Spectral Unmixing Applied to Desert Soils for the - Naval ...
Spectral Unmixing Applied to Desert Soils for the - Naval ... Spectral Unmixing Applied to Desert Soils for the - Naval ...
Figure 8. In this image from http://serc.carleton.edu/eslabs/weather/4a.html the distribution of global biomes is shown. The areas that are colored orange and yellow comprise the Desert and Steppe ecosystems of the world that constitute the hot and dry, coastal, and semiarid desert regions. Cold deserts would be included in certain portions of the blue regions on the map. Desert biomes fall under four major classifications: hot and dry, semiarid, coastal, and cold (Allaby et al., 2011; McKinney et al., 2013; Whitford, 2002). Examples of hot and dry deserts include the Chihuahuan, Sonoran, Mojave and Great Basin in the United States. Examples outside of the United States include the Southern Asian Realm, Neotropical of South and Central America, the Ethiopian of Africa and the Australian desert. These deserts are warm throughout the year to very hot over the summer months. Rainfall is scarce in these regions and when it does occur it is often in bursts after long dry spells. Common plants are low growing shrubs, trees, and cacti. Soils in these regions are course-textured and gravely, exhibit good drainage and have no subsurface water (Whitford, 2002). Semiarid desert regions of the United States include the 18
sagebrush of Utah, Montana, and the Great Basin. This biome can also be found in the Nearctic realm of North America, Newfoundland, Greenland, Russia, Europe, and northern Asia. Similar to hot and dry deserts, rainfall in these regions is low in the winter and summers are long and dry. Plants here consist of spiny and glossy leafed varieties. These regions differ in that they have cool nights which allow for condensation of dew providing more water to these regions than hot and dry deserts. Soils here range from sandy fines to larger fragmented rock, sand, or gravel. Mountain slopes will typically have shallow soils with good drainage while the lower slopes characteristically have well-drained soils. Both cases do not contain sub-surface water (Allaby et al., 2011; Lammers, 1991; Whitford, 2002). Coastal deserts occur in moderately cool to warm regions and are characteristic of the Nearctic and Neotropical realm with the Atacama Desert located in Chile being a primary example. They tend to have cool winters and somewhat long, warm summers. Average rainfall in these deserts is generally 8–13 cm but places such as the Atacama can see 1.5 cm or less. Soils here are generally fines and gravels with some salt content. The soil is porous with good drainage (Allaby et al., 2011; Warhol, 2007). Lastly cold Deserts can be found in regions of the Antarctic, Greenland, and the Nearctic realm. These deserts are known for cold winters with high overall rainfall during winter months. They also receive snowfall and some rain during the short, moderately warm summer months. Winters are quite long, cold, and receive considerable snowfall. Annual precipitation ranges from 15–26 cm but can reach a maximum of 46 cm and minimum of 9 cm. Soils consist of heavy silts with high extractable mineral content often coinciding with porous soil of good drainage allowing for mineral leaching (Jonasson et al., 2000; Moore, 1978). 19
- Page 1 and 2: NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY,
- Page 3 and 4: REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Appr
- Page 5 and 6: Approved for public release; distri
- Page 7 and 8: ABSTRACT Desert areas cover approxi
- Page 9 and 10: TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION..
- Page 11 and 12: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. The above
- Page 13 and 14: spectrum by atmospheric effects. Re
- Page 15 and 16: emoved function showing an absorpti
- Page 17 and 18: LIST OF TABLES Table 1. This table
- Page 19 and 20: LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
- Page 21 and 22: I. INTRODUCTION A study published b
- Page 23 and 24: II. THE PHYSICS BEHIND REMOTE SENSI
- Page 25 and 26: sensitive a given sensor is to diff
- Page 27 and 28: Figure 3. From Green et al. (1998),
- Page 29 and 30: analyzing imagery spectra, it is mo
- Page 31 and 32: After data have been converted to r
- Page 33 and 34: Collins et al. (1997) was able to s
- Page 35 and 36: These purposes include, but are not
- Page 37: III. DESERT ECOSYSTEM CHARACTERISTI
- Page 41 and 42: in desert regions include argids, o
- Page 43 and 44: 2. Biological Soil Crusts (BSCs) Bi
- Page 45 and 46: 2004), especially in cases where ma
- Page 47 and 48: IV. STUDY SITES The focus area of t
- Page 50 and 51: Figure 13. This figure illustrates
- Page 52 and 53: Following the uplift that occurred
- Page 54 and 55: the Mazourka Canyon OHV park betwee
- Page 56 and 57: wavelengths being analyzed to obtai
- Page 58 and 59: 2. Field Spectroscopy An Analytical
- Page 60 and 61: A spectral library was then built a
- Page 62 and 63: after atmospherically correcting th
- Page 64 and 65: where: is the mean corrected and no
- Page 66 and 67: also be seen in Figure 23. The leve
- Page 68 and 69: Figure 24. This figure is a compari
- Page 70 and 71: Figure 25. This figure shows ASD co
- Page 72 and 73: Looking at Figure 25 it is apparent
- Page 74 and 75: A. IMAGERY DERIVED ENDMEMBERS The i
- Page 76 and 77: Figure 28. The above shows some of
- Page 78 and 79: spectrometer, reflectance values we
- Page 80 and 81: such an inference can be made (Ben-
- Page 82 and 83: While this is lower than the hoped
- Page 84 and 85: While the lower value would initial
- Page 86 and 87: Figure 33. This figure shows the ad
Figure 8. In this image from http://serc.carle<strong>to</strong>n.edu/eslabs/wea<strong>the</strong>r/4a.html <strong>the</strong><br />
distribution of global biomes is shown. The areas that are colored orange<br />
and yellow comprise <strong>the</strong> <strong>Desert</strong> and Steppe ecosystems of <strong>the</strong> world that<br />
constitute <strong>the</strong> hot and dry, coastal, and semiarid desert regions. Cold<br />
deserts would be included in certain portions of <strong>the</strong> blue regions on <strong>the</strong><br />
map.<br />
<strong>Desert</strong> biomes fall under four major classifications: hot and dry, semiarid, coastal, and<br />
cold (Allaby et al., 2011; McKinney et al., 2013; Whit<strong>for</strong>d, 2002). Examples of hot and<br />
dry deserts include <strong>the</strong> Chihuahuan, Sonoran, Mojave and Great Basin in <strong>the</strong> United<br />
States. Examples outside of <strong>the</strong> United States include <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Asian Realm,<br />
Neotropical of South and Central America, <strong>the</strong> Ethiopian of Africa and <strong>the</strong> Australian<br />
desert. These deserts are warm throughout <strong>the</strong> year <strong>to</strong> very hot over <strong>the</strong> summer months.<br />
Rainfall is scarce in <strong>the</strong>se regions and when it does occur it is often in bursts after long<br />
dry spells. Common plants are low growing shrubs, trees, and cacti. <strong>Soils</strong> in <strong>the</strong>se<br />
regions are course-textured and gravely, exhibit good drainage and have no subsurface<br />
water (Whit<strong>for</strong>d, 2002). Semiarid desert regions of <strong>the</strong> United States include <strong>the</strong><br />
18
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