Spectral Unmixing Applied to Desert Soils for the - Naval ...

Spectral Unmixing Applied to Desert Soils for the - Naval ... Spectral Unmixing Applied to Desert Soils for the - Naval ...

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TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................1 II. THE PHYSICS BEHIND REMOTE SENSING .......................................................3 A. REMOTE SENSING .......................................................................................3 B. THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM .................................................5 C. IMAGING SPECTROMETRY ......................................................................6 1. Electronic Processes .............................................................................7 2. Vibrational Processes...........................................................................8 3. Imagery Collection, Processing, and Analysis ...................................8 a. Collection ...................................................................................8 b. Processing................................................................................10 c. Analysis Using Continuum Removal .....................................11 D. RELEVANT MILITARY AND CIVILIAN APPLICATIONS OF IMAGING SPECTROSCOPY .....................................................................12 III. DESERT ECOSYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS ...................................................17 A. DESERTS AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION .................................................17 1. Humans and the Arid Environment .................................................17 2. Desert Biomes ....................................................................................17 B. CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SOIL COMPONENTS ......................20 1. Soils......................................................................................................20 2. Biological Soil Crusts (BSCs) ............................................................23 IV. STUDY SITES ............................................................................................................27 V. DATA AND METHODS ..........................................................................................33 A. DATA ..............................................................................................................33 1. Atmospheric Correction ....................................................................34 2. Field Spectroscopy .............................................................................38 3. Spectral Mixture Analysis .................................................................40 a. The Hourglass Approach ........................................................42 b. The MTMF Method ................................................................43 VI. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS ....................................................................................49 A. IMAGERY DERIVED ENDMEMBERS ....................................................54 B. ASD SPECTROMETER MEASURED ENDMEMBERS .........................61 1. Camp Road Endmember ...................................................................61 2. Adjacent to Tread Endmember ........................................................64 3. Biological Soil Crust Endmembers ..................................................66 4. Disturbed Creek Soil Endmember ...................................................70 5. Color Composites of Endmembers ...................................................72 VII. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS .....................................................................75 A. SPECTRAL MEASUREMENTS AND SOIL DISTURBANCE ...............75 B. INFEASIBILITY AND MF SCORES .........................................................76 C. COLOR COMPOSITES ...............................................................................78 vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS<br />

I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................1<br />

II. THE PHYSICS BEHIND REMOTE SENSING .......................................................3<br />

A. REMOTE SENSING .......................................................................................3<br />

B. THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM .................................................5<br />

C. IMAGING SPECTROMETRY ......................................................................6<br />

1. Electronic Processes .............................................................................7<br />

2. Vibrational Processes...........................................................................8<br />

3. Imagery Collection, Processing, and Analysis ...................................8<br />

a. Collection ...................................................................................8<br />

b. Processing................................................................................10<br />

c. Analysis Using Continuum Removal .....................................11<br />

D. RELEVANT MILITARY AND CIVILIAN APPLICATIONS OF<br />

IMAGING SPECTROSCOPY .....................................................................12<br />

III. DESERT ECOSYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS ...................................................17<br />

A. DESERTS AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION .................................................17<br />

1. Humans and <strong>the</strong> Arid Environment .................................................17<br />

2. <strong>Desert</strong> Biomes ....................................................................................17<br />

B. CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SOIL COMPONENTS ......................20<br />

1. <strong>Soils</strong>......................................................................................................20<br />

2. Biological Soil Crusts (BSCs) ............................................................23<br />

IV. STUDY SITES ............................................................................................................27<br />

V. DATA AND METHODS ..........................................................................................33<br />

A. DATA ..............................................................................................................33<br />

1. Atmospheric Correction ....................................................................34<br />

2. Field Spectroscopy .............................................................................38<br />

3. <strong>Spectral</strong> Mixture Analysis .................................................................40<br />

a. The Hourglass Approach ........................................................42<br />

b. The MTMF Method ................................................................43<br />

VI. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS ....................................................................................49<br />

A. IMAGERY DERIVED ENDMEMBERS ....................................................54<br />

B. ASD SPECTROMETER MEASURED ENDMEMBERS .........................61<br />

1. Camp Road Endmember ...................................................................61<br />

2. Adjacent <strong>to</strong> Tread Endmember ........................................................64<br />

3. Biological Soil Crust Endmembers ..................................................66<br />

4. Disturbed Creek Soil Endmember ...................................................70<br />

5. Color Composites of Endmembers ...................................................72<br />

VII. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS .....................................................................75<br />

A. SPECTRAL MEASUREMENTS AND SOIL DISTURBANCE ...............75<br />

B. INFEASIBILITY AND MF SCORES .........................................................76<br />

C. COLOR COMPOSITES ...............................................................................78<br />

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