Spectral Unmixing Applied to Desert Soils for the - Naval ...

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Figure 9. The above figure is a map of world soil types and their distribution adapted from the http://www.cals.uidaho.edu/soilorders/i/worldorders.jpg (2012). Notice that the primary soil types associated with the arid regions in Figure 7 are Aridisols (orange), and Entisols (pink) to some extent. B. CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SOIL COMPONENTS 1. Soils Aridisols are the predominant soil type associated with the desert environment (Whitford, 2002). Figure 9 illustrates different soils throughout the world along with their respective regions, and Figure 10 shows the percentage distribution of aridosols in the United States. Aridosols are CaCO3 containing soils generally found in arid regions that experience some subsurface horizon development. Characteristically, these soils are dry through most of the year with limited leaching (Balba, 1995; Whitford, 2002). Subsurface horizons have accumulations of clays, calcium carbonate, silica salts, and gypsum in some cases, though gypsum and calcium carbonate tend to leach from soils in most climate types (Balba, 1995). The properties of the subsurface soil horizons are important to know because variability in soil materials is detectable through Imaging Spectrometry (Clark, 1999; Kruse et al., 2000) and their presence may tell something about activities in the area (Webb et al., 2009). Other soil types also found 20
in desert regions include argids, orthids, mollisols, entisols, and shrink swell soils also known as cracking clays (Whitford, 2002). The structure and processes that occur within desert regions can be directly linked to soil properties and therefore make it possible to link changes in those properties to alterations in ecosystem functions (Prose, 1985; Whitford, 2002). Because soils are a product of geology, geomorphology, and climate it is possible to make inferences as to what types of soil components may be present based on local geologic, geomorphologic and climatologic information (Whitford, 2002; Lammers, 1991). These similarities should also allow for use of endmembers from a geographically different yet geologically similar area to be used to study surface disturbances in different arid regions of the world (Whitford, 2002; Lammers, 1991). Soils also play a key role in nutrient availability and nutrient cycling critical to survival of biologic soil components such as cryptobiotic soil crusts (BSCs) (Whitford, 2002; Bowker et al., 2005). It is a reasonable assumption that biological soil components exhibiting signs of stress can yield information (Smith et al., 2004) on anthropogenic activities causing surface disturbances; because these impacts change ecosystem functions and nutrient delivery systems (Bowker et al., 2005; Evans et al., 1999; Prose, 1985) within and around an area (Webb et al., 2009). 21
Page 1 and 2: NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY,
Page 3 and 4: REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Appr
Page 5 and 6: Approved for public release; distri
Page 7 and 8: ABSTRACT Desert areas cover approxi
Page 9 and 10: TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION..
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. The above
Page 13 and 14: spectrum by atmospheric effects. Re
Page 15 and 16: emoved function showing an absorpti
Page 17 and 18: LIST OF TABLES Table 1. This table
Page 19 and 20: LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Page 21 and 22: I. INTRODUCTION A study published b
Page 23 and 24: II. THE PHYSICS BEHIND REMOTE SENSI
Page 25 and 26: sensitive a given sensor is to diff
Page 27 and 28: Figure 3. From Green et al. (1998),
Page 29 and 30: analyzing imagery spectra, it is mo
Page 31 and 32: After data have been converted to r
Page 33 and 34: Collins et al. (1997) was able to s
Page 35 and 36: These purposes include, but are not
Page 37 and 38: III. DESERT ECOSYSTEM CHARACTERISTI
Page 39: sagebrush of Utah, Montana, and the
Page 43 and 44: 2. Biological Soil Crusts (BSCs) Bi
Page 45 and 46: 2004), especially in cases where ma
Page 47 and 48: IV. STUDY SITES The focus area of t
Page 50 and 51: Figure 13. This figure illustrates
Page 52 and 53: Following the uplift that occurred
Page 54 and 55: the Mazourka Canyon OHV park betwee
Page 56 and 57: wavelengths being analyzed to obtai
Page 58 and 59: 2. Field Spectroscopy An Analytical
Page 60 and 61: A spectral library was then built a
Page 62 and 63: after atmospherically correcting th
Page 64 and 65: where: is the mean corrected and no
Page 66 and 67: also be seen in Figure 23. The leve
Page 68 and 69: Figure 24. This figure is a compari
Page 70 and 71: Figure 25. This figure shows ASD co
Page 72 and 73: Looking at Figure 25 it is apparent
Page 74 and 75: A. IMAGERY DERIVED ENDMEMBERS The i
Page 76 and 77: Figure 28. The above shows some of
Page 78 and 79: spectrometer, reflectance values we
Page 80 and 81: such an inference can be made (Ben-
Page 82 and 83: While this is lower than the hoped
Page 84 and 85: While the lower value would initial
Page 86 and 87: Figure 33. This figure shows the ad
Page 88 and 89: Inset C of Figure 35 is the same da
Page 90 and 91:
However, the presences of BSCs are
Page 92 and 93:
A B C Figure 37. Inset A shows the
Page 94 and 95:
A B C Figure 38. Inset A shows a co
Page 96 and 97:
differences in the studies by other
Page 98 and 99:
small concentrations making them un
Page 100 and 101:
area making it possible to tell wha
Page 102 and 103:
Clark, R. N., Swayze, G. A., Livo,
Page 104 and 105:
Kruse, F. A., Boardman, J. W., and
Page 106 and 107:
Sharp, R. P., and Glazner, A. F., (
Page 108:
INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST 1. Defens
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