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NIGERIAN DRAMA POLITICAL AGITATION IN TOR IORAPUU'S
APRIL 1421
Abstract
Reuben Embu Ph.D
Theatre and Film Arts Department, University of Jos
The Nigerian political scene witnessed
a new lease of life in 1999 when
democratic elections were held putting
a hold on military dictatorship which
hitherto characterized the body polity.
The' past eight years of
experimentation and practice of
democracy in Nigeria cannot truly be
said to be truly democratic in the real
sense of the word judging from the
political escapades of the actors. The
erstwhile president, Gen. Olusegun
Aremu Obasanjo who was a retired
military man saw the political terrain as
a continuation of the military regime he
once headed. The govemors,
ministers, members of senate and
houses of assembly displayed a high
level of ineptitude which was further
compounded by corruption. The
dramatist, Tor lorapuu who is also a
member of the society encapsulates
the political developments in this play
April 1421 to depict the ugly situation
in the country. The play under
examination reflects upon the 2007
elections, how manipulations and
riggings were carried out depriving the
people of their adult franchise. The
play is quite revealing as it succinctly
captures the corruption and excesses
of not only the political class, but the
traditional institution as well and their
role in politics.
Introduction
The response to political politicking in
Nigeria by playwrights is not new. Over the
years, icons like Soyinka, Ola Rotimi, Femi
Osofisan, Bode Sowande, Iyorwuese Hagher,
Rasaki Bakare, Victor Dugga, Dauda Musa,
etc have in one way or the other commented
on the Nigerian State in their creative works.
These works capture certain issues within the
epoch they were written.
The text under study April1421 by Tor
lorapuu is based on the recently conducted
elections in Nigeria by the Obasanjo
administration. The title of the play specifically
refers to the governorship and State Houses
of Assembly elections held on the 14th April
2007 and the Presidential, Senate and House
of Representatives held on the 21 of the same
month. The paper will therefore address some
of the issues raised in the play with a view of
ensuring Nigeria plays politics according to the
rules. Tor lorapuu is a lecturer with the
Theatre and Communication Arts Department,
University of Jos and hails from Benue State,
Nigeria. lorapuu's area of interest is mostly
Theartre for Development but he also delves
into play writing. His first play titled Had I
Known, is a by-product of a theatre for
development project sponsored by Mac-Arthur
Foundation, while April 1421 is the second.
Lame Bamidele's work on Waiting for
Lefty discusses mutatis mutandis what April
1421 also addresses. The play is classified
under the popular protest form of drama since
it concerns itself with the welfare of the
masses in Nigeria and the injustices that are
perpetrated by the pseudo-bourgeoisies.
Bamidele (2000:122) notes that

social reform. Liberty, rebellion, social injustice
and... recommends itself to workers union as
a play that could energize them in their
strategy for socio-economic change because it
relies on the Agit-prop mode of performance.
Theoretical Framework: The Concept of
Agit-Prop
The concept of propaganda and
agitation according to A.P Foulkes (1983:19)
"is usually subversive and oppositional. It may
seek to overthrow a government or
established order ... it can be understood as a
call for action". Similarly, Bamidele's
exposition on agit-prop, traced the concept of
agitation and propaganda to the Soviet Union
about the 1920s. According to him, it serves a
didactic purpose by emphasizing a social
class theme and appealing to social activism
among its proletarian audiences. It also
consists of political satires in which the
capitalist who is ~ell dressed in big gown is
invariably the villain and the worker in overall
or work suit, the shining hero. He stressed that
some of the earliest agit-props were realistic
but crude. They were a blend of chanted
dialogue and mass movement in which actors,
performing in unison, symbolized the working
class solidarity necessary for the overthrow of
the capitalist system.
Foulkes (1983:2) exposition on
propaganda as it relates to literature and
society fits into the theoretical framework of
this paper.
The relationship between literature and art to
propaganda is not straight forward, and would
in any case be dismissed as insignificant by
many critics whose evaluative criteria would
lead them to make a distinction between 'real
literature' and 'tendentious' writing.
Based on this we would tend to agree to some
extent with George Orwell that "all art is to
,some extent propaganda" (Foulkes 1983:2). In
agit-prop, a lot of dramatic and aesthetic
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devices are employed: choral rendition,
episodic structure, satiric caricature, pseudonames
and theatrical stylization (Bamidele
2000:123). The play April 1421 is not an
exception. The public presentation of the play
in 2007 at the Open Air Theatre (OAT)
University of Jos incorporated all these
dramatic devices.
The play April 1421 is set in a
construction site with the foreman as the boss
and other workers working under him. The
play gives an insight into the 2007 elections
where Mrs. Akpambo and Mama Friday lost
their loved ones in the process and their
resilience to keep fighting on, until the injustice
and the wrong values of democracy were
achieved. The scenario of the military being
driven away by the civil society is depicted to
show how the former are no longer· needed
and the ushering in of democracy. The
Honourable Senator and former foreman lost
his bid for a re-election for not keeping his
campaign promises. The narrator craftily
weaves the episodes together, carrying
everyone along especially the construction
workers into one united people ready to fight
for their rights.
April 1421 and Socio- Political Realities in
Nigeria
The construction site is a metaphor of the
Nigerian political scene where all sorts of
political manipulations take place. The
foreman represents the status quo or
oppressed system and that is why the workers
at the construction site impeached him and
nominated the youth leader as their new
foreman. The political scenario then was
replete with impeachments and impeachment
threats in most houses of assembly and even
the presidency. In Plateau and Benue States,
the speakers where impeached due to political
wrangli,ngs and manoeuvrings.
In writing this play, the playwright

seems to be angry with the way political
happenings were taking place in the country.
The language used is also very dense and
critical and in some instances subversive.
Adopting the Marxian aesthetics using songs,
story telling, images of colours, and so on, the
play stands as a true mediation of the Nigerian
polity, reflecting the socio-political realities of
our immediate past and current trend of
events. The playwright's religious inclination
and experience as an activist in the NGO
world as well as a teacher influenced him a
great deal in writing this play.
At the construction site is a poor
woman called Mama 'Friday, who comes to
sell kunu (local gruel) to the workers. Her
involvement with the foreman and the
experience of the family impinges on activities
at the site. She accuses the foreman of sexual
harassment at the construction site: "... AII you
want is sex" (Iorapuu 2007:31) and is
aggrieved with the system because of the way
and manner she lost her principled husband
and two sons. Her description of the system
speaks for itself: "...Thou shall not oppose or
you are oppressed; thou shall riot question or
you are quarantined like a virus; and thou
shall not expose or you are eliminated"
(Iorapuu 2007:32). This statement is loaded
and coming from a supposedly illiterate
woman, it speaks about the injustice prevalent
in the land as the economy is also plundered.
Her reference to the foreman's demand for
sex can metaphorically be interpreted to mean
the Nigerian economy which the political class
embezzle without meaningful development of
the people.
Apart from agitation, lorapuu uses the
play to conscientize the masses on their
political and social rights. The presentation of
vibrant characters like Mrs. Akpambo, Madam
Fire, Mama Friday, Hembeto, Youth leader,
the colours, etc, all go to liven up the
dampened spirit of the people. Mrs'. Akpambo
and Madam Fire, for instance encourage the
workers on working ethics and the need for
them to wake up:
Mrs Akpambo: .. There is no easy road to
freedom. We want work for all; we want justice
for all; let the mind, soul, and body be
fulfilled ... let the awareness of our diversities
be our uniting force.
Madam Fire: ... It is about liberation, it is about
emancipating ourselves from our brothers;
from the brutalizing manner your construction
site is run (Iorapuu 2007:10).
The outburst arises due to the political
situation in the country where the right values
are being jettisoned and injustice perpetrated.
Politics and Democracy
The term "Democracy" is capable of
having many definitions and connotations to
different schools of thoughts. However, we
would adopt the one by Obasanjo and
Mabogunje (1992:1), which is explicit enough
for this discourse.
The concept of democracy should be
examined from two points of view, that is,
ideology and as politics. Democracy, as
ideology, is the philosophy of governance
which sets a high premium on the basic
freedom or fundamental human rights of the
citizens, the rule of law, the right to property,
the flow of information and the right of choice
between alternative political positions ...
democracy as politics is concerned with the
institutions and processes of governance.
These institutions and the procedure of
governance that they elicit tend to foster
consensus whilst simUltaneously promoting
and sustaining respect for the ideology of
democracy.
Plausible as this definition looks, does
it reflect the current democratic set up it
Nigeria? Why are the issues embedded in the
concept not being perceived or felt in the body

policy? These are rhetorical questions that
both leaders and followers need to ponder
upon. Democracy can only thrive and be
entrenched in a society where the people are
committed and involved in it with a view of
initiating and' implementing well meaning
programmes. . Ignatius Kaigama, (2006:4)
raised some fundamental questions which are
vital for both the electorates and those
aspiring into political offices not only in
Plateau State, but Nigeria as a whole:
... What is your understanding of politics?
Analyse or evaluate the way politics is played
in Nigeria and Plateau State. How can the
electorate contribute towards good
governance? What are the qualities of a good
politician? If you were elected a political
leader, how would you alleviate poverty? If a
politician comes to ask for your vote, what
specific area of development in Plateau State
would you demand of him or her? What are
your hopes, fears and worries for the ejection
2007?
The new Nigerian democracy after the
military dictatorial era would be nine years old
in 2008 and as far as age is concerned, she is
still a baby that needs nurturing. The practice
of partisan politics in Nigeria is not only scary
but horrifying. The politicians indulge in all
sorts of means to come into power. The use of
thugs and hoodlums, bombs; etc to kill and
maim their opponents are very rampant.
These politically motivated killings which are
captured by Wole Soyinka (2005:8) in the
Intervention series and equally highlighted by
Kaigama are quite disturbing for the nascent
democracy's survival.
... the former Attorney General and Minister
of Justice, Chief Bola Ige 23rd Dec. 2001,
Odunayo Olagbeju, Ahmed Pategi, Barr.
Bamabas Igwe and his pregnant wife Abigail,
Mr. John Nuhu, Isiyaku Mohammed, Uche
Ogbinanya, Dr. Harry Marshal, Chief
Aminasoari Dikibo, Chief Funsho Williams,
Education and Development in Africa: Interfaces, Issues and Perspectives
Chief Jesse Aruku, and Dr. Ayodeji Daramola.
The list of politically motivated killings is
endless especially those that are not being
reported. The late Bola Ige was assaulted at
the palace of the Doni (Chief) of Ife and was
eventually killed on political grounds (Soyinka,
2005:27). The Doni is supposed to serve as
the custodian and father of all, yet could not
protect the then minister, Chief Bola Ige. This
shows the level of participation of traditional
rulers in dirty politics in Nigeria. They hide
under the cloak of the traditional institution to
perpetuate evil. Soyinka (2005:9) in
Interventions I, while commenting on late Bola
Ige's death, cautions Nigerians thus:
.... We are a nation that kills our best.
Largeness of heart is regarded as a medical
condition, like an enlarged heart, requiring
drastic intervention. Tolerance is ridiculed as
the mark of weakness. Even the symbols that
should Iieal and bind the nation together are
tumed into agencies of death including those
of faith, piety, religion ...
Soyinka (2005:11) appeals to Nigerian
politicians and their compradors or
accomplices to have a rethink on their actions:
Let the killers among us pause, and reflect.
The route to the mind is not the path of bullets
nor the path of the blade, but the invisible, yet
palpable paths of discourse of our private and
social beings. Let the killing stop and the
intercourse of mind begin.
The bottom line eventually is to gain
political power negating basic human
considerations, such as the issue of human
dignity for every Nigerian citizen, which must
not be comprised and politicians who indulge
in this vice, need to heed the call as
propounded in April 1421 by Tor lorapuu, for
a healthy body polity. In the play, the ordeal of
Mrs. Akpambo and Mama Friday were
presented to drive home some lessons as
seen in this dialogue:
Youth Leader: How did your 'entire family die

anyway?
Mama Friday: Mister, first they killed my
husband. He won't allow the losing party to rig
the April 1421 election in his ward. They
fol/owed and shot him right by his door. My
son Friday, was also shot dead by some
uniformed men. You aI/ know him. He is the
young man Mrs. Akpambo spoke about
(Iorapuu 2007:32).
Mama Friday's experience is what most
families are going through as she laments:
"....We are wounded for democracy. My son
helped them to stuff the ballot papers for the
dishonourable senator and they awarded him
a death certificate" (Iorapuu 2007:33). The
political demagogues can go as far as setting
their opponent's house ablaze or other forms
of harm simply because he is likely to threaten
the operating system. The Youth leader II
brands these crop of sinister and disreputable
politicians "execu-thieves" exchanging batons
with the "legis-looters" (Iorapuu 2007:34).
These pseudo names refer to the executive
and legislative arms of government who
perpetuate corruption.
In the case of Mrs. Akpambo, three of
her children died as a result of motor accident
on their way from the stream. The search for
water every day is one of the many ugly
circumstances Nigerians ar~ faced with and
this has been on for over four decades. The
people lack social amenities so have to
struggle to survive. The basic necessities of
life like adequate drinking water, hospitals and
clinics, good roads, etc are not provided due
to corruption which is endemic in Nigeria.
Speaking about the Peoples
Democratic Party, the Nigeria's ruling party,
Soyinka (2005:22) vituperates this way:
I am convinced, beyond any further
doubt that there exists within the ruling party,
a nest of murderers. Their purpose is power,
and to attain and retain this at all costs is a
mission that habours a deep contempt for
Education and Development in Africa: Interfaces, Issues and Perspectives
moral scruples ... The conduct of PDP, apart
from its provable e/~ctoral criminality, goes
beyond indecency; it is a national
obscenity ... The ruling party is tainted, INEe is
tainted, the govemment is tainted and many
individuals ...
Soyinka is talking about a cabal
found in the higher reaches of government
that has exercised such influence in policy and
redefined governance as an exercise of
impunity, protecting their underlings and other
nefarious activities and cites the fraudulent
election of Iyola Omisore, ex-deputy governor
of Osun State, even while in prison as a case
in point. Apart from being a prime suspect in
Bola Ige's murder, he never stomped a
campaign trail nor mounted a soap box but
was pronounced victorious as senator in a
kangaroo election by PDP.
Religious and Social Implications
lorapuu's play has a lot of religious
undertones. The reference to divine
punishment from God on politicians' attitude
and behaviour leaves much to be desired. In
the play, the author made allusions to
individuals and politicians in position who
deprive the masses of what is due to them as
"koro, koro, tief (broad day light thieves) and
ask for punishment on them by the ancestors.
One of the songs reproduced here is to show
the magnitude of the havoc being caused on
the suffering masses:
Dem bi koro koro tief,
Wetin be your own
You chop I no talk,
You clean your mouth,
I still no talk
Then you slap me
You say make I no cry
Haba! Koro koro tief
Wetin I do you
Na you get knife
Na you get yam, na you get gun

Koro koro tief your own na baba
You de kampe, you dey kampe
(Iorapuu 2007:12)
This song is composed in the Pidgin
English, which is a language that is
characteristic of the masses. They understand
it easily for transaction and communication
purposes and the play is replete with pidgin
laced with the Queen's English in other to
reach a balance between the upper class and
the masses.
The playwright made allusions to the
" epileptic services of the NNPC and its
eventual sale to Dangonet. Any good thinking
Nigerian need not be told who this person is in
Nigeria. This is one of the hordes of other
government corporations sold by the then
Obasanjo administration as a way of
empowering themselves with "nongovernment"
pe~orming ventures before
leaving office. The Power Holding Company
(PHCN) formerly National Electric Power
Authority (NEPA) and Transcorp. Hilton then
NICq~ NUGA Hotel are classic examples of
agencies sold. They were sold to politicians
and their allies in the private sector to continue
to dominate the political scene so that even
after leaving office they would some how still
be in power. That is the Nigerian scenario of
politicking and holding on to power.
The Place of the Youth in Nigerian Politics
The concept of the youth is one that
has an elastic frame; thus one is licensed to
define it the way it suits him. There are
however basic indicators of what it ought to
be. George Horvath (1971) views the youth as
healthy and active mature individuals. The
basic indicators noted here of the youth
include "good health, activeness and
maturity". This category of yout~ falls between
the ages of 18-35.
Education and Development in Africa: Interfaces, Issues and Perspectives
The youths in every society constitute
not just the active work force but also the
nerve of that society. The role of the youths in
economic, political and cultural growth and
development in any society is something that
cannot be easily quantified. If the youths are
removed or neglected in any society, that
society is bound to collapse. Ignatius Kaigama
(2006:20) cautions that
... concerted efforts must be made to give the
youth a qualitative and functional education
with special attention to character fonnation
and healthy spiritual growth. With
sound education the mind is broadened,
religious views are respected and what comes
upper most in the minds of the youth is how to
contribute their quota to build a nation that
utilizes its potentials to the fullest. ..
They could devout their precious time to
productive social programmes or ventures
such as war against corruption, thuggery,
idleness, arm robbery, stealing, beating of
parents, HIV/AIDS pandemic, etc instead of
drinking and smoking their lives away. In this
way they become social crusaders for the
development of fellow youths who are still in
the dark and do not know what to do in life.
The youths could organize themselves into
pressure or interest groups to solicit for
development programmes from the local, state
and federal governments through their elected
representatives instead of being used for
political gains. Our people need adequate
water supply either through boreholes or water
board, electricity supply, good roads and
bridges, functional health facilities and so on.
These are issues that should preoccupy the
minds of the youths.
The youths in Nigeria have of late
contributed negatively to both community and
national development especially during the
democratic era. It is obvious that during the
dictatorial regimes, the activities of the,youths
were subdued to the barest minimum by the

Education and Development in Africa: Interfaces, Issues and Perspectives
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stern position of the military. The democratic
dispensation however gives room for freedom
of expression; knowing fully well that their
apprehension would not be as it was in the
military era. The rigging of elections in Nigeria
is mostly carried out by the youths. They are
full of energy and youthful exuberance. At the
slightest provocation, they can cause a lot of
damage. The Niger-Delta axis is boiling today
because the youths are fighting for their
economic rights and for the development of
their region.
During the 2003 and 2007 elections, it
was glaring in almost all states how the youths
were involved in electoral malpractices such
as beating up of electoral officials, carting
away ballot papers and boxes, killing, maiming
and other untold evils. Kaigama (2006:17) in
Dialogue of Ufe notes that the "Youth are
manipulated by selfish politicians and ignorant
religious leaders to kill or react violently at the
slightest provocation". The political gladiators
use them for these nefafious acts just to get
into office. Once in office, that is the end of the
story; they forget .the youths who paved the
way for them. In the first place one would like
to ask: why would a youth want to risk his or
her life for a dubious politician? Why would a
youth support a politician who does not have
an agenda for the people? Why would a youth
support a politician who cannot read or write?
What if the youth dies in the process of
perpetuating the evil of his master politician?
And what will _be the repercussion on the
parents and before God? These questions
should serve as food for thought for would-be
youths who would want to support politicians
so that they know the implications of their
actions. They are used and dumped after the
dirty job and only a few ever get the crumbs
that fall from their master's table. The youths
under such' circumstances cannot challenge
the political actor because they have been
~ettled. These acts of the youths violate· the
basic principles of democracy where every
citizen is entitled to exercise his adult
franchise. The scenario of Mama Friday's son
in the play is an eye opener for youths who
engage in such undemocratic acts that
invariably undermine the principle of
democracy. It is the duty of the youths
therefore to educate and enlighten the
community on how to vote, who to vote for
based on his/her well planned programmes.
The Role Traditional Rulers
The involvement of traditional rulers in
politics negates their constitutional roles as
custodians of the peoples' culture. Mama
Friday's revelation of this in the play is glaring
"... Everyone was recruited for the dirty job
including traditional rulers" (Iorapuu 2007:34).
The traditional ruler in question was seen
carrying ballot boxes and this angered the
youths who chased him and set him ablaze.
This scenario fits perfectly into the Nasarawa
State situation where the palace of the Aren
Eggon in Nasarawa Egon Local Government
was set ablaze during the election by angry
youths who felt their chief was involved in
partisan politics. What perhaps influences
their participation in partisan politics has to do
with the crave for materialism and promise of
good offices. No wonder, Brick Layer I, a
character in the play says" .... They are more of
contractors and errand boys to the powers
that be no matter how young you are"
((Iorapuu 2007:34). Similarly, the
gubernatorial candidate for the All Nigerian
Peoples Party (ANPP), Solomon Ewuga, an
Eggon by tribe was nearly lynched in Assakio
in the palace of the Alago traditional ruler. The
circumstances were such that he would be
eliminated along with his entourage, mostly
Eggon people. His opponent, Alh. Aliyu Akwe
Doma, an Alago by tribe of the Peoples
Democratic Party (POP) was supported by the
then governor, Alh. Abdullahi Adamu to

perpetuate this evil. The mixing of politics with
tribal and religious coloration therefore is a
bane of politics in Nigeria.
Conclusion
Good governance and improved
socio-economic conditions are twin sisters that
should be the most important reasons for any
politician who seeks political power. The
politicians should always have the interest of
the people in mind when policies are being
made. They should contribute to the
development of the people and should leave
long lasting legacies such that the people feel
their impact even after their tenure.
The paper calls for probe on the
activities of the governors, senators,
legislators, chairmen of local governments and
erstwhile politicians especially those involved
in notorious political killings as engineered by
the fascist POP regime. The setting up of
tribunals for state governors and members of
the houses of assembly that manipulated their
way to power is a welcome development as
well as the energy and power probe of the
Obasanjo administration, where $16bilion was
wasted on a white elephant project instead of
investing it in the educational sector. The
bottom line is that justice should prevail and
the perpetrators made accountable for their
acts.
The play calls on the citizenry to
reflect on the political happenings in the
country, the journey of collective freedom and
an end to deprivation. What we make of our
democracy is our collective responsibility
especially our youthful generation. They are a
viable asset and if tapped and directed rightly
in all ramifications of life - politics business,
education, health and religion, our society
shall be a better place. The youths must resist
the temptation of being used for political gains
just because of money.
Education and Development in Africa: Interfaces, Issues and Perspectives
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