Spectral Unmixing Applied to Desert Soils for the - Naval ...
Spectral Unmixing Applied to Desert Soils for the - Naval ... Spectral Unmixing Applied to Desert Soils for the - Naval ...
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TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................1 II. THE PHYSICS BEHIND REMOTE SENSING .......................................................3 A. REMOTE SENSING .......................................................................................3 B. THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM .................................................5 C. IMAGING SPECTROMETRY ......................................................................6 1. Electronic Processes .............................................................................7 2. Vibrational Processes...........................................................................8 3. Imagery Collection, Processing, and Analysis ...................................8 a. Collection ...................................................................................8 b. Processing................................................................................10 c. Analysis Using Continuum Removal .....................................11 D. RELEVANT MILITARY AND CIVILIAN APPLICATIONS OF IMAGING SPECTROSCOPY .....................................................................12 III. DESERT ECOSYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS ...................................................17 A. DESERTS AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION .................................................17 1. Humans and the Arid Environment .................................................17 2. Desert Biomes ....................................................................................17 B. CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SOIL COMPONENTS ......................20 1. Soils......................................................................................................20 2. Biological Soil Crusts (BSCs) ............................................................23 IV. STUDY SITES ............................................................................................................27 V. DATA AND METHODS ..........................................................................................33 A. DATA ..............................................................................................................33 1. Atmospheric Correction ....................................................................34 2. Field Spectroscopy .............................................................................38 3. Spectral Mixture Analysis .................................................................40 a. The Hourglass Approach ........................................................42 b. The MTMF Method ................................................................43 VI. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS ....................................................................................49 A. IMAGERY DERIVED ENDMEMBERS ....................................................54 B. ASD SPECTROMETER MEASURED ENDMEMBERS .........................61 1. Camp Road Endmember ...................................................................61 2. Adjacent to Tread Endmember ........................................................64 3. Biological Soil Crust Endmembers ..................................................66 4. Disturbed Creek Soil Endmember ...................................................70 5. Color Composites of Endmembers ...................................................72 VII. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS .....................................................................75 A. SPECTRAL MEASUREMENTS AND SOIL DISTURBANCE ...............75 B. INFEASIBILITY AND MF SCORES .........................................................76 C. COLOR COMPOSITES ...............................................................................78 vii
- Page 1 and 2: NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY,
- Page 3 and 4: REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Appr
- Page 5 and 6: Approved for public release; distri
- Page 7: ABSTRACT Desert areas cover approxi
- Page 11 and 12: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. The above
- Page 13 and 14: spectrum by atmospheric effects. Re
- Page 15 and 16: emoved function showing an absorpti
- Page 17 and 18: LIST OF TABLES Table 1. This table
- Page 19 and 20: LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
- Page 21 and 22: I. INTRODUCTION A study published b
- Page 23 and 24: II. THE PHYSICS BEHIND REMOTE SENSI
- Page 25 and 26: sensitive a given sensor is to diff
- Page 27 and 28: Figure 3. From Green et al. (1998),
- Page 29 and 30: analyzing imagery spectra, it is mo
- Page 31 and 32: After data have been converted to r
- Page 33 and 34: Collins et al. (1997) was able to s
- Page 35 and 36: These purposes include, but are not
- Page 37 and 38: III. DESERT ECOSYSTEM CHARACTERISTI
- Page 39 and 40: sagebrush of Utah, Montana, and the
- Page 41 and 42: in desert regions include argids, o
- Page 43 and 44: 2. Biological Soil Crusts (BSCs) Bi
- Page 45 and 46: 2004), especially in cases where ma
- Page 47 and 48: IV. STUDY SITES The focus area of t
- Page 50 and 51: Figure 13. This figure illustrates
- Page 52 and 53: Following the uplift that occurred
- Page 54 and 55: the Mazourka Canyon OHV park betwee
- Page 56 and 57: wavelengths being analyzed to obtai
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