STAR*NET V6 - Circe

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Appendix C Additional Technical Information C.3 Datum Schemes for 2D and 3D “Local” Jobs In the Adjustment Options for the project, when you set the coordinate system to “Local” (i.e. you are not running a grid job), you must choose a Datum Scheme as discussed on page 17 in Chapter 4, “Options.” You can choose one of two schemes: 1. Apply an Average Scale Factor: Whatever “Average Scale Factor” you choose is applied to the horizontal components of all distances and this becomes the basis for calculating the horizontal coordinates. Elevations of points are not considered in this scheme. If your project varies greatly in elevation, and you want horizontal coordinates calculated to a certain elevation (datum), it is up to you to change the scale factor of your job as needed using the “.SCALE” inline option. You might use this scheme in various parts for small, fairly flat projects. Entering a factor of 1.0 causes your coordinates to be calculated right at the elevation of your observations. Users sometimes choose this scheme to simulate a grid adjustment by entering a grid factor that is known for the project area. Even though this datum scheme doesn’t consider elevations, it is still important to enter a realistic “Avg. Project Elevation” for 2D jobs so that any entered 3D slope distances will be properly reduced to horizontal using curved-earth geometry! 2. Reduce to a Common Elevation: Using this scheme, elevations of stations in the project are considered. Using curved-earth geometry (given earth radius with the divergence of verticals) plus elevations of the instrument and target points, horizontal distance components are factored up or down to a common elevation. One often-used reduction to a common datum is the reduction to Sea Level. For this you would enter 0.0 as your “Reduce to Common Elevation” value. However, you can enter any elevation, one above, below or right at your project. You would normally use this scheme for projects containing stations that vary considerably in elevation. This allows you to choose a consistent elevation datum at which all horizontal coordinates will be created whether it be sea level, an average project elevation or some other desired elevation. Using the “Reduce to a Common Elevation” datum scheme, the factor applied to the horizontal component of a distance observation is computed by: Factor = (R + Common Elevation) / (R + (ElevA + ElevB) / 2) Where: R is the given earth radius value Common Elevation is the given (desired) elevation datum ElevA + ElevB are the elevations at the ends of the distance observation Whichever datum scheme you choose, always enter horizontal “controlling” coordinates at the datum you selected. For example, if you choose to reduce to a “Sea Level” elevation during an adjustment, and you enter some fixed controlling coordinates, these coordinates must be sea level coordinates, not coordinates at your project elevation! 192
Appendix C Additional Technical Information C.4 Instrument and Target Centering Errors Centering Error values entered in the Instrument Options, cause standard errors for turned angles, distances, directions, delta elevations, and zenith angles to be inflated. In all following formulas: I = Horizontal Instrument Centering Error T = Horizontal Target Centering Error V = Vertical Centering Error at Instrument and at Target As described below, the standard error of horizontal turned angles, directions, azimuths and horizontal distances are affected only by horizontal centering. The standard error of delta elevations are affected only by vertical centering. Horizontal Turned Angles: The standard error contribution for an angle due to the horizontal centering error of the instrument is equal to: Inst StdErr = d3/(d1*d2) * I Where: d1 and d2 are the horizontal distances to the targets d3 is the horizontal distance between the two targets The standard error contribution for an angle due to the horizontal centering error of both targets is equal to the following: Target StdErr (Both) = Sqrt(d1 2 +d2 2 ) / (d1*d2) * T Combining the entered standard error for an angle with the standard error contributons from the instrument and target centering, we get the total standard error for an angle: Total Angle Std Err = Sqrt( AngStdErr 2 + InstStdErr 2 + TargetStdErr 2 ) Directions: Total standard error, where “d” is the horizontal distance, is equal to: Total Dir StdErr = Sqrt( DirStdErr 2 + I 2 /d 2 + T 2 / d 2 ) Where: d is the horizontal distance to the target Azimuths: Same as directions, but using azimuth standard error the in the formula. Horizontal Distances: Total standard error is equal to: Total Dist StdErr = Sqrt( DistStdErr 2 + I 2 + T 2 ) Delta Elevations: Total standard error is equal to: Total DeltaElev StdErr = Sqrt( DeltaElevStdErr 2 + V 2 + V 2 ) 193
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STAR*NET V6 Least Squares Survey Ad
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 OVERVIE
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10.9 Entering a Geoid Height and Ve
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Chapter 1 Overview 4. Survey planni
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Chapter 2 Installation 2.3 Starting
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2.7 The Registry Chapter 2 Installa
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3.3 The Menu System Chapter 3 Using
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3.8 Checking the Error File Chapter
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Chapter 3 Using STAR*NET 3.12 Displ
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Chapter 4 Options 4.2 Changing Proj
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Option Group: Units Chapter 4 Optio
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General Options Chapter 4 Options T
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Chapter 4 Options Option Group: Dis
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Chapter 4 Options What standard err
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Chapter 4 Options The default metho
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Option Group: Adjusted Contents Cha
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Other Files Options Chapter 4 Optio
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Chapter 4 Options Creating a Ground
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Special Options Chapter 4 Options T
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4.5 Company Options Chapter 4 Optio
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Chapter 4 Options Note that any dat
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Chapter 4 Options When the Instrume
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Using the Input Data Files Dialog C
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Chapter 5 Preparing Input Data 5.5
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Station Names Chapter 5 Preparing I
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Chapter 5 Preparing Input Data Zeni
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Point Descriptors Chapter 5 Prepari
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Example 1: (2D Data) Chapter 5 Prep
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Chapter 5 Preparing Input Data The
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Chapter 5 Preparing Input Data SING
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The “V” Code: Vertical Observat
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Chapter 5 Preparing Input Data Samp
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Example 2: (2D Data) Chapter 5 Prep
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Chapter 5 Preparing Input Data TRAV
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Chapter 5 Preparing Input Data Exam
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The “TE” Code: Ending a Travers
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Chapter 5 Preparing Input Data LEVE
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Chapter 5 Preparing Input Data SIDE
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Chapter 5 Preparing Input Data Usin
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INLINE OPTION: .DELTA ON/OFF Chapte
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INLINE OPTION: .SCALE Value Chapter
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Chapter 5 Preparing Input Data INLI
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Chapter 5 Preparing Input Data Lega
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How do I weight observations? Chapt
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Chapter 5 Preparing Input Data 102
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Chapter 6 Running Adjustments The S
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6.5 Preanalysis Chapter 6 Running A
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Chapter 6 Running Adjustments 108
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Chapter 7 Viewing and Printing Outp
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7.4 Viewing the Error File Chapter
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Chapter 8 Analysis of Adjustment Ou
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To run the utility, follow these st
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Chapter 9 Tools As discussed above,
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Page 170 and 171: Appendix A STAR*NET Tutorial Exampl
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Page 188 and 189: Example 5: Resection Appendix A STA
Page 192 and 193: Example 7: Preanalysis Appendix A S
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Page 196 and 197: Appendix B References 6. Mikhail, E
Page 200 and 201: Appendix C Additional Technical Inf
Page 202 and 203: Appendix D Error and Warning Messag
Page 208 and 209: Data Lines, General Content Data Ty
Page 210 and 211: Index Installation Installing, 3 Se
Page 212: STARPLUS SOFTWARE, INC.
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