Spectral Unmixing Applied to Desert Soils for the - Naval ...
Spectral Unmixing Applied to Desert Soils for the - Naval ... Spectral Unmixing Applied to Desert Soils for the - Naval ...
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TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................1 II. THE PHYSICS BEHIND REMOTE SENSING .......................................................3 A. REMOTE SENSING .......................................................................................3 B. THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM .................................................5 C. IMAGING SPECTROMETRY ......................................................................6 1. Electronic Processes .............................................................................7 2. Vibrational Processes...........................................................................8 3. Imagery Collection, Processing, and Analysis ...................................8 a. Collection ...................................................................................8 b. Processing................................................................................10 c. Analysis Using Continuum Removal .....................................11 D. RELEVANT MILITARY AND CIVILIAN APPLICATIONS OF IMAGING SPECTROSCOPY .....................................................................12 III. DESERT ECOSYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS ...................................................17 A. DESERTS AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION .................................................17 1. Humans and the Arid Environment .................................................17 2. Desert Biomes ....................................................................................17 B. CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SOIL COMPONENTS ......................20 1. Soils......................................................................................................20 2. Biological Soil Crusts (BSCs) ............................................................23 IV. STUDY SITES ............................................................................................................27 V. DATA AND METHODS ..........................................................................................33 A. DATA ..............................................................................................................33 1. Atmospheric Correction ....................................................................34 2. Field Spectroscopy .............................................................................38 3. Spectral Mixture Analysis .................................................................40 a. The Hourglass Approach ........................................................42 b. The MTMF Method ................................................................43 VI. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS ....................................................................................49 A. IMAGERY DERIVED ENDMEMBERS ....................................................54 B. ASD SPECTROMETER MEASURED ENDMEMBERS .........................61 1. Camp Road Endmember ...................................................................61 2. Adjacent to Tread Endmember ........................................................64 3. Biological Soil Crust Endmembers ..................................................66 4. Disturbed Creek Soil Endmember ...................................................70 5. Color Composites of Endmembers ...................................................72 VII. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS .....................................................................75 A. SPECTRAL MEASUREMENTS AND SOIL DISTURBANCE ...............75 B. INFEASIBILITY AND MF SCORES .........................................................76 C. COLOR COMPOSITES ...............................................................................78 vii
- Page 1 and 2: NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY,
- Page 3 and 4: REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Appr
- Page 5 and 6: Approved for public release; distri
- Page 7: ABSTRACT Desert areas cover approxi
- Page 11 and 12: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. The above
- Page 13 and 14: spectrum by atmospheric effects. Re
- Page 15 and 16: emoved function showing an absorpti
- Page 17 and 18: LIST OF TABLES Table 1. This table
- Page 19 and 20: LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
- Page 21 and 22: I. INTRODUCTION A study published b
- Page 23 and 24: II. THE PHYSICS BEHIND REMOTE SENSI
- Page 25 and 26: sensitive a given sensor is to diff
- Page 27 and 28: Figure 3. From Green et al. (1998),
- Page 29 and 30: analyzing imagery spectra, it is mo
- Page 31 and 32: After data have been converted to r
- Page 33 and 34: Collins et al. (1997) was able to s
- Page 35 and 36: These purposes include, but are not
- Page 37 and 38: III. DESERT ECOSYSTEM CHARACTERISTI
- Page 39 and 40: sagebrush of Utah, Montana, and the
- Page 41 and 42: in desert regions include argids, o
- Page 43 and 44: 2. Biological Soil Crusts (BSCs) Bi
- Page 45 and 46: 2004), especially in cases where ma
- Page 47 and 48: IV. STUDY SITES The focus area of t
- Page 50 and 51: Figure 13. This figure illustrates
- Page 52 and 53: Following the uplift that occurred
- Page 54 and 55: the Mazourka Canyon OHV park betwee
- Page 56 and 57: wavelengths being analyzed to obtai
TABLE OF CONTENTS<br />
I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................1<br />
II. THE PHYSICS BEHIND REMOTE SENSING .......................................................3<br />
A. REMOTE SENSING .......................................................................................3<br />
B. THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM .................................................5<br />
C. IMAGING SPECTROMETRY ......................................................................6<br />
1. Electronic Processes .............................................................................7<br />
2. Vibrational Processes...........................................................................8<br />
3. Imagery Collection, Processing, and Analysis ...................................8<br />
a. Collection ...................................................................................8<br />
b. Processing................................................................................10<br />
c. Analysis Using Continuum Removal .....................................11<br />
D. RELEVANT MILITARY AND CIVILIAN APPLICATIONS OF<br />
IMAGING SPECTROSCOPY .....................................................................12<br />
III. DESERT ECOSYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS ...................................................17<br />
A. DESERTS AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION .................................................17<br />
1. Humans and <strong>the</strong> Arid Environment .................................................17<br />
2. <strong>Desert</strong> Biomes ....................................................................................17<br />
B. CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SOIL COMPONENTS ......................20<br />
1. <strong>Soils</strong>......................................................................................................20<br />
2. Biological Soil Crusts (BSCs) ............................................................23<br />
IV. STUDY SITES ............................................................................................................27<br />
V. DATA AND METHODS ..........................................................................................33<br />
A. DATA ..............................................................................................................33<br />
1. Atmospheric Correction ....................................................................34<br />
2. Field Spectroscopy .............................................................................38<br />
3. <strong>Spectral</strong> Mixture Analysis .................................................................40<br />
a. The Hourglass Approach ........................................................42<br />
b. The MTMF Method ................................................................43<br />
VI. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS ....................................................................................49<br />
A. IMAGERY DERIVED ENDMEMBERS ....................................................54<br />
B. ASD SPECTROMETER MEASURED ENDMEMBERS .........................61<br />
1. Camp Road Endmember ...................................................................61<br />
2. Adjacent <strong>to</strong> Tread Endmember ........................................................64<br />
3. Biological Soil Crust Endmembers ..................................................66<br />
4. Disturbed Creek Soil Endmember ...................................................70<br />
5. Color Composites of Endmembers ...................................................72<br />
VII. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS .....................................................................75<br />
A. SPECTRAL MEASUREMENTS AND SOIL DISTURBANCE ...............75<br />
B. INFEASIBILITY AND MF SCORES .........................................................76<br />
C. COLOR COMPOSITES ...............................................................................78<br />
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