A JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC WRITING VOLUME 8

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other children in the room with them, are shown things they cannot touch and are usually commanded to watch a program perhaps not to his or her liking, leaving the child feeling frustrated, angry and not in control. When children elect to watch television in their home, it is because they want to. They are usually in control of the programming being viewed and can enjoy it in a relaxed and safe environment. Whereas in the laboratory setting, the programming is chosen by someone else, the viewer is not in control, and the experience can be uncomfortable and unsatisfying. 16 Is it the television program being viewed that makes a child aggressive or is it the situation of being in the laboratory with feelings of frustration and anger, that lead to aggressive behavior? Evidence shows that exposure to television whether it is short or for prolonged periods has immediate and long term effects on children regardless of the setting or surroundings when watching. It is the act of viewing and what is being viewed that has been known to cause these negative effects and not so much the place of viewing. The effects of television on children is not only a concern in America, this has long been a topic of concern in the United Kingdom as well. The International Television Commission (ITC) agrees that, “children can learn harmful behaviour from the television.” 17 In conclusion, evidence supports that the effects of television viewing on children are harmful, through both immediate and long-term negative effects. Children should be encouraged to play outside, take up a sport, read a book, and engage in creative thinking. Families can spend more time together, playing games, cooking or doing a building project. 18 Parents need to take it upon themselves to limit television exposure and seek out quality programming for their children and view it with them whenever possible. 19 16 Jib Fowles, “From Violence Viewing and Science.” in Taking Sides: Clashing Views in Mass Media and Society, ed. Alison Alexander and Jarice Hanson (2008), 41. 17 Deans, Jason. “ITC admits kids can learn harmful behaviour from TV.” Guardian, November 6, 2000, http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2000/ nov/06/broadcasting1. 18 ohnson 7, 8. 19 Media Awareness Network. The Good Things About Television, http:// www.media- awareness.ca/english/parents/television/good_things_ tv.cfm?RenderForPrint=1. Table 1 (Source: http://www.fcc.gov/parents/parent_guide.html) TV-Y (All Children -- This program is designed to be appropriate for all children.) Whether animated or liveaction, the themes and elements in this program are specifically designed for a very young audience, including children from ages 2-6. This program is not expected to frighten younger children. TV-Y7 (Directed to Older Children -- This program is designed for children age 7 and above.) It may be more appropriate for children who have acquired the developmental skills needed to distinguish between makebelieve and reality. Themes and elements in this program may include mild fantasy or comedic violence, or may frighten children under the age of 7. Therefore, parents may wish to consider the suitability of this program for their very young children. Note: For those programs where fantasy violence may be more intense or more combative than other programs in this category, such programs will be designated TV-Y7-FV. For programs designed for the entire audience, the general categories are: TV-G (General Audience -- Most parents would find this program suitable for all ages.) Although this rating does not signify a program designed specifically for children, most parents may let younger children watch this program unattended. It contains little or no violence, no strong language and little or no sexual dialogue or situations. TV-PG (Parental Guidance Suggested -- This program contains material that parents may find unsuitable for younger children.) Many parents may want to watch it with their younger children. The theme itself may call for parental guidance and/or the program contains one or more of the following: moderate violence (V), some sexual situations (S), infrequent coarse language (L), or some suggestive dialogue (D). TV-14 (Parents Strongly Cautioned -- This program contains some material that many parents would find unsuitable for children under 14 years of age.) Parents are strongly urged to exercise greater care in monitoring this program and are cautioned against letting children under the age of 14 watch unattended. This program contains one or more of the following: intense violence (V), intense sexual situations (S), strong coarse language (L), or intensely suggestive dialogue (D). TV-MA (Mature Audience Only -- This program is specifically designed to be viewed by adults and therefore may be unsuitable for children under 17.) This program contains one or more of the following: graphic violence (V), explicit sexual activity (S), or crude indecent language (L). HOHONU Volume 8 2010 - 93
Bibliography American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Public Education. “Media Violence.” Pediatrics 108, no. 5 (2001): 1222-1226. http://www.pediatrics.org. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Public Education. “Children, Adolescents, and Television.” Pediatrics 107, no. 2 (2001): 423-425. http://www. pediatrics.org. Christakis, Dimitri A, Zimmerman, Frederick J, DiGiuseppe, David L, and McCarty, Carolyn A., “Early Television Exposure and Subsequent Attentional Problems in Children.” Pediatrics 113, no. 4 (2004): 708-713. http:// www.pediatrics.org. Deans, Jason. “ITC admits kids can learn harmful behaviour from TV.” Guardian, November 6, 2000, http://www. guardian.co.uk/media/2000/nov/06/broadcasting1. Drabman, Ronald S, Thomas, Margaret H, and Gregory J. Jarvie. “Will our Children Care? New Evidence Concerning the Effects of Televised Violence on our Children.” Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 6, no. 1 (1977): 44. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost . Federal Communications Commission, http://www.fcc.gov/ parents/parent_guide.html. Fowles, Jib. “From Violence Viewing and Science.” In Taking Sides: Clashing Views in Mass Media and Society, edited by Alison Alexander and Jarice Hanson. 2008. Jefferies, Stuart. “Is television destroying our children’s minds?” Guardian, July 21, 2004. http://www.guardian.co.uk/ society/2004/jul/21/childrensservices.socialcare Johnson, Steven. “Watching TV Makes You Smarter.” New York Times, April 24, 2005, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/ fullpage.html?res=9904EEDF1F3EF937A15757C0A96 39C8B63&scp=2&sq=watching%20tv%20makes%20 you%20smarter&st=cse. Johnson, Susan R. “Strangers in our Homes: TV and our Children’s Minds.” (1999) http://www.waldorflibrary.org/ Journal_Articles/Strangers in our Homes.pdf . Kaufman, Ron. How Television Images Affect Children. Kill Your Television-Children And TV. http//www.turnoffyourtv. comhealtheducationchildren.html. Kotrla, Bowie. “Sex and Violence: Is Exposure to Media Content Harmful to Children?” Children & Libraries: The Journal of the Association for Library Service to Children 5, no. 2 (2007): 50-52. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost. Media Awareness Network. “National Television Violence Study Year Three: 1996-97.” http//www.media-awareness.ca. Media Awareness Network. “The Good Things About Television.” http//www.media-awareness.ca. Nathanson, Amy I, Cantor, Joanne. Protecting Children from 94 - HOHONU Volume 8 2010 Harmful Television: TV Ratings and the V-Chip. http:// parenthood.library.wisc.edu/Nathanson/Nathanson.html. Potter, W James. “From On Media Violence.” In Taking Sides: Clashing Views in Mass Media and Society, edited by Alison Alexander and Jarice Hanson. 2008. RAND Corporation, Teen Pregnancy Linked to Viewing Of Sexual Content On TV. ScienceDaily (2008). http://www. sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/11/081103084042.htm
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