Spectral Unmixing Applied to Desert Soils for the - Naval ...

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III. DESERT ECOSYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS A. DESERTS AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION 1. Humans and the Arid Environment By definition, deserts are arid or semi-arid regions where rainfall is the limiting factor for productivity and/or is unpredictable to the point that growing crops is not possible (Whitford, 2002). Biological constituents of a desert are often considered to be living at or near their threshold of tolerance for a given environmental or ecological condition; resulting in local extinctions of some species when they are stressed beyond their ability to cope (Whitford, 2002). Desert ecosystems have been found to be so sensitive that constant disturbances have been known to cause change in both the structure and function within the region itself and extending to surrounding ecosystems (Webb et al., 2009). One example of how anthropogenic disturbances alter desert ecosystems is the distribution of plant communities and the close correlation of human impacts with increased rates of non-native plant invasions (Webb et al., 2009). Other changes are decreases in soil conductivity (electricity) because of impact-related decreases in soil porosity. These alterations lead to higher erosion rates and wind transporting of soil materials (Prose, 1985). Because structural characteristics of soils affect all processes in the desert environment, links can be established between bio- chemical interactions and human-related impacts (Prose, 1985; Whitford, 2002) based on changes in reflectance within hyperspectral imagery (Smith et al., 2004). 2. Desert Biomes According to Whitford (2002), desert biomes cover roughly one-third of the Earth’s surface, occurring in areas with less than 50 cm/year of rainfall. Figures 8 and 9 illustrate a distribution of desert regions and correlating soil types, respectively. . 17
Page 1 and 2: NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY,
Page 3 and 4: REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Appr
Page 5 and 6: Approved for public release; distri
Page 7 and 8: ABSTRACT Desert areas cover approxi
Page 9 and 10: TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION..
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. The above
Page 13 and 14: spectrum by atmospheric effects. Re
Page 15 and 16: emoved function showing an absorpti
Page 17 and 18: LIST OF TABLES Table 1. This table
Page 19 and 20: LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Page 21 and 22: I. INTRODUCTION A study published b
Page 23 and 24: II. THE PHYSICS BEHIND REMOTE SENSI
Page 25 and 26: sensitive a given sensor is to diff
Page 27 and 28: Figure 3. From Green et al. (1998),
Page 29 and 30: analyzing imagery spectra, it is mo
Page 31 and 32: After data have been converted to r
Page 33 and 34: Collins et al. (1997) was able to s
Page 35: These purposes include, but are not
Page 39 and 40: sagebrush of Utah, Montana, and the
Page 41 and 42: in desert regions include argids, o
Page 43 and 44: 2. Biological Soil Crusts (BSCs) Bi
Page 45 and 46: 2004), especially in cases where ma
Page 47 and 48: IV. STUDY SITES The focus area of t
Page 50 and 51: Figure 13. This figure illustrates
Page 52 and 53: Following the uplift that occurred
Page 54 and 55: the Mazourka Canyon OHV park betwee
Page 56 and 57: wavelengths being analyzed to obtai
Page 58 and 59: 2. Field Spectroscopy An Analytical
Page 60 and 61: A spectral library was then built a
Page 62 and 63: after atmospherically correcting th
Page 64 and 65: where: is the mean corrected and no
Page 66 and 67: also be seen in Figure 23. The leve
Page 68 and 69: Figure 24. This figure is a compari
Page 70 and 71: Figure 25. This figure shows ASD co
Page 72 and 73: Looking at Figure 25 it is apparent
Page 74 and 75: A. IMAGERY DERIVED ENDMEMBERS The i
Page 76 and 77: Figure 28. The above shows some of
Page 78 and 79: spectrometer, reflectance values we
Page 80 and 81: such an inference can be made (Ben-
Page 82 and 83: While this is lower than the hoped
Page 84 and 85: While the lower value would initial
Page 86 and 87:
Figure 33. This figure shows the ad
Page 88 and 89:
Inset C of Figure 35 is the same da
Page 90 and 91:
However, the presences of BSCs are
Page 92 and 93:
A B C Figure 37. Inset A shows the
Page 94 and 95:
A B C Figure 38. Inset A shows a co
Page 96 and 97:
differences in the studies by other
Page 98 and 99:
small concentrations making them un
Page 100 and 101:
area making it possible to tell wha
Page 102 and 103:
Clark, R. N., Swayze, G. A., Livo,
Page 104 and 105:
Kruse, F. A., Boardman, J. W., and
Page 106 and 107:
Sharp, R. P., and Glazner, A. F., (
Page 108:
INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST 1. Defens
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