Expertise in nursing practice : caring, clinical judgment - Springer ...

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clinical and ethical decision making—how one’s notions of good and poor
outcomes and visions of excellence shape clinical judgments and actions.
In order to keep the integrity of this research report intact, we have
chosen to place commentaries at the end of each finding’s chapters and
the description of the methods used in Appendix A. Since presentation
of the data for interpretation and presentation of methods are so integral
to the validity of the research, we have chosen not to read back into
the study knowledge that is now available but was not yet published
at the time of the first edition of this book. We have expanded and
revised the two implications chapters based on our updated knowledge
and understanding of how this study has actually influenced practice as
well as include implications that we have come to understand since the
first edition. Since that first edition, more research in the area of skill
acquisition, clinical reasoning, and thinking in action has been extended
and will now be incorporated in the commentaries where relevant to this
work.
In the second study, we discovered new aspects of each stage of skill
acquisition, but we came to see the competent stage as particularly pivotal
in clinical learning, as it is at this stage that the learner must begin to recognize
patterns and, in order to become proficient, must allow the situation
to guide responses. We came to understand the proficiency stage as a transition
into expertise. This study points to the importance of active teaching
and learning in the competent stage in order to coach nurses in making
the transition from competency to proficiency. Retention of nurses at the
competent level holds much promise for retention and enhancement of
nursing practice with a local setting. At the competent stage, the nurse
has many questions and challenges that are new simply because the nurse
is at a new level of performance and literally sees new challenges and conflicts.
Providing expert coaching at this point is a worthwhile investment.
When nurses leave their first job as a result of the typical challenges faced
in transitioning from competent to proficient levels of skill, it will only
prolong the time needed for the transition into proficiency and expertise.
Through this study, the role of sharing narratives, or storytelling,
in understanding a practice, demonstrating reasoning in transitions, in
communicating intentions, meanings, and concerns, and in creating a
community of dialogue and memory has come into sharper focus. Narrative
accounts of actual clinical examples reveal everyday clinical and
caring knowledge central to the practice of nursing. The concerns, fears,
hopes, conversations, and issues of nurses are disclosed and preserved
in telling and discussing the stories. A story allows for less linearity, more