Spectral Unmixing Applied to Desert Soils for the - Naval ...

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difficult to maintain an informational edge. This makes it necessary to develop new methods for tracking their activity and whereabouts. Detection and mapping of disturbed soils using remote sensing and hyperspectral imaging technology is one approach that may contribute to the solution of this problem, however, this area requires further research to fully establish the potential of this technology. 2
II. THE PHYSICS BEHIND REMOTE SENSING A. REMOTE SENSING The term remote sensing refers to the ability to conduct measurements and interpretation of events without being present at the location being studied (Goetz and Rowan, 1981). Remote Sensing instruments make measurements by utilizing solutions to the wave equation: where: is the wave amplitude, is the angular frequency, is the phase, is the wave vector in some propagation medium (Elachi and Van Zyl, 2006). Remote sensing is useful for a variety of applications including mineral distribution mapping, geologic formation mapping, pollution studies, and geo-ecological relationships (Gathercole, 1987). Use of remote systems such as satellite borne sensors is possible because when light interacts with materials on the surface of the earth it is scattered, transmitted, reflected and absorbed by those materials (Figure 1). Some of that light is then directed in the form of photons toward an observing sensor and measured as radiance (Clark, 1999). The radiance measured by the sensor is calculated using the radiance equation (2) below after Gao and Goetz (1990). where: is the radiance observed by the sensor, 3 (1) (2)
Page 1 and 2: NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY,
Page 3 and 4: REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Appr
Page 5 and 6: Approved for public release; distri
Page 7 and 8: ABSTRACT Desert areas cover approxi
Page 9 and 10: TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION..
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. The above
Page 13 and 14: spectrum by atmospheric effects. Re
Page 15 and 16: emoved function showing an absorpti
Page 17 and 18: LIST OF TABLES Table 1. This table
Page 19 and 20: LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Page 21: I. INTRODUCTION A study published b
Page 25 and 26: sensitive a given sensor is to diff
Page 27 and 28: Figure 3. From Green et al. (1998),
Page 29 and 30: analyzing imagery spectra, it is mo
Page 31 and 32: After data have been converted to r
Page 33 and 34: Collins et al. (1997) was able to s
Page 35 and 36: These purposes include, but are not
Page 37 and 38: III. DESERT ECOSYSTEM CHARACTERISTI
Page 39 and 40: sagebrush of Utah, Montana, and the
Page 41 and 42: in desert regions include argids, o
Page 43 and 44: 2. Biological Soil Crusts (BSCs) Bi
Page 45 and 46: 2004), especially in cases where ma
Page 47 and 48: IV. STUDY SITES The focus area of t
Page 50 and 51: Figure 13. This figure illustrates
Page 52 and 53: Following the uplift that occurred
Page 54 and 55: the Mazourka Canyon OHV park betwee
Page 56 and 57: wavelengths being analyzed to obtai
Page 58 and 59: 2. Field Spectroscopy An Analytical
Page 60 and 61: A spectral library was then built a
Page 62 and 63: after atmospherically correcting th
Page 64 and 65: where: is the mean corrected and no
Page 66 and 67: also be seen in Figure 23. The leve
Page 68 and 69: Figure 24. This figure is a compari
Page 70 and 71: Figure 25. This figure shows ASD co
Page 72 and 73:
Looking at Figure 25 it is apparent
Page 74 and 75:
A. IMAGERY DERIVED ENDMEMBERS The i
Page 76 and 77:
Figure 28. The above shows some of
Page 78 and 79:
spectrometer, reflectance values we
Page 80 and 81:
such an inference can be made (Ben-
Page 82 and 83:
While this is lower than the hoped
Page 84 and 85:
While the lower value would initial
Page 86 and 87:
Figure 33. This figure shows the ad
Page 88 and 89:
Inset C of Figure 35 is the same da
Page 90 and 91:
However, the presences of BSCs are
Page 92 and 93:
A B C Figure 37. Inset A shows the
Page 94 and 95:
A B C Figure 38. Inset A shows a co
Page 96 and 97:
differences in the studies by other
Page 98 and 99:
small concentrations making them un
Page 100 and 101:
area making it possible to tell wha
Page 102 and 103:
Clark, R. N., Swayze, G. A., Livo,
Page 104 and 105:
Kruse, F. A., Boardman, J. W., and
Page 106 and 107:
Sharp, R. P., and Glazner, A. F., (
Page 108:
INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST 1. Defens
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