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SPSS® 12.0 Command Syntax Reference

SPSS® 12.0 Command Syntax Reference

SPSS® 12.0 Command Syntax Reference

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MANOVA: Univariate 847<br />

WITHIN Terms in the model are tested against the within-cell sum of squares.<br />

This specification can be abbreviated to W. This is the default unless<br />

there is no variance within cells or unless a continuous variable is<br />

named on the DESIGN subcommand.<br />

RESIDUAL Terms in the model are tested against the residual sum of squares.<br />

This specification can be abbreviated to R. This includes all terms not<br />

named on the DESIGN subcommand.<br />

WITHIN+RESIDUAL Terms are tested against the pooled within-cells and residual sum of<br />

squares. This specification can be abbreviated to WR or RW. This is<br />

the default for designs in which a continuous variable appears on the<br />

DESIGN subcommand.<br />

error number Terms are tested against a numbered error term. The error term must<br />

be defined on each DESIGN subcommand (for a discussion of error<br />

terms, see the DESIGN subcommand on p. 863).<br />

• If you specify ERROR=WITHIN+RESIDUAL and one of the components does not exist,<br />

MANOVA uses the other component alone.<br />

• If you specify your own error term by number and a design does not have an error term<br />

with the specified number, MANOVA does not carry out significance tests. It will, however,<br />

display hypothesis sums of squares and, if requested, parameter estimates.<br />

Example<br />

MANOVA DEP BY A(1,2) B(1,4)<br />

/ERROR = 1<br />

/DESIGN = A, B, A BY B = 1 VS WITHIN<br />

/DESIGN = A, B.<br />

• ERROR defines error term 1 as the default error term.<br />

• In the first design, A by B is defined as error term 1 and is therefore used to test the A and<br />

B effects. The A by B effect itself is explicitly tested against the within-cells error.<br />

• In the second design, no term is defined as error term 1, so no significance tests are carried<br />

out. Hypothesis sums of squares are displayed for A and B.<br />

CONTRAST Subcommand<br />

CONTRAST specifies the type of contrast desired among the levels of a factor. For a factor<br />

with k levels or values, the contrast type determines the meaning of its k –<br />

1 degrees of freedom.<br />

If the subcommand is omitted or is specified with no keyword, the default is DEVIATION<br />

for between-subjects factors.<br />

• Specify the factor name in parentheses following the subcommand CONTRAST.<br />

• You can specify only one factor per CONTRAST subcommand, but you can enter multiple<br />

CONTRAST subcommands.<br />

• After closing the parentheses, enter an equals sign followed by one of the contrast<br />

keywords.

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