Transformations on image schemas and cross-linguistic polysemy
Transformations on image schemas and cross-linguistic polysemy
Transformations on image schemas and cross-linguistic polysemy
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Given a specific <strong>image</strong> schema, is it possible to account for so-called motivated<br />
<strong>polysemy</strong>? I will argue that it is. If transformati<strong>on</strong>s of <strong>image</strong> <strong>schemas</strong> are<br />
analogs of spatial operati<strong>on</strong>s, such as manipulati<strong>on</strong>s of physical objects (see<br />
Johns<strong>on</strong> 1987, <strong>and</strong> cited research), it should be possible to predict which<br />
transformati<strong>on</strong>s a specific schema may undergo. In the remainder of the paper I<br />
will elaborate this argument by illustrating how transformati<strong>on</strong>s of the <strong>image</strong><br />
<strong>schemas</strong> of Spatial associati<strong>on</strong> (Fig. 1) may generate <strong>polysemy</strong> that is <strong>cross</strong>-<br />
<strong>linguistic</strong>ally realized.<br />
The <strong>image</strong> schema Spatial associati<strong>on</strong> instantiates the basic c<strong>on</strong>ceptual<br />
relati<strong>on</strong> of associati<strong>on</strong> (ASSOC) (Langacker 1987: 225). It can be regarded as a<br />
superordinate schema, embracing a variety of relati<strong>on</strong>al predicates encoded as<br />
prepositi<strong>on</strong>s, adverbs, <strong>and</strong> verbs, in turn based <strong>on</strong> various subordinate <strong>schemas</strong>.<br />
Thus the schema Spatial associati<strong>on</strong> does not underlie any specific lexical<br />
c<strong>on</strong>cept but rather generates the <strong>image</strong> <strong>schemas</strong> structuring lexical c<strong>on</strong>cepts. 4<br />
Lexemes denoting spatial associati<strong>on</strong> in its central sense are e.g. at, with,<br />
together, between, near, follow; thus <strong>on</strong> an abstract level these lexemes are all<br />
related via the schema in Fig. 1 (adopted from Langacker 1987: 230). (A <strong>and</strong> B<br />
are equal to TR <strong>and</strong> LM, whereas C is a c<strong>on</strong>strued, primarily spatial, regi<strong>on</strong><br />
including A <strong>and</strong> B; cf. He stood near the house where C is defined as a regi<strong>on</strong><br />
within the visual field including TR <strong>and</strong> LM.)<br />
A B<br />
C<br />
Fig. 1. Spatial associati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Given the spatial proximity of two entities, there is a range of possible ways of<br />
orientati<strong>on</strong> of the two. Adding a fr<strong>on</strong>t <strong>and</strong> a back to the entities they will<br />
can<strong>on</strong>ically be oriented face-to-face, as illustrated in Fig. 2 (Clark 1973,<br />
4 The schema Spatial associati<strong>on</strong> shows striking similarities with what Hawkins (1993) names “a<br />
profilable structure”, a primitive cognitive structure which “exists innately in the human mind<br />
before the process begins of acquiring substantive informati<strong>on</strong> in particular cognitive domains”<br />
(Hawkins 1993: 339).<br />
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