Spectral Unmixing Applied to Desert Soils for the - Naval ...
Spectral Unmixing Applied to Desert Soils for the - Naval ... Spectral Unmixing Applied to Desert Soils for the - Naval ...
Figure 10. The above figure from the http://www.cals.uidaho.edu/soilorders/percentarid.gif shows the distribution of Aridisols in the US and includes areas of the ASD collection sites and AVIRIS imaged areas. Knowing what soils are present in an area will be helpful in making predictions about how soil properties will respond to surface disturbances, which can in turn aid in tracking those disturbances consistently (Lammers, 1991; Whitford, 2002). 22
2. Biological Soil Crusts (BSCs) Biological soil crusts (BSCs) are prevalent in two of the areas used for this study; both the Owens/Death Valley collection area and Canyonlands National Park (see Section IV below). Figure 11 shows a photograph of the predominant species in the Owens Valley collection site compared to that of Canyonlands National Park. Also known as cryptobiotic soils, BSCs are communities of sessile organisms that include bryophytes, lichens, eukaryotic algae, cyanobacteria, free-living fungi, and bacteria (Bowker et al, 2005). Found on all continents, and in most habitats, BSCs are so prevalent, there are few areas in the world that can be considered BSC free (Bowker et al., 2005; Johnston, 1997). Figure 11. Photograph of BSCs taken at the Owens/Death Valley collection (bottom two) site compared to those of Canyonlands National park (top photograph) (http://www.nps.gov/cany/naturescience/images/SoilCrust_CloseUp.jpg , Jessica Howard) 23
- Page 1 and 2: NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY,
- Page 3 and 4: REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Appr
- Page 5 and 6: Approved for public release; distri
- Page 7 and 8: ABSTRACT Desert areas cover approxi
- Page 9 and 10: TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION..
- Page 11 and 12: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. The above
- Page 13 and 14: spectrum by atmospheric effects. Re
- Page 15 and 16: emoved function showing an absorpti
- Page 17 and 18: LIST OF TABLES Table 1. This table
- Page 19 and 20: LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
- Page 21 and 22: I. INTRODUCTION A study published b
- Page 23 and 24: II. THE PHYSICS BEHIND REMOTE SENSI
- Page 25 and 26: sensitive a given sensor is to diff
- Page 27 and 28: Figure 3. From Green et al. (1998),
- Page 29 and 30: analyzing imagery spectra, it is mo
- Page 31 and 32: After data have been converted to r
- Page 33 and 34: Collins et al. (1997) was able to s
- Page 35 and 36: These purposes include, but are not
- Page 37 and 38: III. DESERT ECOSYSTEM CHARACTERISTI
- Page 39 and 40: sagebrush of Utah, Montana, and the
- Page 41: in desert regions include argids, o
- Page 45 and 46: 2004), especially in cases where ma
- Page 47 and 48: IV. STUDY SITES The focus area of t
- Page 50 and 51: Figure 13. This figure illustrates
- Page 52 and 53: Following the uplift that occurred
- Page 54 and 55: the Mazourka Canyon OHV park betwee
- Page 56 and 57: wavelengths being analyzed to obtai
- Page 58 and 59: 2. Field Spectroscopy An Analytical
- Page 60 and 61: A spectral library was then built a
- Page 62 and 63: after atmospherically correcting th
- Page 64 and 65: where: is the mean corrected and no
- Page 66 and 67: also be seen in Figure 23. The leve
- Page 68 and 69: Figure 24. This figure is a compari
- Page 70 and 71: Figure 25. This figure shows ASD co
- Page 72 and 73: Looking at Figure 25 it is apparent
- Page 74 and 75: A. IMAGERY DERIVED ENDMEMBERS The i
- Page 76 and 77: Figure 28. The above shows some of
- Page 78 and 79: spectrometer, reflectance values we
- Page 80 and 81: such an inference can be made (Ben-
- Page 82 and 83: While this is lower than the hoped
- Page 84 and 85: While the lower value would initial
- Page 86 and 87: Figure 33. This figure shows the ad
- Page 88 and 89: Inset C of Figure 35 is the same da
- Page 90 and 91: However, the presences of BSCs are
2. Biological Soil Crusts (BSCs)<br />
Biological soil crusts (BSCs) are prevalent in two of <strong>the</strong> areas used <strong>for</strong> this study;<br />
both <strong>the</strong> Owens/Death Valley collection area and Canyonlands National Park (see<br />
Section IV below). Figure 11 shows a pho<strong>to</strong>graph of <strong>the</strong> predominant species in <strong>the</strong><br />
Owens Valley collection site compared <strong>to</strong> that of Canyonlands National Park. Also<br />
known as cryp<strong>to</strong>biotic soils, BSCs are communities of sessile organisms that include<br />
bryophytes, lichens, eukaryotic algae, cyanobacteria, free-living fungi, and bacteria<br />
(Bowker et al, 2005). Found on all continents, and in most habitats, BSCs are so<br />
prevalent, <strong>the</strong>re are few areas in <strong>the</strong> world that can be considered BSC free (Bowker et<br />
al., 2005; Johns<strong>to</strong>n, 1997).<br />
Figure 11. Pho<strong>to</strong>graph of BSCs taken at <strong>the</strong> Owens/Death Valley collection (bot<strong>to</strong>m<br />
two) site compared <strong>to</strong> those of Canyonlands National park (<strong>to</strong>p pho<strong>to</strong>graph)<br />
(http://www.nps.gov/cany/naturescience/images/SoilCrust_CloseUp.jpg ,<br />
Jessica Howard)<br />
23
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