Gvlv bdchut chicks 

ud nddv @nhd non dE *!ond wltt of S'pcmbcr till lhe 'nd of NoilEbd Fledg'ng 

of the yosg owls rc complded by 

'audv Pltra l? o 22 sho* the cres !!d chiks of 0E 

t€m oql id difiere @srs. 

. As ncnion.{t cdliq, son' bGding rcrivitv e!5 d$ obentd duing M'yJw of 

2000dd 2o0l On Mav 10.20oo i*o cg85 r€B @nl'{t ion a rcst O!Jw I'onlvoreof 

thc esss NA bn i. the nesl 4d on 

'd' 28' s ttead cluck @ found ir thc 6t Ano$q '51 

*ith one eeg md $ree chicks in eslv stsg€s of grc$lh $'!s lsded o' Iune 2' 2002 qlnch d 

Irly ? q.s emptv. Six egls *Ere reconl€d on June ?' 2001 in I nest but nore of thes eegs cvcr 

hdched. Jst ole eg8 w$ I@ded fton dothci d'st on Mav 17' 2001 which did not h51ch rill 

lun 28. Frcs a nest h lhc nir&el of ! n6qu' one eg! ss recd'ded on Mav l?' which als did nol 

h!|oh. Thus norc or rne* bEeding 'fios oucidc $e mlin brc'ding !€@n ws fodd lo bc succ'$rul 

t4

Table 27. Nmbcr of es$ dd chicts Fcord.d flon thc ncaE ofuc boh osl in 

the six disiricts of dE din $udY @ 

(.). f.ildrb.d dntricl 

E1'! 

Site 

It-09-1999 6 0 

0+10.199 2 

lE-10-1999 I 3 

09.09-2000 6 

25.10-2000 

5 

30n )-2000 

2t-12-2u00 

3 

07.06.2001 6 

1247-2001 

060t2001 

5 

l 

0l-rl'200t 7 

20-12-2001 7 

Anitrpu CRE 20-t2-199, 

I l{0-199 

m-t2-1999 

t0-05-2000 

0l{6-2000 

0 

KotKbutt YdCRH 

28.0G2000 

05nG2000 

30.1r.2000 

29-t2-20@ 

r-tG200l 

6 

t5.l l-2001 

27-t2-2ml 

2 2 

29-09.2000 6 0 

'nd

.trd T, I. Sitrrn dbFict 

Jhon CRH 

05-t0'2000 

3G.l l'2000 

29-12.2000 

l8-l&2001 

t5,u-2001 

0r-lt-1999 

3Gr2-t999 

l7-05,2001 

2647.2001 

04-lGl999 

0l,ll-1999 

8 

29-09.2000 2 

02.1l-2000 

0?-12-2000 

4 

l8-10-2001 

2 

l5-l|.2001 

2 

GoiE cRH 

(.). Sh.ilq 

02{62000 

09-09'2001 

3 

0l-ll-2001 2 5 

20-12.2001 

5 

t+02-2W 4d.!d) 

Mudh Btluchan CRH 

(d). n.rq4lgjgEg! 

22-|-t999 

06.1,2-1999 

l0-09-2000 

2Gt0-2000 

IGIl-2000 

21,t2-2W0 

05-10-200t 

20-12-2001 

l4-02-2002 

t2 

5 

3 

2 

9 

I l-09-1999 

I 

t5-tFt999 

I 

22-\t-19,9 

J 

06-12.1999 

10.01-2000 

2 

09.09-2000 

I 

28-09-2000 5 2 

26-10-2000 2 

2 

l0-lr-2000 

21.12.2@0 

t24 

l 

2{dcad)

CLUTCH AND BROOD SIZE 

RESULTS 

ln all. a total of28 clutch &d s ndv boods ofthe bm owl were record'd duing lhe 

Min breedins s6on 6 weu as ourside lhis period duiine fie three veds of$is $udv The 

clubhcs mScd in sirc fom I to 12 &d avdgcd 5 25 + 0 4?l (SE)- The N@gc b@d sz 

6 L l o r 0.3s9 (SE) (Table 2s). Duing lhe dh bradins scsn' the clut'h and brDod tircs 

u@ 5.?8 + 0.465 (SE) dd 3.62 a 0.3E6 (sE) (Tablc 29) In $€ 6vG clul'ha @tded odsidc 

lhe sain betlins Fen, lhe nMbd of .ssF dsed fbm I to 6 and !v'd8'd 2 6 + 0 829 (sE) 

or th. five chtches odv two didenced hatchins bll none of rhee chhks liv'd tong enoud to 

NESTBOXES 

Twenly{ix ncsr boxcs qft in$all€d at vdos lcalnid in the mlin sludv ad (Table 

I l). The ncar boxc i.sLll.d ar Ukb@ CRH (Site No 2) m ns'd s a btedins ne$ thrice 

duig th€ lasl l*o veds of this srudv, that is, !bo!r on€ y'{ afto being ilst'llcd (Plttc l) 

Boid.., ibe oql us.d thd moE @sl boxes fot @ni!8 gr!o* Thur 15% of th' tr61 boxes 

evid.med occlpadon by the owl. Onc nd box at Kot rhula Ys CRH (Site No E) dd 

eolher ar Mudh sal@hln CRH (sit€ No 4l) hdd beeo occupied bv tndisn RoUd (Co'aciols 

tdga?eair) and rllow alsps, EsFclivelv scvd oflhe "$ box6 wG siolo bv tlF ldtl 

Fople duting lhe lirsl ved ol tnsn idlUalion and n{o norc w not avsilsble to bm owl as 

$ey had bccn apprcPna&d bt ofier oBdisrns A toiql 6t 35% ol 1h' n6i box6 {de nor 

o rtt .*lr' enorrto tu"tor lhal d6ed€il mdtiot h@ 6 thc dislubdEe lhd $e 

""uit"Ul" 

l(al people &d espNiallv lhe voug bovs caused pGv€ndng fie owls ftom brceding A par 

thal lsed lhc nesl box inslalled at Te*ttini CRH (sit' No 2?) for sone dm' wa' forced lo qun 

n be.!w of Fldng lhc box eith sroms and o0s obi4ts Evd sone !" bouos sflus a 

n46 to $e owl evidened sinils rcis ofvddllisn 

125

iiiii *re" i" *, b.' .r ult&n cRH Ohoaosnph'd 

"r " d s'ehbd e 

20oo). bdy ora s. u d]lqqqElglggl:gl 

^d@d 

ts. Tn. h,, .1t,"* of.lut h of fi'e chicls Lftbe cRH-with tultv dd'loFd fe6l 

_- 'r 

lisr a"a aomv ptms. tphorosipb.dd Dc4b'r 2I 2000)

Pl.l. 19. Fod 5 clui.h ofsit .8g! in . Bt box .t Utb@ cRH, one .gg i! ni$ing ehil. 

dEshellofrmlh6@ist@t6(pholornd.ddruly 12,2000).NGof rhe 

A clurch ol sd .88! ar Thitdisdr CRtl ia r holtow 

{phoiosnphed on S.rt nber29, 2000).

Pl.r. 21. A clutch of six €ggs ir r hollow iD fiet ,.rpl€trt ne al S.LMl. CRH 

(photosrlph.d on O.tobd9, 200 1 ). 

PLr.22. A clurch of tue88sof the bs owlin a t* hollow.t Mudt 8.lEbs cRH 

Gnotognpt.ddocrobs5,2001) 

lt3

Tablc 28. The clulchcs ed $e broodr oI lh. bdr owl re@rd€d duing rhe @in h.eding 

gen as well d olrdde ir in rhe lix dBiricr3 of thc nsir sndy .E l@rd 

(c) sb.il'l'u 

d1 

Site 

T si 

1999 

2000 6 5 

2001 6 

2001 1 

t999 I 

t99 

2000 2 

2000 6 

2001 6 2 

2000 6 

2001 5 

1999 

2001 

2001 Fall 

lhoR CRH 2000 6 

2001 

t999 

2001 

199 5 

2000 

200r 2 

coj,a cRH 2000 3 

dl 

200r 5 5 

t999 

2000 I2 6 

2001 1 

1999 3 

,000 8 

2a 2E 

No E8stchkls 147 s7 

5.15 3.l0 

SE 0.473 0..t89 

t19

Table 29. Th€ du&h6 and $e boods offie bh o*t t@ded dutu8 rh. main b€.ding 

sqson in fi€ six d'slricis of$c nair study dF lmrcd i! pujab. 

1999 6 

2000 6 5 

2001 1 

1999 I 

1999 

2000 

2001 2 

2000 

200t 5 l 

t999 

200r 

(br. Jhrhg 3nd T, T, Slbsbdi*rict3 

20@ 

Iall 

l 

2001 Fall 6 

Muddwala CRH 

(c). Shciklupun distrt tl 

1999 8 

199 6 5 

2000 5 

2001 2 2 

2001 5 5 

I999 

2000 t2 

2001 8 7 

MochiwalaCRH 1999 l 

,0m I 

Clur.h 

2l 23 

l14 E] 

5.82 3,62 

SE 0.,165 0.422 

lt0

Tablc 10. clurches &d b@ds oflhe bhowl Ecord.d ouisid. lhe nain bFeding s.en Aoe 

rhe six disrricls oflhc main 

2001 

cojd cRH 2000 I l 

5 2 

tl 

2.60 0.E0 

SE 0.E29 0.51 

Ill

DIET DURING THE MAfN BRf,.EDING SEASON 

RESULTS 

The min bEeding s€etr of th. b6n owl polllation of lh. m.in sludy a@ €rrdds 

ftom de $cod h.lfof Augut threush Jeury wbil. som. b@ding acrivity B ds rcrd in 

Fom May though August rcdcnts pq€ more idetuively huled by lh. owls ihe w de 

how sbrcN (Tablc 32. Fig. 9). Pa$ Au8ur, the picrur€ wirh rcsp*t ro rhe diel of $e owl 

$.n€d chflginS !s the shrcws b.ga .ppering in tte dicr in ldEs numbd- This ptu* 

conilued ill D*ftb€r, pdi which tlrc poponion of sbes bege dclini.g &d tnat oi the 

@dcnts staned inpoving sibulid€ously. By M.y, th. rorlcnls outnmb€Ed the shds ond by 

Augusl thc se4al pocess was @nple!€d who th.y had rcniev€d muimum Dmedcd 

supcriorirr ovn th. shews. fts Ue owl deF.ded h.lvily on the shEs for ihe major p6n ol 

the min b|edinS son. It B dlrils rhis pdio4 lncn om io trc de.d (v.ry on@ 

daapiiated) hoa shEws B@ nquody foud in rhe owls r61s. CondFaion oI swar 

gldds on rh€ throat sd b€hind lhe ds is r€sposibl. for tn. chdctdisric ftuk pDdrction 

(Drydeb and Conaway, 1967). Perhaps for rbis Eaon the parmt rehoved the hcatls of $e 

shr.ws befoe offcring $d lo rhen chicks. Allhougl nuy radonal birds do not d lhe 

shPw (Rob€ds, 1994 yd n M rh€ nain $@ of ruuimc to th. bEediry owlr dd then 

dBtlings (Fig. l0). 

!ig. I I shos the r€lative sb$duce of sbr€$, rodcnts, blts and bitds io th€ di.t of 

rhe owl duling the maid breedinS seso and outside that p.riod. Ite houe shtq fomed o. 

lhe avfrgc ?7-6% of the owl s dier duing (h. mlh bcding tun a comFlld io 52% ou$id. 

lhh p..iod while, lh. mddG form.d about | 77. md l9%, Esp€.livcly. Thr* sp.ci6 viz. t4 ,ror'rgd 

d=63.4r. df= r, p < 0.or), I| rdM cf= r r.50, dl= l, p < 0.ol) lnd c, .llidi ll- t.36.df- L p< 

0.0 | ) werc bener .oNumed oubide the ndii brcediiS sffn lhd duins tlF main beding l.Mn 

D1

Table I L Anificial nesrs iBr4led in the pr€mis ofvdious c&at E$ holB ed 

in dE crepld4r adjafur ro rhcm. (-Ihe nst box6 *tr ini.Ld tio6 

D.enber 1999 thrcw[ Nov.mbq 2000) 

I Me.2l It 

2 Utbe CRH 5 

5 

8 

t4 Budla CR}I 

ll 

Md.23 

May.l0 5 

Me.2l 

Ma.2l 5 

May l0 

Feb.2l 

l 

Feb.2! 5 

Md.l0 

21 

t2 5 

3l 

l5 

Md.16 

4l 3 

Mochiula cRH 5 

45 7 

Feb.2l 3 

Hejght 

5 

5 

l 

3 

l 

l

DTET DURINC TI.IE MAIN BREEDING SEASON 

RESULTS 

Tle nain beding e6on of U. bm owl popubrion of the min study ma exto.ts 

Itod th€ *cond half of Augst thrcud Jau!.y whitc sme brceding &liliry ws al$ nol€d in 

Fiom May tbroueh Augut rcd€nrs wre norc inteneiv.ly huted by ih€ owls the ws rhe 

houe slnew ( fabl€ 12, Fig, 9) P6t Au8usr, the pictur. wiih respd to the .liet of the owl 

daned chmging as lhe shws b.ga appEdi.g h th. diel i. l&ger lunb€r This p@6s 

conlinued dll Decenber. pa$ which th. proponion of shrys b6gd dectiniig ad lhal of th€ 

@dents staned improvine sinllla€owly. By May, th. rc&nls o rmb.rcd rhe shcs dd by 

Aneui rhe Ev.@l ptucs B conptctcd ehcn rh.y bld &hieved msinM mu6i@l 

$psionty ov.. the slEs. IlrN fi. owt deFidcd hevity on dE shlws for lte mjo.Fn of 

the main bEeding s€en. lr B dlring ihis pdiod, wh@ ore ro i$! &ad (very ons 

depirakd) hoE shEs w@ filq@.dy foud in fic o*h, lcsts. Conederion of swesr 

slmds on rh€ ltnoar md b.hind ih. * is rcsFBibtc to, fic checrdisdc DNt pbduction 

(Drydeb ud co.away, 1967). Pelhlps for tnis tlen thc p@!rs cmoved rhe hadr of rhe 

shress befoE ofereing thm to lhet chiclj Ahhough nuy rapional bids do,o1d rhe 

sh@ (Robens, 1997) yel il qa $e main souce of nuirin.nr lo the b@ding osls ed tieir 

Fig. 1l sbows lbc elarive abundaDcc of shees, rcd.nts, bars dd birds in ihe diel of 

lhe owl duing the main breeding s@soo and oubide rh.t p€.iod. Ibe houF shEw fomed on 

$e avemee ?7.6% ofthe owl\

Tabl..l2. Monhly veadoB in th. Etrn€ .b!td!& ot pEy 'rtu in lb. F ds of 

ur b€m owl colltrled foh lsuqy !o9o rlwusn Dechb.r 2OOl The 

pellet smples for .eh of lhe rl&. ys l4 lhped Donth-wi*. (M = 

nmbdofpeuels; n = n@ber of prcy itetu in M.) 

M=to9 M=240 M=4ll M=216 M= 7t6 M=45 

35.6{6181 n !267) 561(Jgtl stt{l79l Jt.l(26l 

65 5(1501 51.3{179) t7 |t6) 

0.3(l 

0jrtl 

0_ll2) 

r,J(,6) l0li69) Jr,qrot ,t3:0aa) 2&J(t ) arJtJr) 

2 r(r5) 2.o(10) 6 5(14) 5.r(t7) r.0(r) 7.r{5) 

I t{24} 81(r9) 8.5t261 

I.7 2) t.8{6) | 0(5) 2.(?) 7.(5) 

Lt(3) 1.5r5) 2 3(r2) 1.306) I t(41 1.4{l) 

| )(4) r05(5t r7..4O8) r0.t(I) 7.(s) 

I x8) 4.1(3) 

0.4(]) r_5{5) 1.5{5) 2.X9\ 1.4(r) 

0-3{t) 

r.(r0) t,2I4l 2l{r2) 

0 9{t) 02tl 1.2{4) 0.7(2) 

l. t(6) t.316) 

0.(21 0.2(l 

2 X2) 

142 326 307 70 

t34

M- I7l M-37 M=lll M-222 

f,3.0 (33) tT.xtzl l,L6(lll) 70.6{t21r 

3r.0{r3) t7.91t21 s4.6(8)) 706n27) 

oe{4 tqr) 

r.t(2) 

5&0(sn Jrr,|!)r l3,t(3al 

6.1(r4) 2 0(2) t Sil J.3(5) t.(r) 2,217) 

lt.0(15| .] o(2) J rrr) | 7(]) 

I0{l) 3.0/2\ 9.9{rt) 4 4(8) 

l,0t) t.0(J) 

6.1(ro t.(5) r0 1(?) 2 0(, r 70) 1.2(B) 

2.215) 2 (2) 3.0(2i 2.{Xl) 1.7(.t) 0.t(l) 

2 7l6J l3(5) 

2.0t2) t. (2) 

2t.(X21) r.q6) t.()t 

3.(X31 :9(9) 

t7 0(t8) 6.0t61 1.9(t2\ 6.(lr) 2.4r) 

tt0 

lll) I52 l&) Jl! 

llt

Fi& 9. Moidly Ei.ti6 i! lh. lelldve abultd.rcc of fou mjd pF oLgdi6 oft* b.n 

owlofdE mid srdy 'a 

I9 

I 

I 

tf 

i(D , 

ol 

ao 

"l\ 

iDl 

t0 

0 

|' 

D6 

\,

Fig. 10. Diel of th€ bm oel popdation of ih. min study 8ea dding il! @in ba.ding 

sen (Ausun- Febtudy) ud oln sitL this pdiod. (MBS, min brE€din8 !€eni 

OMBS, owsidc mb beding st&n.)

Fi& I l. Cq|tihnd of ttE EiN FsI s?.cF to0E dicl of lb. t.lr ort!ofo. !||i! sodv 

Ar.rduinsibtri!bl.rdilg!G@n(Au€d-F.t .ty)udo$!id.lit!D.riod 

Gi,rRS, dh kr.dirg s; OI{BS, outit dh hi..di$ !cft,) 

I a 

et:-raflrrj 

-----:-_-----1 

ttt

tfs(JLra 

Two oftb* $€ci6 yiz M 6ood€a ltd G .llro{ 8rr.r![t col-i- stblr!& ed 

ad&.!t crcplrdb in my 3ndy dr{Robtq 1997i Brna 1992), {lil. i 'o n b !.rkrly 

dfined vilLg*, ftrn hou66 sad oih.r bud!! dr|lllia83 rd.r.ot ,n lh. ruEl lms 

(Muh!taq-ul-H!s6, 1997, 1998). P! E!, olbidc lh! nolEal hldilg pdiod tt owl 

139 i-

gtxqrtEqvr 

A$CUSSION

IIABIIAT 

DISCUSSION 

The bdn oql is hi8tlly 0criblc vi6 Gpet to its hdilrt (B|&rd, 193; HoE, 1963i 

Sshon&ld and Girbig, l97t; Bod6M dd deBruijn, 1976i Shadock, 1976j KaN, l9?7; 

BN.r a/.. 1982: B@ts4 l9E0; decr@t 1983; Julli.d dd B.@! l98l; Colvi!, 1984i 

Pilula rt /, 1984iBaudvi., l9E6; Wilsoo er d/., 1986j Millsp dd Milkap. 1987; Shaq.a 

1987; Fry c, ol, 1988i Trylor, l9l; siv€rio, l9"l; Taylor. l99l; R6d.q 1998). k ba. 

poie ial for high rcproduiivity (Covin, 1984i Mani, l9E8). Ib hnbir !o eptudoce 

polygmously is als ! hbif€st ri@ of i$ opponuistic dispositid (Madi, | 990). Trr* trlic 

nBt hale h.lped the owl in €xploiiing the cheg.s tbal oclftd in the lmdsape of th. 

tropic.l thom plains of Pujab 4d dry Nb'trlpi..l $hi{q8rrtr *rubland ofeulhesffi 

Baluchht n following the introdudion of cmal iriCrted agdcdtE. App@ndy thc hon owl 

is doins well. !r lqs! in the aelD@systm of thc Indu plti6 *lrF hllm h.bitatiots, th. 

trced farmlonds, $e foresl planldtion fld scillblmds togalFr prclide a divebny of food 4d 

nesling opp.nuiri.s. Howevcr, thft e c.filin f&tm 0!t st@ ro linil the owl popolalid 

ol Ois sludy d.a: ( I ) as lhe p.opl. corsidd th. owl fl oho of bld lu.k, n is b.ing .bhoned 

dd FEeured sv.rly, (2) th€ urent bod of Glling old te both i. rlE ru.al ard ub.n 

$itines is d.p.iving thc owl of ils nestile sit s, lnd (l) intcNivc w of peslicides cspecially in 

the cotton bclll of the co$try mig]|t have b.cn.freting tt owl Frdltlm advcEclt ft.* 

de ene of $e prcbl.fts thar .*d io be invcsiigried in turuE. 

LOCALITY RE"AJ-IED VARIATIOIIS IN DIET 

The di€ts ofrh.lhE local populaliohs ofthe b6m owlofthis study were at v&id4, 

Th. owl population of lbe min nudy oe dhibiLd a sftng d€Fndme ont uu,M 6. 

solre ofnutrinenl (Table 12). Howcv€r, rcdenls w als inporlanl conpoDqts of ils dict

DISCUSSION 

heE. Thc owl population inllbiting th€ cr.l-irigaled fms of B8lDwalnagd, leal.d ar ihe 

cd8. of Choli{an d*rl d€p.nded on S drrt6, bi.dr lodots &d herFtil.s for its food; 

birdi b.ins & inportant pEy nd Oable Il). FunlE qcsl. Nud Usta MulMm.d of 

dislricl J.rerabad (aaluchblaD), ode s beme $e chief pr.y it 6s, *t'ile houc anGw 

playcd $e ole of a mimr fod p€y. AlMg dE b

DlscussloN 

Eladvely h@vily (CarF er a.d Fall, 1967; Bud€q 1974; Bell@q, 2000i Bosc and cuibali, 

200D. 

The odbarion of the bm owl dicl dau fion vdiou ltudv siies (- spling uits) oI 

$e min srudy ea in the sFicd hlTqspe. (Fig 8) sres6i.d thil ilE ctoppils p.ttem &d 

tn€ conposition of the teail mmhd codmunilid in lh. cstd inS;ar€d dgNcNvsten of 

diffdenr (ological b.6 w nol e ircly

DISCUSSION 

Thee chdges i! the pey inport n€ *E rl.t d lo abud{e and ercou|eobilitv of lhc 

food peyt thal in tu weE Flated 1o thc prevt rcpnd@tilc cvcles dd th' chdg's in 

legehdon colq of rhe laft mds Such opponunhiic hudng bv bm o*k diclar|d bv the 

rlalive obundanc. dd encodrctabiliry of $c PGv ilens h4 ben eponcd bv a nMb€r of 

vo eE (c.g. W.her,1973; Mani.l97ZiDrM et al lg?A;Baudvir! l9E3; dcJong' 1983; 

Colvin, 1984: Cdpb.ll e, rl, 1987; Bbh, l98l; Bdhoe @d Boal' l96i d.l Cstt, 

1999i Bo* dd Guidali, 2001; Debrot er o/., 2001 ). 

Mosl of the snall mamals of eiral Pujab &d particultlv lhose rPccnled in thc 

oqh' dicts bre.d round tbe yed .x€pl foi lwo io th$ @lder monlhs of ih' veari the 

exccption being M '6././,r (Rda ond B!8, 19?6) i dxd (Mushaq-ul_HM tt41,197) 

ard N /r/i.? (M.A.Bce" 2004. P6. Comm ). Cnncollv, thtv c.8 lo brc.d loh thcnd of lh' 

Novcmbe. tomid-FabnEry bul lhe du{ion of this Piod of E?lodwlive qli.$me vMd 

fton y€d to yd depotling on the wany ofih. *ntes.In. mrml vd i 'miw ht'dilg 

talcs place iton lale winrer dnoueh midaFine (B.s dd Ajmal, 1977r Khm ed B'g' !901 

Beg ard Rana, l9?8i Bes a al.. 1981, 1983, 1986) Duins wj.ter md sFin8, thc whcal fields' 

which covc! more tbm 60% of tbe lotdl cultivatcd led in enlral Punjab' pbvid' cxcdive 

covq ed abuddt f6d b ln€ rcdc s. FoE APlil througb @lt Mav' 0r *h"l @P s 

hdesled. Belorc hfl€sting of th. cmp, dE voung od@ts ndi comin8 oot of dE Mlod 

bmws for lodSrn8 dd nay fatl pEy to pEdllo6 ircluding rhe bm owl Enigntion of 

ditrcrcnt odent populalioE tom tlE whldt fi.ld! begiN airded 1iD6 evcn bcfoE ih' 

np.ninsof$edop(BesodRnna l9?EiYs..n, l9?9iSryd i98l;Be8,€ral' 1983) Bur 

Le'gdlsrrir, b€ing l&eely $bt€tued sd a good hoard€r ot rhe eeds (Chakabonv' l9?7:

DlscussloN 

Ubaidulkn d a/., l9s9) srays in th. hNdted *hear fi.tds ior varvi'e l€ngths of tine As suc[ 

ir Fdtes iMlf wlne'lble io th€ pF{tation when ir t€ws thc h4st€d whar liclds for @vd 

ed food opponuiri6 Ttis P.rht's qPlsi$ whv rhis d' ortrldbcred dF olhd mEids in dE 

spdns dier ot rhe o*l (Fi8 6c). 

The pedod cxrending aon Mav ro nidJulv b Bually hot dd dry dl ovq the plains of 

Pujab. ve8ctation co!4 i! s6tv €ven i. th' @plalds rt is thc time whdr @ditnenl of 

mo$ of the youog bids ad Mnals lo thet esFctive populations htes pl&e (Taber er 4/ 

I 96?r Robens, 1991. 1992. 1997). 11 qs duing lai€ spring wher the poportion of vomg bitds 

ed mm@ls begd to indese in the did of $e owl md petk in sumq diei 

The biolic poie.ti.h of S tr,6 is low s conFred b le rodmt poPuLlioM ihit 

aff*t the villages dd mtleds (R@ ad B'A l9?5: Ilnt tral ' l9?7 1981:B'8ddAjbal' 

I9??i Beg md R na l9?Ei Sneil e, al., 1980; Kha ed B'& 1986; B!8' l9E6; Mushtaq_ul' 

Hass .t zl., 1998, 1999) The lr.pong dal! of olii lrrdv nom huod habilalioE Nprdds 

anl *rubb4s show.d thar .hhoqgh $c shres s lhe l€'$ ablndel in all the sn'dlnpp'd 

splcs. )€r n ov€dh€ldioglt oulimb€Ed all th' o$d food Pcvs it the di't of lhe bm 

owh of rh€ m.in nudv aGa h ws only in $e sMDer s6on wh€n rodents' oat loo s I 

Sroup *e€ belter . en lh& lhe shew (Figs 4 &d 5) For $ne llsn th' oql pt€fcr'd lhe 

house shr{ over all lhe Prcv it€ns aY'ilablc lo il in the studv d'a Bul' the owls PI feMce 

for the shEw Ndlened durins he slUmd slen *hd in the md@t PoPulatior voug dd 

Eive iodiliduh w.re hid EPrcsrd iho at @y othd tine of the v'5 dd the t'gedlon 

@vd ws eee U(|rc th.e ciamstan@s, &' bd'tfs mighl h!t' ben profuble food 

pE s to th€ owls At orh€r rin$ of lhc y@, llF slld sbould hav' ben ! noE Nt{n@ti*

DISCUSSION 

pl€y lhh th. rcd€lts- The pFpondcl@c of $e shtw in rh' di€t of $c owl sb P.d!!6 

rclared io irs relaliv.lt bctei .nootenbilitv The hoE shEq like ihe bdt owl is cl@ly 

clal€n to nm. It fodgcs boldlv in ad Nud lhe hulrlln dwlin!' sd elesdd 

Funhemore. il is i! lh. h.bn of b.mvitrg iB pren@ bv dinirg sltriu chin'dry squeors 

sdile il n hu.ting or h dgeg€d in in|EsFcific 'n@ub rvlilc lh' sluw is lh€ no't 

pltGrFd prey of th. o*ls ot rhe tuiD snrdv ar.'" ene n9lontl birds do not €r il bdtw of 

is Nrry odow (Robens. l9?)- 

Like t t,t d, rtt tu.da affer.d boft hud blbit'los and 

'rAldds 

in 6!rl 

Pujab ouhumbqi.g lhe foro in bolh fie habiials (Nd €r ai l97; Mushtaq'ul-H'!$ .' 

41. 1998, 1999), yct n fod€d ! Elstivelv @all psDoitd (2 57') of the owls' diet (Ilble l3) 

I ra,,rr, whict havily infencd $. vilLg6 ed fm bous of the cdnl hrjtb (Mshrq- 

ulH6sm 4 al. 198, 199), 6 rcpEer&d in rhc dier ofrhc ban owls in a nuch sulLt 

poponion fia! $c hous shF* This 6t, being m inddr 5Fci6 in the tuin stldv @ and 

.ts.sbft in Pujab v6 6.fin d lo hue d*tlinSF ed ihe imediate swurdinss (M A- 

B.& 2004. Pc6. Com ) lts low rpt*nlalios h tlF pclLrs oft\e o*4 nish bc snributed lo 

its indoor dispcftion (Toble I l) 

DIFFERENIIAL PREDAIION 

The value of diff@.l pFv itcms of thc did of lh' owl @ b' @mFond noF 

dalislicdly by bulk rathd $e bv the numh€t of rht ncms (Bucklcv dd Goldsirh' !95} 

PEy s.l4rion by bah owl dep€nds upon 6 nunbq of f&tofi which inchdc tlE si* sd 

nunilive value oflhe of $e prv (vdelo et al , 1994)' abitiv of thc PEv ro Noid caPl!rc (Lrn 

l9?2i rols. 1985), aclivitv potletr of tbe prcy affecting Pslalo'prcv €ncoultN (Heddck d'

DlsclJssloN 

d/., l9s9). concealing mloualions (Kiufrtu. l9?4) dd thc q &d age Elared vul@bilirv 

oflhe pEy (LonSland ed r.nrint, 198?) 

The blh owls oi my study eas ate hainlv snall @als viz shr€ws and, lats dd 

nie. Most oldE mrs elt€n by lh. ovl wE flirlv ldgd itr size the tk steq Th' btb wk 

of ihe $udy e@ exhibitcd a tcnd.dcy of swilching ov{ frcm a F€domi@llt 't 

u rirs d'ct 

ii fall. vinlcr ad gFnd pan of lhc sFing lo ! drel domiBt€d bv nts ed ni4 duing btc 

sFing od sumer. Pey swilching Nd . pheno@n thlt indicated o inEre Glalio'ship 

b.t@o pEy irm ov{ dme (On ni €rzt,1972; vd-vq6., u? ' l9l) Th' phenootun 

had ben repolted to be i! bm owl populations thal oncotrsted on one or a few speies al 

on€ ime od swiched ro dolhq as availabihv chdeed (T!vlo.' 194)' 

A nMbet of facios @!ld have b€en EspoNiblc for naling thc hose shFw $e nosl 

of fie favounE f@d P€y ofihe borns owh ofnv snldv !@ Th'* felos iieht iNlude iis 

noisy inta{p@ies &d is loiasing behsviow eilwcing pcdmtl'prcv eMotcs (Robens' 

f 9r) and iB noderalr My siz. Th. tnP sGc* io. S- 'u'ru sn A wba'la 962l.h 

dd 1.4%. r.spectively lNpite of th.it los Ebuds.e S ,oi'^ ed X keltada vtr\ am8 

body Eisl|l of 49 8m ald 59 gm fonned about ?4 1% {d ?% of lhc did of dE hdnn owl 

(T.ble 2l dd 22). Loryer sp€cies like R ratw Nn T indica, which which had ben 

considered ore of fi. mosi @hnon rodenls of Palisbn (Robats, l9?7; Musl tq-ulHas"' 

l99l). roftcd jul 1.7% sd 3.9% of the ovh diel AppMtlv $c owl Pref€ncd mediw 

si2e.t eiDdh lite t 'uitd dd /C. ,e/bdd. T[e lalter sp.ci6 B P'ldomift 

ofthe Ldk&! (Kh&. 1996) dd Us|a Mdmnd owl popll.tion (-I'bl' 13) 

in the dicls

DISCUSSION 

Ditlercnti.l p!€d.tion bv ihe owl on voug od.'ls hs besr report'd bv Leki€ ( | 95t' 

Bbs {d Twies (t9?l), rdk ed Khok[d (1976), B*l|cv (197D' r'nglard ad Jcn*ins 

(1987) dd llle (1991). The bam owts of the Pt6nl stlllv am loo 'xnibit lhj5 t'trdcncv and 

pdlare difrcmdally @ jMile d! Thc dlt pcf@@ fd tbc juMil6 ot rh' lesd 

spdies nish havc b..n on !@dt of lhcir sntll4 siz' and tec Eltted wln6bilitv to thc 

p|qladon. Howder. th. owls would pcrer la.gd spdi6 ir th'v *G 4ilv available At 

Komsi. R fand l# prcfentd dq s nti's sd M 66dlus (Robens' l99l) Th€ ban 

owls do mt cns ldg.r prev ilm3 sEh 6 tan'r rifugtru lhal wieh'd up to l70g 'nd 

yous O/rlrolas!.t .!ttc!rd wigltidg lo0g Pdidcd 

cfrdilc (Motis, | 970i Glw. l9?4) 

REPRODUC'IION 

oEv *@ 6ilv luilable ad @st 

Bd owls N higblv flqiblc in lhe @ of !'sl lilcs' $lich e filqenilv found in 

nuioni.alqt lNtls.rFs (Bm er a/. 19E2: Mtni' lD2) Th' owls havc high biotic 

polenrioh and shon lifc spon, Ilaing 4 Fel6ted life histdy statcgv (Colvin d ul l984i 

Marri. | 99?). An av€mg€ b@ osl life spd is l6s $& rto vs (Sl'*€r! 1952; Ketu' l9E I ) 

dd commo.ly breeds al o.. vd of ag' (Bum atid Vdbrslon l9TT: Colvi'' l9E4) ond 

pDducins two or do n@ breds pe )tu (l' on' 1984; shulz dd Ydsuda 1985r Baudvin' 

l9?9). 

'nE bah owls ol my nain sfu(tv !@ s"o o tdd aloosr remd thc vcd b most of 

rhc brccding tttes pt4. duing th. pdiod exrcodinS Aod lhe taLr half of Aug6l b leu{y 

In dF penisuld M.la'6ia nesrile dcs vd $dd (lolon' l9E4) Even in |enFBre &ne

DrscussloN 

si.E Seneratly the o*l b.giN cting in.elt spring, resring @y cN in lhe winr( seen 

(sleMrd. 1952: walt .r dt, 1999). 

Duing ihe gMld Fn ofthc ceg t.ying Pdiod 

(qAich ext€nd€d ftom nid_Arglst 

thtuugl Ocbber) mddts fomcd & impottant cohpondr of $c diet of the b@ osl Gablc 

l2). Afis seplenb€r, dE 6p!or t4m. strongly pafiial to sbrcM dd rcoain d $ lill Jeu.rl 

wben alnosi all the yomg wft fledged. Yolng bm o*h e knom lo lwin it the cde of 

iheir psenls ror no€ ttid tm monihs affd being fl.dsed (Oreni s, 4/ , l9?2) Tlu!, bv the 

tio€ the youg owls ofny sludy trea w.r€ omPl.lcly oo theii om, they had cohPs€tivelv 

le$ conp€litiv€ envnom€ *ith Bpel to food duing M@h_s€ptedbd {hen ln@ *a ! 

surf.n ol rc

DISCUSSION 

s|udy @ should Nr b. a poblm 10 lhe incublring or brcoding poi6 Duins l[' @ld{ 

mo.ths ofrh. yed lhe o{b hld availablc lo tlEo ctadklv longcr hoting hou6- To asid tb' 

ag6silc frobbings of ||re cos (CoM lP/€t&6), lh' @mon nrv Q'ridothtris trktisJ' 

rhe o*-ri.8ed Pa!.let (Prtracdd i@@r), &d bl!'l dDngo (Di'@ adnitinits\' tE 

bdn owl Msir.d in&tve $d slan

DISCUSSION 

tlE dislribudon of ene sball ndmals. Fot .xdpl., A,,1d e'.B.a vhich ha b.en 

Mrderd frcm Mdd@d (N\\IFP), Sidkoi (Pujab), ft@ Mal4 motth of llds n€ 8nd 

Hub riler lall.y or fie lowd sindl (Robeas, 1997), is a !€w eord for 6tr 1 PuFb The 

f@d data hs aho con6med lhe pr€sne ofs n,ri,rr in Bah'walmgar (ec Rob€rls, 1997) 

s well as ol ext nsion in its Dtrge to solth.sLm Baluchlsls. 

whilc Tabc..r ar. (1967) failcd ro c^.i Badicon be,sote8it in 2200 tzp trighrs 

Iion ougnl! tlE ssne a@ which fms my nain $!dy arE.. n 6 rcporl.d bv Btg and Khm 

09s4) ro b. pHe rheE in ldse nmbe6 in @ly 1970s -Iris,6 wcll 3s tbe addiftnal 

infomadon given by snier a al. (19?8) ud Beg md Khe (1984) indicales lhal de €fs 

g€ogaphical wge hd btu .hrtgjng hpidly ovet the l.sr 80 yts. TIr p€sdt stlrdv 

indi@r€s th.t ir hs nov @hed e'nnn Pujlb &d euh{alrem Bdlcl*nt d wU. 

Xar,r r.rada sB lo be mrher spei6 *nicl lras ben bpidly dPddug iis @8e 

in dr culdvauions of Pujab. Mt d!l.! on in food of ihc bm owl shos th.t X t.l,add hd 

sched souih-.aslen Baluchi$@ doud Usu Muhasnad fton wheF n wd not reportcd 

e&lier. This rar n quite conion in this l@alily, fommg about 54vo of th. di€t of fie bm owl 

(Table ll). Howver, about 100 t€s a8o it wss momon iD AtuiLs Egio! of hdia 

(uoyd. t909). snich is ml 6r fron ny Min nudy a@ froD *h* Tab.r e/ a/ (l%7) 

@llded only r*o s!6in€ns of rhis El. Th. btlh at (G,lro'dd.Ibrt hlt b.cn Eod.d for 

th€ fi!$ line fom coEal Pujab, thd*s lo th. bm ovl. 

ANTI-RODENT ACTIVIIIES OF TIIE BARN OWL 

The brh owl cmot be efldtive in innibiliog th€ pst nts ed hic. of agicuhr. in 

ny min study @. Thc e[odmt erivirics of lh. bqh o*l h.ve app6antl! m adv.e

Tlblc 33. M@ cbtch atd b@d si4 oflh. bm owl poPulstid Aon diftMt p.ns ofdE 

*o.ld fiom hrehest to lowsl, (s€e Msni, 196 for Ef.E e ) 

(.) Md!!!!r!-!4 

Mrli 

Mali 

1.11 

6.6 

6.0 Baidvi|L 1975 

5.25 

One'ie' al.,1912 

2.9 

5.45 M.ni,l997 

4.6 

3.8 

Ll 

wil$n.ral,l9!!

DISCUSSION 

impact on rhe rodent Populations on dcout oi (l) th. pFlicc of multimpting sltich tcaull 

in $. der€lopmed of a noMic s'stcn {,r@ ! vdietv of cbps povide thc por.cnve @vq to 

rh. rcd@rs ior the srtarcr pd of lhe ye, ed (2) the ftct tle th. hoe shrw codpeLs Bucn 

b€ttd tbm the rodenb for lhe bam owl giing th€ nuids inpsitv asabsl th€ EPtot HoB'v€r' 

by bringing hoE o*l .ens dd d4per inro fie creplads bv i'stallitg n6t box6 &d 

providins peEhes st st at gic Poinlr in th. ficlds lhe Pr.d$on P6@ o' lh' rcddts F y be 

e.hdced considqably. tt the noeic .rcpping svstem of the main study @a' sug& cs aid 

shat ields aE ftequendy plt*d side bv side; the cs€ fields e h4vilv infcsled {irh B- 

b€n8.lesis. R. nellada and M. mu*ds (8.8 atld Rda, l9?8: ysi'n 1979, g'8 et al ' 1979i 

Sniet pr a/.. 1980). Duidg tall ed winter, th. 61s md mice infesting the cme fi'lds visi fie 

adF@t wnedi neu! lo f€ed on rhc s*ds, $edlinss dd ilLs (Khe tt al 1980) Ilte 

per of thc owl ar sEh Pl.c m.v IEb n i! irc@ing iL food e$u6 Sidldlv' i' rhe 

iall ed win.r, th€ bdndioot tlis stav in lheir blms l@Ld in th' h'n€sted c@ ft'lds ror 

laryi.g lensths of tim. (Ulaidullab ?r a/ , 1969) b.foe nierding lo thc whcar field' H"€ is 

doths opporlunity whcn lhc FB apPsenrlv hav b.comc 6v ta4pis fd lh' owl Du_i 

s6rnM ( 1998) poien baited sugd c4 iclds for abour a Gk in Oclobd &d Ua l8ai! in 

late D*enbe io rid the cme c.op of the lats dd nice befoe thev *ould nove lo 1he wheal 

fields !o pludcr md eprodue lhcrc inletrivelv As ! Esul!6en wD a sie fi@t Eduction in 

od.nr d,ndg€ to crn mP ed mE sierifidilv to tb' *hc!t dP Sotu impotllrl p61 

sp€chs suh 6 A ,etSalerrir' X tuLt&ta andT. indho @8e Ep'oducing duinS tlE late fall 

dd pan of qinter. Th€F odoc de ihc nucles poPulttio6 Posesing 

lhe hiSh cFoduciive 

potcnliats (8.& ed Ajdal, l9??: Cdva and Gupi4 l9?-7: Khtt! 1982i Khon snd B'& | 984)

DFCrItSlOlr 

A &rtic rtirnils &m of tbd potddi@ i! !€.d.d D.&t! 6.t 8!t t tue lo diF$ 

oycr lh! vrst ft! und.r th! stu l cF!, d(Ploit thc lhlndst hod !E!o!r!. tld llFrodu" 

qrloliydr. In . pbc. lit Ulrt Mtur4 citdc it. hc. !a!te it FE r. b !e'll 

nutnb.t!, ibe o1fb r.!y b.4ddnS 60r€ fltsur. d ft! loded ldplltliolt 6d al tt'y in 

tlit

ga$IEqvII 

SUeilgvtAW 

154

SUMMARY 

lhis study oi bu o{l (r/o a/b4 rrel/e6 Hden) M\ cmicd oul i'on Dsenber 

i999 fi.ough NoYenbs 2OO2 lnitiallv the studv da co'sist'd oI four sub_ar@' lhfe of 

snich $erc located i. the povbce of Punjab sd one in lne prcvince of Balahi$a b Ue 

sub-@a I and 2, six dnricb of cdtral Pdjab (viz Hafiabad' sh€itnlpu6' Foisalabad' 

Jhdg, T. f. Singh ed Okad) wF included Ther€ being no dilfeme in $e diels of b'm 

osls of $cse lvo sub_deas, thev wcr nqged to fom one sub-d'a call'd $e md'n sludv ea 

The sub-dea 2 conpthed $e culdvatd aca 4odd Bahawlnagd in southcm Pojtb while 

sub-aea ] wd l@aled in the so h'astco part of Esluchisld eund Uso Muhamntd 

A lotal of 4? os/nesi ol $e bdn owl w6 lGaled in fie nain $udv aEa b'foc 

skning the study in D*enbs I99 Of the 4? sites' 2l (lI ftm Fastlbod distrid fow 4h 

from Hanabad ed Jhmg dhsicE, nro tus SheikltuPM di$dd dd one 4ch fom T T 

singh ed okara dislicls) {€E thc mtin f@i of 6v studv on thc die! food pEv pered6 

dd eprc

SUMMARY 

idenrili€d to rhe sp{i.s level: s .ik ed C ellioti w.E re@dcd fom the main study er 

Bilds {lvl') and ih*ds (7%), which lomed a sigiic Pan ofowk oa sub-da 3 

wr absent rom ttre diet of owlt' of strL@ 4. The birds (4.2'ld, helFrild (0 2%) &d 

inscis (0.I %) co.tribuled ve.y little the diet of owls of th. mi! sludy fta 

Of lh. 2l sri.s ot the min study d, 20 sE on lhe pmi*s of caul et ho!* 

lo.at€d on fie bants of $e majo! inieaion cfl5ls. nE house sttr€* (s. tktrd wa 

aptlgted in tbe Fll.t mpt6 ion all lh€ 2l sit4r in which it's |llaive abutdde vei.d 

frcn 41.4% ro 86.2% ard arcraged 65.6%. The 6ll md mi* wre ale tpssnted in rll tle 

23 @ples mouli.g for ll.svd ro 4?.lol. of lne owl dieB; tlE lvdge Droportion bcing 

27.8%. Bars were Eorded fron 12 sit sdpl.s in which their ptoponion mged non 0.I% to 

13.3%; thc avdg. b.iog 2vo. Birdt *!a rcpNnt.d in 20 sne mpl6 in which lh.ir 

proponion !.nsed fDn o.lvo ro 25.@/" and aftt^C.d 4.2%. Overall, hcQ€tiles (ovelage 

pororrion 0.1%) dd in*cls (avemee prcponior o.lvo) wE epllgted i. lh@ ed r*o sitc 

Seasnal variadons in lh. di.t ofuc o*ls ofth. mlin sl'rdy ,F 9w didenl. Duins 

the wirtcr eeq,l ruo6 wa este. int.tuiv.ly foming 7?.7% of lhe lolll diel. lt M 

.otrmed slighdy l$ inldsircly in fall (7l.01/o), l$ i. spri.g (54.E%) ed th. le.n duing 

the sulms lMn (26.9./d. The ssoMl ri$ od fall in thc absdane of shd m dt€nd€d 

by u invero. potbn of ris {d flll i. tlE abu.d.ncc ofl|lc non{hEw f@d iGc td esFci.lly rh. 

nl5 sd micc Amorg rh. rcdenf fdd lr..ys R. nehado. ltib tpD. nd B. b.,9,/r,rit in snmmo rnd 

tlll, *eE dr hd consum.d fdd. Oifi.Ent tyFs offonging h.bi6 ofrh. bm o*l viz. do0!.ndi 

viuag6 md famlouss, a foBt pldbdon, r endy @ with dues dd $rubldds

SUMMARY 

*erc sMp taPp€d ior small ndnals specinens ofa bensdlehsi! R tutt6 R nelhnq 

Mr! spp, f indi.a, Gqbillus cl^d.vi S ndin6 ald s eT 6"r wG c'u8ltt 'IrE rap 

su@s for s ','id ws row (0.817t d @mptrd 10 fial of x ran6 (325%)' R ne(da 

ll.g4vo), f,i.e \2.2@ ), 8 bensoL6x (t 5V ) 6d T t'dtca 0 2?%) Bui' th' €n@uonter 

lalue (ei) for S. iu.inus ss hish (l 0OO) as @np&cd to fiar of R rctM (0 039)' R re'ad' 

(O.l1l). mic€ (o.OlO), 4 ,e,8aldas (0 074) and I i'r'ica (0 002) Thus s /oim wa tb€ 

oosr c!9rur€d lood PGy of $e o*l Eldiw ro i|s abund4' wDinSlv d@ lo $ldliv' 

Fejltonof th. oqt on the sal nd@h'nE owlspdlt'F ster'd ih'shd6lhelfu 

souce ol $ct.urime in fi€ nain sludt dca s it wd th€ nosl cosl'ffedve of 

'l 

dE food 

pley species in rhe Eain studv dea. Irs bidr e'countef fFquenci€s' medium bodv siz a'd its 

hnbil offe€ding in th. oFn pe aF da& n m$ vun'Ebl€ b o*l tedatior 

Assfl ot lhc analt nrmal PEv on fie basis of lhcn bion6 hishlieht' fie 

inpotudce of sEh largc{irc.t ois 6 B btngale6is' R ntta' N indLta Nl T' indica 'l\e 

poponion of biomtss of the shew 10 lhe di.l of the bs ovl declin€d lo 59% $ coDparcd lo 

iB nm@cal proponion of 66% wnib lhe conbin'd prPonion of ratt dd nice inprcved bv 

.bout l2vo. Tnc small€r prcv ir.m ssh d lh. mie losl then imF dc€ a food ews 

The pict!rc offtc diet of thc o{t! of !ub_@ 2 viz Ballwai6gs w $ne whal 

difiqenl frch tho$ of the nain sludt dea {ith r$p41lo the Prcponions ofth' house shEs 

(59%), bids 09%), dts dd nicc (13%) and i €ds (7ol') Aoons thc ds dd mice' -[,' 

n6tu!6 (3.4v), M boo.luaa (2.Wor' R neholla (r'1o/o't N indi'o (t sv,) B bensal'$it 

(t-zro\, R tot& (r'M\ std1] ivli@(o.2%) wG cars in rhis s!tslM Thc ptoponion otlhe

STJMMARY 

house shtr w6 (?0 4ol") id ti. wintd dis *hil. in sPri'g sunet and fall irs Pbponion m 

41.90h, 54.4'/n &d 51.9./0, Esp*ively, whil€ th€ propotio.s of rats dd nice in lx's 

easnd diels ws l 7 6010. 5 4% 20 60l" dd 16 Opl", ed thal of lh€ bitds ws 12 oplo' 42 3%' 

ll.2% ed 2l.l%. respechvelv The suDnq diet ol ibe 'wl qd dillec fon the other 

ssns. s dunng lhis *a$n owk l'lded 10 consme $e vdou ercups 

ofprcv rcN nor€ 

deolyr the poportioN of the hoB slww ode s' bst!' bir& sd b1ts beins 54 4v0' 20 6vc 

18.4%. I I 2%,4.Crolo and

fom thd wond wcek of s.plembd tilllhe €nd ofNovedbd Fledging of th€ voug 

SUMMARY 

owls ws 

@mpl.ted by.ldury Of all th€ n€sting an.oPls nad' ouldde th€ Min br"dinr s6on' none 

qd found to b. s@esfll Thc clulch si4 tu8€d fom I ro 12 ed atn8ed 5 25 * 0 473 

(SE). The aledge bMd siz ws I l0 + 0189 (SE) ofthc clutch€s F@dcd ouGid' lhe mn 

bddins *Nn. onlv lm €vid.ned h!tchi'8 bur mrc of dEe chicks lived lons cmngh lo 

fledsc. The o*k depetdql hqvilv on the hoM shEq fo' major tan of |het @n bcding 

*@n i! the main srudv a!.a S!@..- @i46 w lhs rh' Mjn sow of nuuinot lo $e 

br.ditrg owls dd thcit nes0inss. 

Keeping i! vi.w the pducilv of nesdng snss' 25 nest boxes vet ins$lled in the 

.opleds lo pblide subblc nesiing sites lo rhc owl Onlv fout (15ol') scrc o@upi'tl bv the 

owl while ni.e (15%) wE not avaitable lo ihe o*l as fi€v *€rc either stolo or wrc o@flql 

by th. other einals. The nesl box inslalled al Ukbatu CRH ws used tluice for bredt'ns one 

Thc bam osl ale h€lped to !pd'G (he di$ributronal dses of Imv sn'll mmrals 

th.t have chdg€d with llr' poltage ot tifi' Ban'li'ota b'nlole8k now sPp€ds to b€ vidclv 

distibured froh ental lo soihd Pujlb dd eul't6Ld Balshislan T1B owl al$ 

confided Lhe pee.G of R tu ltoda e thnti srA S 't@ ldth' Min soldv @a and $'t 

of r ,ulru.rd in sufied.n Balwhistan (viz' Usta Mlnmmd)

A{AqTEqqIfi 

LIqlERx',ruRF'cItItEa 

L Ab6nsky, 2., E SEaus6. A Subach, B P Kolld md A Riechn& 1996 The er€cl 

ofth€ bmosl on the.ctivity dd tui.totabit elgri'o ofGqbill'salhnbtei 

$4 G. Wondun. 

Oecologia,lOSt 1lt-319 

2. Abdsky, 2., M. L. RDswcig md A- Subach l9? c€6ils udcr ih' dran orowl 

pred.rionrleclind dd i$dd Oit r,TE:8l-90 

3. Abdsly, 2., M. !. Rosenw€ig dd A Subach ls98 Do getbih cd' nore abonl 

conFlitio. o. predaioo Oit r. 8!: 75'84 

4. Ahned. A. 199. The Ndnada wla reu.a Preja! 

d.veloprcnl. ,4DrD, 5: 398-401 

lndi': inPl'b€ning slslainalle 

s. Akbtd!,N.andM.A B.g 1985 Food h.bi$ oflh€ owh in Punjab PatJ 4sri s"' 

22:200-205 

6. At@, M. l9E? colubrid snale ofcdl,ll Pujab tnd studv ofthcir EorPhoncr€rt 

4d ttlldonshiPs M Phil.llEsis D'pt ofzool and Fish' Univ ofAsi 

hisalabad, Pakis€n. 

? Ali. H. 1995. HabiI't, gen@lbiology md norphologv oftbe savi's pvgmv shrcw 

(S!ra,s.tbcd) in cenralPoj.b M Sc Tnesis Depr' ofz&l ed tnh 

Univ. ofAgri Faisalabad. PaKste 

8. Ali. g., M, A. Beg {ad M. MalnDod'UlHeM 200l - Be'ding @logy ofth' bdn 

owt(T dlba)jIPviab. Pok J Zodl,3!: lll_l14

LTTERATURE CIIED 

9. Ali, S and s. D Ripley tg6g Hak lbook oI bitdl oJ tn6! and Pdkilt\n vol l O\totd 

Univ. Prcs. Oxfod, Elgldd 

10. Af,ontmou, 1980. Zid.rvsws Ltematio@l ErcfioPe.li. N C L S Lld bndon' 

ll. Anonyms. 1994. Brot,/rttitlt ,,/dr- Thc Rqdc6 DiSGsr Asiation lnc N Y- 

12. Aulr. J W. l97l. A qudtiniive esimal. of bm owl nesting habilal qualhy' M Sc 

'nEsis. Old$om U.iv6iv. Slillwarer, Oklslbm USA 

13. Badosa A. ed l Benal. 1996 Divcsity ed abudscc of small Irmnth in lbena: 

P€ninsular effat or habilar suitab\trv ZeittctuA J'{ S4e'setie t'nde 6r: 

2]G24t. 

14. Baudlin, H. l9?5. Biologic d. EPmduction de la chouelt' cltaie (' al'a) 'n C6|e d 

or: ?Emiets esullots r? Jdar'k'BlaEe 14: l'51 

r 5 Bludvin, H. 1978 Lcs csBs d' dhe dcs nicbs d€ chouetG etrtaie (T dlbal Le 

Je M-le -R I o hce, l7 : 29'34 

16. B.u.lvin, H. 1979. L.s $ond* nich.& che la cho@n€ cllBi€ (t s/Da) Nor 

Oiteas, tS: 125-134. 

17 Baudvin. ll. 198l. Ls rcgime alinent.io de lo cho@[e eflnie (T alba) L' Jeah-ta' 

Blaw. 21: l-loE 

18 Baudvin,H. 1986 La cprcducion de I! chouene efimie (T olbat Le Jean-ld'glane 

25: l_125

LITEMTURE CITED 

19. Bcg. M. A. md A. A. Khs. 1984 Tlt blndi@l dt invada Puj'b PuL I -'8ti Si ' 

7l:218-224. 

20. B.s.M.A.,A,A (hdddM Yoed lgT8 Som' lrldirional infodltion on m

LITERATURf, CITED 

29. Bcg M. A. M Ys{ a.tl S. A Rda' lgSO Panens orrod€nl abundece in field 

crots near naielaH. Pat J Zdi lz: l8l_187 

30. B€!: M A.N Ade€b ud s. A- R"a l98l' ObsN'tioN on th' EPtodedo' of 

Bandicota b..galeî! ztn N6'lio indi'o Biologia 27:45'50- 

ll. Bee,M.A.E.dS A R!@ 1978 Ecologyofthe n'ld ml (Rau6kelta'la Palli'lior)in 

@lEl Punjab. Patisttn Pat J Zool l0: r6i't68 

32. Beg.MA.S Kaur. M M HdsdddA A Khs 1986 sooe denosraphic dd 

Eproductive psmett6 offie hoNe sb€w in Pujab' ?!ki$4 P'r I zool' 

18:201-208 

31. Bellocq, M t2000 A evie* oftetophic ecologt ofthe bm osl in Aree 'n&J 

RaPr t.r',34: 108-l l9 

14. Benr,A.c t938 LiIe Hittotbs of Noth An{i@n \nd! oI Pttv \ or'2-Btr]rc\ia ot 

l!. U s Nariontl MeM l?0: 1482 

15. Be6uder, B. md Y. Kavsr' 1988 La prerLlion tles chitopiers P& la chou'te effeic 

(Lird) e. Als&e 'l dad les ntres Linimphs Ct'otu' 12: l3tl52' 

16. Bethee, E diiL Havo tg?g U duchugd d popoladon der Schleiereule (L 

'in€r 

alb,) in cinen Ldndlichen rhznk des wesllichen S@l6ds dr 

"lEeigef 

Otsithologiehen Oeselbchai in W r8:161110 

l?. Bbotuack, P. 1966 d!'t dic EdrhronS de Schleicrcule' Zv'o altd beM!_doc 

asUtatb dd Bdzjc! in cis€nr Gi hol$einischen MGso -wcchselg'b'et 

dd Feldnaus, '{'lioo'!s nvalir' C@re' I 162-172

t8. 

19, 

42. 

41, 

45. 

47. 

LITERATURT CITED 

Bibby. C- J-. N. D. Burgc$ tnd D-A, Hill 1992. Bir.l C?NB Tech,icws-Acd6i' 

Bl&kr. O. B. 1933- ?,t &a di t tt8lad. Bids Nolts ad Ncs, 15: 169'172 

Bon, M. ad A. B.ai, 2000. Diet @6psen of t.uv owl (S/t! zllco) ed bm 

o*l (L zl6a) finrdas in rhe Pbvi@ ofTFvi$ (N_E lLtv)' Bo"/ie dtl 

MBeo Citico di Storia Natural. di Venezia, lst 239-247 

BoF, M. ald F. Guid.li, 2001. SeMnal ed Seognphic djff€l€M in lhe di't ofihe 

bm owl ih a8!o{@sysim in nonhen hdv l RaPr ner', 15: 240"246 

B@ksnla S. l98O- Ges.v.ns oE d. alhcruilsang v& dG kdkuil lT atba swdq' 

Brebh) in wst-Europ!. ,/t?r@l {6:421428 

Bdalna, S. .nd O. de Bruijn. 1976. Dc kc*lndod i! Nededand. UMa 19: t35' 

187. 

Bos, D. ,. 1981. s.sml wiaions in th. Pev of sotu bao owls in G*1ncdd 

s,,.r, 28: 139n46. 

BroM,.1. C. and G- L T$sg l9?l MtnB lid ptlv ofth. bd Nl(-r- albr) on 

skomd Islmds. Penbrclcshit€ J Zool Lord 'r55,5?7'530 

Bucldey, I- l9??. Ban o*l plri,arion on h.Fd now M@@l x4', 7: I l7-l2l 

B$llley,,. edJ. G. Cold$nith lg?5. Thc pEv of th. bmowl\T a 'lbo)in'd* 

Norfotk. MdMl lre, 5: I3'15. 

"d

LITERATTJRf, CITED 

4E. Buden, D. W,l9?4, P.ey EmiG of th. b.m owl in tI€ euth.h B.l'm hl&d.. Ire 

tYibon Bull., a6: 33G343. 

49. Bunon.l-A. | 984. Odr o/r@/d, T@94 Bel5, DoE, NH 

50. Bunn, D s. dd A. B. Wdbunon. 1977. Obs.ryalions on lhe b@ding bar. owls Br' 

Bitds. 101 246-256. 

51. Bw. D. S-, A. B. Warbuloo ad R. D- S. Wib@. 1982. ?tu Aoa O*r T & AD- 

Poys, Crltd! Eoelod. 

52. Buhhm, rX, A., D. F. wliiacer ard ,. P. Jcmy. 1994. Th€ Mava Prcj€d: Use of 

rtPto$ s tools for conseflalion Md .coloeical noniloinS of biologicsl 

divcBity. Pp. 2s?-264. Mcybus &d R D. Chec.lor (c& ) 

Roptor Co8.nati@ Totur' \NW GBPfica Pe{s 

53. B}fd, c. L. 1982, HoDe ag€, hlbit t ed pdy ldliaton ofrhc bm owl in eulh 

T.xa!. M. Sc.'Itsis. Texs. A. lnd l. Univ Ki.gsvill€, Texar, UsA 

54. cmpbcu, R,w,, D. A. MdlMl sld A. s. Heslad. 198?. F@d hrbi$ of tlE com@ 

boh owl in Bdttul Colmbi! Catad J hol ,55. 574'546. 

55. Capizi, D., L. CNIi and P. vm?z& l99E !.eding habils of tvmP6ltic loog-aEd 

owl (,4r/o oru), rlMy owl (Stit ahco) ad bm oNl (z ald) in a 

h.ditcdanee @dlal woodl.nd Act( Or"itholosica S3: 85'92 

56. carpenGr, M. L, ald M. w. Fall. 1967 Th. bdn owl s tEd'{ing.d bh.kbird tredaiq 

in mdhw$ Ohio. Orio J Sct, 6t: I l7'31E.

LITERATURE CITED 

5?. Chaknborty, K. 197? Fi€ld obsfrlio6 on tlE @loev dd bioloF/ of l*t 

bmdic@t dt B. berSalecis {Gttv) in W6i B€ngal All Idia Rodenr Sm'@' 

Ahmedabad (tndia) selt mb.t t975 Pp lo2_l09 Xrblmmunhv K' 

Chalwedi, G. C add Paratdh. K (Eds.) Sidhpu rcde conlrcl poj6i 

58. Chamn, J. M.. P Bou €! P Gnaudou C Michdd ard D Michcld l9Es' 

Etude sor l5 EPodetion d l.s dcPl&en@B d€ la choEne e0ioi€ (n ar'4) d 

FEnch.-Comptt: tdfl exions derhodologiqres Ma''la 56: |91'225 

59, ches4 J. t981. Th€ cslnrdion dd .olv$s ofprcf'Erce 3d its nlalionshjp io 

foEging modeb. &,r,&Y, 64: l297n 104. 

60, Chu$hfield,S.l98l Walered fal conten$ ofBntsh sheas snd ihetrole in 

the sdonar chdges in the hodv qei9r't J ZNt .l94t t65't73 

61. chNhfi€ld, s. l gE2 The infllrc of tcmp€atute on rh' elivitv aid f@d 

cohsmPtion of ihe @mon shrw. Acta Theriologi'd. 21: 295 304 

52. ChurcMer.r,s.1990 ft. Nattat Hbtotvolsbfus cM$oph€t Helm London' 

63. Clark, J. R. 1956 The aggr€sive h.havior oflh€ vole 

'e'dtba 

t: l-23 

64. Cody, C. B. J. lgE2 Sudi.s o. $e b€h.vioual md rdirorial l@to6 @lared |o 

tn€ dymics olwoodlmd rodar Populatron D PhilThsi5 Uliv ofoxrod' 

Englmd. 

65, colvin. B. A. 1984 Bam owl foiaSing b.havio! md s@ndarv poisning b@d 

ftom tud€nricid. 6e on fms Ph D Th6is Bowlins Crco srak Unit 

USA'


66. Colvin.B.A. dd E. B. Mctcd.lg86 Food hlbils md pev sp€cificnv ofcomoon 

bm owl in Ohio. Ot io I S.,., 85i 7GE0 

6?. Collin,B.A..P.L Hcgdal&d W B (&k$n 1984 A @BPnhosive apPMch lo 

Esmh ed o$ug@€ of coonoo bm owl populaions PP 2?G282 

Peedings ot ttE wo*shop os t|]@gm€nt of mtrgan€ sFd6 'nd 

@locicil @mmuits (w Comb EtL). Univ. K.nt!'kv, Lqin$on 

68. Cooke , D., A. Nagl., P. Snidv, J. Iaitlv ed O Losnaid 1996 The diet of$e bad 

oql(l a/ra) in Coury Co in Glariod 10 land @ aiol '4r't'vto' ' 96:9?' 

lll. 

69. Conloli, L. l9?5. Micrc-nanmal dd cDvirom@l in cenral ltdv Data fron Llbd 

p.tre]6- 8tll. Zool., 42: 223-229 

70- Colian. C. md A, L N.lsL 1937 Vitrld !.dnlg ed sintct food ofdE bm owl nt 

$urh C@lim. Wilson Bull 2E3_283. 

71. Cukin, J. ond M. Cuisin lg?9. tl dginc.litrdajFdc lt chouen'effEi' Ial'4dd 

le cd on d. Piceys (Ausc) et i6 ovircs imnredi$ qtd ' 49: E l _E9 

?2. Daw.. N. K., c. S. Runys and R. McK.lv.lv l9TE Sc@nal food habih olth' bm 

ovl (t 4/tz) on lh. Arask n mlional wildlif€ ar'!' British colmbia Ca'od 

F i.ld Nat., 12: | 5l -155. 

73. Dcbtot,A.O.,J.A dc Feitas, A. Brouetl ard M M' Koov 2001 The Cue3o Bm 

Owl: Sr.nBdddi€t l98h9E9 CtibbmJ S'i.Y: la5-l9J 

74. deBruiji. O. 19?9. Fc.ding 4ologv ofthc b.n oql in Net'n'detls- 

'itota 

52r 9l

LITEMTUR.E C]TED 

75. deBruijn. o. l 994 Populalion ecologv and @ns€Fation of $e bd owl (t al'o) in 

fmled hlbil,l5 in LicNE 3Id Acht'thoer (T!e Nethetltnds) ''lrdea 82: l_ 

?6. dccdl R S l98] Orig. slatus a'd @los' ofdc bam owl in Gtlapagos' "itr't4 

7l:157-182 

11. deJong,l.l98i De l.rktil K6nos Ulrehr' 

'78. d.Jong,J 198, Slo*6ov€tv oflhe bmo '"vetlervat'w 

9,t99-101 

79. delaPena,N M , A. Bntet, Y. D.ldtbe, P Motm! I- L'Du@dF 8ft1 2003 

Respones of the smdl n.Nd comuirv to chdges in llE wes€rn F@ch 

agiicultlEl la.dep6 &'r'r'uPd EcoIog' ra: 265-21 A' 

80. deNauFis. R 1982. Le slaiul 'L chouetc etrari' de la chaFl du CaP€ V4|e x'vr'a 

latiaa di Oniiblo9ia. t2: 154'166 

81. del cusr4 M.1999. Thc did ofthe bm o (r "i'd) ofMlseuo (Flourne) in 

eliNrion ro dvituM@ttl factos Mseo ReSio"aL d S'kEe tut'tol B'll'ritlo 

l6: l9-58 

82 derHoyo,r..A Erriotled ! Ss}tx^l tq99 tlat'ab@t ofth' Bi& oJtte tvotld vol 

t Bnn Otk to H,nnikgbnds Lvd Edi@s' Bdelono 

El. DeninsT. L and J A Ctqnfofll lgsg Pht5icd ed b'bavioBl coGlatcs ortiE p€v 

vulnerdbilirv ro bam owl (ryra 4lbo) pftd?l]io^ Ah Midt Nat 'r2tt tt'24 

E4. Dicknd, C R ' M. Predlve ed A J Lyoatn lggl Ditrcrcltial 

sexcla$6olmicc bv bam owl (Ttto alba:) OikDs 62:61'16 

prEdltion ofsize ed

LUERATURE CITED 

85. Doucer ,. G, and J. R. Bidd. 1969, Aclivity of M,.ro,6 penotlwtrict rcl*d ro 

noo. phse dd m@nlight md Eveled by sed t|eecl l4hnique aa,"d J 

,ttol.,47.IIEJ-ttE4. 

E6 Duclcn, J. E. 1976. Owls s najor pedllos of i.ts in oil paln €slai.s with particuld 

af*M 10 b8r oel (L aira). Picd"', 52: +15 

87. Duck.n,.l. E. l99l. MaESmfrl oflhe b3rn owl (a a Ji'a,i.r) 6 a pEdalor in 

lhe oil paln (t/6,r q/,u.sit PluladoN in Malalsia ,tdt ,/P.., Bdl ' ': 

I1,23. 

EE. Duanl. J. M., S. mNmin, C. Thoueu and Y Hdddch. 2000 Bodv @rys and 

nutritional necds duilg laying piepdston in bM owl J Comp' Phvsiol lT0: 

251-260. 

E9. Du-i-Shahss. 1998. stldid on the sc.soMl cho8.s in the dishibution dd 

!bud.@ ofnts &d mie in dlPldds &d thci. conool Ph. D Th6ii D€ 

oiz@I. ed Fish. Univ ofAs, F isalabd 

90. EsrDndt C.M-G.,L.r.M-dcselis,J.l Noricgq G- O P.grd'G ' Monm&dN 

M. B€n€llotti lggE The di€r of lvro 4/,4 (stiisifomes: Tt'lonida) in th' 

tlsd Chlbui vatlcy (Argoiint) NeottoPica 4l:57 

91. Fs! S.J. md H. v. Anbrose l g?5 PFv PrefeFn@ and huti!8 hlbital s'le'tion i! 

rlF ba'n owt,{t. xar'.96; 503-507. 

'/tdr 

92. Fnch. H. S. 1947. Predalion by owls in th€ sidu rdthills of califomia Cb'dd '9: 

ll?,t51.

LITEMTURE CIIID 

91. Fleay, D. 1968. ,V{srr, rd, chtu oI Buh an.l Plak )et^da Prcss. Bdsbdc 

94 Fo6nd, E. D., S. de Sref.no,M. C. RaFel6nd R J cuti.@ 1991.D@ognphvof 

lhe nonhm sponed owl Studi€s in thc Avid Biologv Cools/ O/,'il sd' 

111122 

95. Fench. T.W. ad C. H. Wahrlol 1975 Bm owls s Ddnai coU€clou in Gorget 

Albma &d soulh C.tuli.a Orrbld '10: 6_10 

96. FD-C.H.,S.K.ith{dE K Utbs tgES fle Bndt ofllric4 vol 3 Ac'dmic 

lrss, Lo.don. Eneled 

9. Fulk, G.W. @d A. R. Khorns, t g6 short

LITERATUBX CITED 

104. Clue. D E. 1977, Ffrding eologj/ of shon'trd owl in Biitlin ed l4land. ail Strct, 

23:1674- 

l05. Gotu. A. ed C, Pigg@i- 199?- Trcphic liche of the bdn osl dd linle owl in rie ficld 

habiral ofnonncm Hay. ,al -/ Zaol.641 5t59 

l06 Guidali. F. ed C. Pisozzi, 1996. Dif€!.nces in lhe din€nsion of diurn'l md nodurnal 

pelle$ ofdE bddowl (t o/rr) Ital J 7tol 6a. t57't6t 

107. H.rtrick, P. w., M. S. cliN ard M. L. F.bin. l9E9 Fe.dils alogv of the b€m o{l (I 

d/ba) in cental Chil€ &d southem sPain Xar Htur tl8 Keru6 USA 

108. Hered, c. M, l9?4. Regim alindtlcio de I 4ltd en EsP@ subo4id'nt'l "lrLol4 

l9:259-394. 

lo9. Hercd. c M.sdF M Jetsic 1980, Fcedins@logv of thebdovl {tal'a) in 

c€nr6l Chile dd eulh.n SPain A cohP@live studv '4'1 

97: 760_?67 

ll0. Helrood, M. R. {dC. R. Pav.y 2002 Rclat c imForronce ofpltg@ rcdc sand 

dsluids s pcy of1h. ban o*l in.dE t Asia lvildl Res '29: 203'201 

lll. Uollands, D. 199 t. Atdt oJ the Nigh| Owls FrcSnoutht and Nightjes of'|t*olia 

Rsl B@1, Balgowla\ N s. V. Auslralia. 

l12. Homcr, M. R. | 961. Ob6aalior on thc bm owl in N.rhdlands in rclalior !o ils 

@logy &d populadon flwlutions .{fdea 5l I I 58' 195 

lll, Hussain,M.A.mdH R Bhall. 193? sone bids of Layllpu' md $en f@d J aott 

Nat. Hitt. soc.39: 311-!64

LITERATUR! CITED 

ll4. Hussain,S.R lgg2 Ecolosv of$e shon'niLd mol€ d ('{ 'Ldi'a) io Pujob Ph D 

ThBis Dept Z@l dd Fish, Univ Agri Faielabad, Patisld' 

ll5. Husl. D. J. T. l9?2 F&ros afr*ting cluich sit in the elic Plgines tcol'€"al 

MonoSt oPhs, 42t 3 17 -364 

r16. llh,R rggl Pcfeei@f ptev sitadpofiiabilitv inbaF Nl(T a A ah)' 

t.itaviou, I 16: l8Gl89 

I I?. lalsic f. M., J C ToG-Mr4 C Comdi6 tnd P A Mt'qud' 1999 S6trl 

nmals of the Atc@ D.sen

LITERAIURfCITED 

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It6

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