Spectral Unmixing Applied to Desert Soils for the - Naval ...
Spectral Unmixing Applied to Desert Soils for the - Naval ... Spectral Unmixing Applied to Desert Soils for the - Naval ...
Following the uplift that occurred during the Paleozoic, the Mesozoic Era (240–65 mya) resulted in the recession of ocean waters, during this time volcanism and volcanically generated sedimentation from the Inyo Mountains Volcanic Complex began covering the newly dried land (Dunne and Walker 1993; Dunne et al., 1998; Stone et al., 2009). The most recent activity in the formation of the Inyo Mountains has been uplift related to basaltic volcanic activity associated with Basin and Range extension throughout the Cenozoic (65 mya-present) (Snow and Wernicke, 2000; Stone et al., 2009). B A C Figure 15. A shows the key for the Mono basin and Owens/Death Valley collection areas, B shows the Mono Lake area, and C shows the Independence/Mazourka Canyon area. Knowing the geology of an area is helpful in predicting what kind of soils will be present, allowing for predictability in disturbance related changes of properties (FromTallyn, 1996). 32
A. DATA V. DATA AND METHODS Airborne imagery data were collected by the Airborne visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) system for the Canyonlands National Park area in Utah during 2011. AVIRIS utilizes a whisk-broom imaging method collecting high resolution spectra over the 0.4–2.5 micrometer (400–2500 nm) wavelength range (Green et al., 1998). Through the employment of 224 contiguous spectral channels set at 10 nm intervals over the breadth of the spectrum, AVIRIS is able to measure detailed upwelling radiance of surface materials. These measurements can then be used for determination of material composition based on the physics and chemistry of those materials. A more detailed account of this process can be read in the paper by Green et al., (1998) and Roberts and Herold, (2004) (Green et al., 1998; Roberts and Herold, 2004). AVIRIS imagery flight lines analyzed are of areas around Canyonlands National Park (Figure 12). The AVIRIS data used for this study were obtained from the JPL website (aviris.jpl.nasa.gov/alt_locator/) for multiple flight lines in the Canyonlands National Park area in Utah and Arizona on the Colorado Plateau. The flight ID numbers for the flights used were f110512t01p00r07, f110512t01p00r08, f110609t01p00r13, f110615t01p00r05, f110623t01p00r10, f111110t01p00r08, and f111110t01p00r09. These flight lines were flown on 05/12, 05/12, 06/09, 06/15, 06/23, 11/10, and 11/10 of 2011, respectively. The data sets came as zipped archive files and were extracted then loaded into the Environment for Visualizing Images (ENVI) software for analysis. AVIRIS images were examined for quality and usefulness (e.g. clarity, cloud cover, bad data, etc.). Imaging spectrometer data collected in the Mono Basin and the Owens/Death Valley areas were also used for this study. The main areas of collection were the Panum Crater and surrounding vicinity in Mono Basin at approximately 37 0 55.537’ N, 119 0 02.923’ W, part of the Lee Vining quadrangle in the California 7.5 minute topographic quadrangle (Sharp and Glazner, 1997). The Owens/Death Valley collection took place in 33
- Page 1 and 2: NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY,
- Page 3 and 4: REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Appr
- Page 5 and 6: Approved for public release; distri
- Page 7 and 8: ABSTRACT Desert areas cover approxi
- Page 9 and 10: TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION..
- Page 11 and 12: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. The above
- Page 13 and 14: spectrum by atmospheric effects. Re
- Page 15 and 16: emoved function showing an absorpti
- Page 17 and 18: LIST OF TABLES Table 1. This table
- Page 19 and 20: LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
- Page 21 and 22: I. INTRODUCTION A study published b
- Page 23 and 24: II. THE PHYSICS BEHIND REMOTE SENSI
- Page 25 and 26: sensitive a given sensor is to diff
- Page 27 and 28: Figure 3. From Green et al. (1998),
- Page 29 and 30: analyzing imagery spectra, it is mo
- Page 31 and 32: After data have been converted to r
- Page 33 and 34: Collins et al. (1997) was able to s
- Page 35 and 36: These purposes include, but are not
- Page 37 and 38: III. DESERT ECOSYSTEM CHARACTERISTI
- Page 39 and 40: sagebrush of Utah, Montana, and the
- Page 41 and 42: in desert regions include argids, o
- Page 43 and 44: 2. Biological Soil Crusts (BSCs) Bi
- Page 45 and 46: 2004), especially in cases where ma
- Page 47 and 48: IV. STUDY SITES The focus area of t
- Page 50 and 51: Figure 13. This figure illustrates
- Page 54 and 55: the Mazourka Canyon OHV park betwee
- Page 56 and 57: wavelengths being analyzed to obtai
- Page 58 and 59: 2. Field Spectroscopy An Analytical
- Page 60 and 61: A spectral library was then built a
- Page 62 and 63: after atmospherically correcting th
- Page 64 and 65: where: is the mean corrected and no
- Page 66 and 67: also be seen in Figure 23. The leve
- Page 68 and 69: Figure 24. This figure is a compari
- Page 70 and 71: Figure 25. This figure shows ASD co
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- Page 74 and 75: A. IMAGERY DERIVED ENDMEMBERS The i
- Page 76 and 77: Figure 28. The above shows some of
- Page 78 and 79: spectrometer, reflectance values we
- Page 80 and 81: such an inference can be made (Ben-
- Page 82 and 83: While this is lower than the hoped
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A. DATA<br />
V. DATA AND METHODS<br />
Airborne imagery data were collected by <strong>the</strong> Airborne visible/Infrared<br />
Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) system <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> Canyonlands National Park area in Utah<br />
during 2011. AVIRIS utilizes a whisk-broom imaging method collecting high resolution<br />
spectra over <strong>the</strong> 0.4–2.5 micrometer (400–2500 nm) wavelength range (Green et al.,<br />
1998). Through <strong>the</strong> employment of 224 contiguous spectral channels set at 10 nm<br />
intervals over <strong>the</strong> breadth of <strong>the</strong> spectrum, AVIRIS is able <strong>to</strong> measure detailed upwelling<br />
radiance of surface materials. These measurements can <strong>the</strong>n be used <strong>for</strong> determination of<br />
material composition based on <strong>the</strong> physics and chemistry of those materials. A more<br />
detailed account of this process can be read in <strong>the</strong> paper by Green et al., (1998) and<br />
Roberts and Herold, (2004) (Green et al., 1998; Roberts and Herold, 2004). AVIRIS<br />
imagery flight lines analyzed are of areas around Canyonlands National Park (Figure 12).<br />
The AVIRIS data used <strong>for</strong> this study were obtained from <strong>the</strong> JPL website<br />
(aviris.jpl.nasa.gov/alt_loca<strong>to</strong>r/) <strong>for</strong> multiple flight lines in <strong>the</strong> Canyonlands National<br />
Park area in Utah and Arizona on <strong>the</strong> Colorado Plateau. The flight ID numbers <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
flights used were f110512t01p00r07, f110512t01p00r08, f110609t01p00r13,<br />
f110615t01p00r05, f110623t01p00r10, f111110t01p00r08, and f111110t01p00r09.<br />
These flight lines were flown on 05/12, 05/12, 06/09, 06/15, 06/23, 11/10, and 11/10 of<br />
2011, respectively. The data sets came as zipped archive files and were extracted <strong>the</strong>n<br />
loaded in<strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> Environment <strong>for</strong> Visualizing Images (ENVI) software <strong>for</strong> analysis.<br />
AVIRIS images were examined <strong>for</strong> quality and usefulness (e.g. clarity, cloud cover, bad<br />
data, etc.).<br />
Imaging spectrometer data collected in <strong>the</strong> Mono Basin and <strong>the</strong> Owens/Death<br />
Valley areas were also used <strong>for</strong> this study. The main areas of collection were <strong>the</strong> Panum<br />
Crater and surrounding vicinity in Mono Basin at approximately 37 0 55.537’ N, 119 0<br />
02.923’ W, part of <strong>the</strong> Lee Vining quadrangle in <strong>the</strong> Cali<strong>for</strong>nia 7.5 minute <strong>to</strong>pographic<br />
quadrangle (Sharp and Glazner, 1997). The Owens/Death Valley collection <strong>to</strong>ok place in<br />
33
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