Spectral Unmixing Applied to Desert Soils for the - Naval ...

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is the radiance above the atmosphere from the sun, is the total atmospheric transmittance, is reflectance from the surface material, is the angle of incidence of the sensor, is the path of the scattered radiance. Figure 1. The above figure shows how incident light interacts with surface materials via transmission, reflection, scattering and absorption (From Olsen, 2007). The accuracy of measuring land surface characteristics remotely is dependent on spectral, spatial, temporal, and radiometric resolution (Jensen, 1983). These different types of resolution are the dimension and number of wavelength intervals a sensor is sensitive to, the smallest angular or linear separation between imaged surface materials that can be determined by the sensor, how often the sensor is imaging the area, and how 4
sensitive a given sensor is to differences in the radiant flux being measured, respectively (Jensen, 1983). It is the spatial, spectral, temporal, and radiometric resolutions that determine the sensors overall capability in distinguishing one signal from another (Jensen, 1983). In hyperspectral imagery, these four resolution types are utilized to sample surface materials using contiguous bands allowing for identification of those materials. This is done via spectral absorption features in the collected signal, or spectrum (Goetz et al., 1985). This capability is discussed in detail in the Imaging Spectrometry section. B. THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM Electromagnetic radiation can come from a number of sources, mostly all associated with a changing of energy state of electrons (Olsen, 2007). It travels in the form of transverse waves that result in a continuous spectrum of frequencies or wavelengths (Olsen, 1979). The electromagnetic radiation concerning us here is the kind that interacts with matter, called incident radiation (Olsen, 2007). Generation of these electromagnetic waves occurs when energy is transformed from kinetic, chemical, thermal, and other similar sources (Elachi and Van Zyl, 2006). This electromagnetic radiation is how energy gets from some surface material to an optical sensor and is divided into a series of spectral regions that are illustrated in Figure 2 (Elachi and Van Zyl, 2006). Figure 2. This figure from http://www.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro201/emspectrum.htm shows the divisions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The region most often exploited by remote sensing scientists range from the ultraviolet to infrared portions of the spectrum (Halvatzis, 2002, Goetz and Rowan, 1981). 5
Page 1 and 2: NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY,
Page 3 and 4: REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Appr
Page 5 and 6: Approved for public release; distri
Page 7 and 8: ABSTRACT Desert areas cover approxi
Page 9 and 10: TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION..
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. The above
Page 13 and 14: spectrum by atmospheric effects. Re
Page 15 and 16: emoved function showing an absorpti
Page 17 and 18: LIST OF TABLES Table 1. This table
Page 19 and 20: LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Page 21 and 22: I. INTRODUCTION A study published b
Page 23: II. THE PHYSICS BEHIND REMOTE SENSI
Page 27 and 28: Figure 3. From Green et al. (1998),
Page 29 and 30: analyzing imagery spectra, it is mo
Page 31 and 32: After data have been converted to r
Page 33 and 34: Collins et al. (1997) was able to s
Page 35 and 36: These purposes include, but are not
Page 37 and 38: III. DESERT ECOSYSTEM CHARACTERISTI
Page 39 and 40: sagebrush of Utah, Montana, and the
Page 41 and 42: in desert regions include argids, o
Page 43 and 44: 2. Biological Soil Crusts (BSCs) Bi
Page 45 and 46: 2004), especially in cases where ma
Page 47 and 48: IV. STUDY SITES The focus area of t
Page 50 and 51: Figure 13. This figure illustrates
Page 52 and 53: Following the uplift that occurred
Page 54 and 55: the Mazourka Canyon OHV park betwee
Page 56 and 57: wavelengths being analyzed to obtai
Page 58 and 59: 2. Field Spectroscopy An Analytical
Page 60 and 61: A spectral library was then built a
Page 62 and 63: after atmospherically correcting th
Page 64 and 65: where: is the mean corrected and no
Page 66 and 67: also be seen in Figure 23. The leve
Page 68 and 69: Figure 24. This figure is a compari
Page 70 and 71: Figure 25. This figure shows ASD co
Page 72 and 73: Looking at Figure 25 it is apparent
Page 74 and 75:
A. IMAGERY DERIVED ENDMEMBERS The i
Page 76 and 77:
Figure 28. The above shows some of
Page 78 and 79:
spectrometer, reflectance values we
Page 80 and 81:
such an inference can be made (Ben-
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While this is lower than the hoped
Page 84 and 85:
While the lower value would initial
Page 86 and 87:
Figure 33. This figure shows the ad
Page 88 and 89:
Inset C of Figure 35 is the same da
Page 90 and 91:
However, the presences of BSCs are
Page 92 and 93:
A B C Figure 37. Inset A shows the
Page 94 and 95:
A B C Figure 38. Inset A shows a co
Page 96 and 97:
differences in the studies by other
Page 98 and 99:
small concentrations making them un
Page 100 and 101:
area making it possible to tell wha
Page 102 and 103:
Clark, R. N., Swayze, G. A., Livo,
Page 104 and 105:
Kruse, F. A., Boardman, J. W., and
Page 106 and 107:
Sharp, R. P., and Glazner, A. F., (
Page 108:
INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST 1. Defens
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