chemical physics of discharges - Argonne National Laboratory

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62 The effect of adding O.O* xenon to neon is seen in Fig. 5. The residual current drops and there is a steeper slope to the exponentti part of the curve. In addition a smaller increase is observed in the Faraday dark space. (5) Energy distribution of secondary electrons. From Fig. 2 (a) we see that the energy distribution of secondary electrons is essentially Maxwellian at the indicated position of the probe. However, as the axial distance is increased we find a successively greater loss of electrons whose energies exceed about 10 eV, although thd distribution is not radically altered from Maxwellian. The addition of 0.07% xenon results in almost complete depletion of electrons above 12 eV and there \I are considerable deficiencies beginning only 5 eV above the space potential. The data are summarized in Fig. 6. The distribution curves for the mixture were calculated from the experimental measurements according to the method of Medicus8, and comparison plots of the ideal Maxwellian distribution are given. The two Curves in each case were normalized to those regions along the potential axis which gave a I straight line on the semi-logarithmic plot. The fluctuations in the curves for the mixture were reproducible and are similar in appearance ‘I to the structural features that were observed by Twiddyg in the cathode region of rare gas discharges. It is apparent that xenon effectively reduces the higher energy secondary electrons, even at 0.07% concentration. Twiddy’O has shown that there is a similar loss of energetic electrons in the positive column of an argon-neon mixture. 1 (6) Residual positive ion current. The ratio of residual currents for ie m i d i + min was 5:1 with the probe facing the cathode and about 1O:l with the probe facing the anode. These ratios were constant for all axial positions of the probe in the negative glow and in the Faraday dark space. The ratios for the 0.07% xenon-neon mixture were the same as for pure neon. DISCUSSION Since the production of ions and low energy electrons in the negative glow is governed largely by the rate of arrival of high energy electrons from the cathode dark space it is obvious that the direct observation of these high energy electrons offers an important method for interpreting the processes of ionization in the negative glow. A possible means of making such a measurement is t o consider the negative residual currents collected by the screened probe when it faces the cathode. These currents could arise from several processes: (a) Direct collection of high energy electrons. (b) Grid emission by high energy electrons. (c) Grid emission by bombardment of positive ions. (d) Grid emission by metastable atom impact. (e) Grid emission by photon impact. Rotation of the probe to face the anode caused a 2/3 redyctio4 in the-residual current. One would not e)tpect processes (c), (d), and (e) to depend markedly on probe orientation so that these processes 1 probably account for less than 1/3 of the total residual negative Current when the probe faces the cathode. Since neither- the positive ‘1 ion density nor the visible photon intensity decays exponentially, Processes (c) and (e) are similarly rejected as a major source of curred for the anode orientation. We conclude that the major causes of the negative residual current in the negative glow are processes (a) and (b) i , ), t 1
\ 0.9 0.8 0.7 06 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 01 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 04 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.9 0.2 02 0.1 01 I c) 2 4 6 8 IO I2 14 . 16 18 2C ELECTRON ENERGY I V-VSP~CE) FIG. 6 Energy distribution function of secondary elec- trors compared with the Naxwellian distribution. (a) pure neon, d = 2.3 cm(b) mixture .07$ Xenon in neon, d = 2.2 cm(c) mixture, d = 3.0 cm. Probe facing anode.
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)i 1 reesonably complete and accura
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3 inquire about the component of ve
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4 I I 5 To find (t2)av, we assume t
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\ vnich, it is noted can be negativ
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I 7 than or smaller than the second
Page 11 and 12: i I i I I I ) ) i L , I I . INT1:OD
Page 13 and 14: 13 field per electron is and per co
Page 15 and 16: . 11. 5. CharRe-Transfer and Ion-Mo
Page 17 and 18: 17 In the followin:: sections much
Page 19 and 20: above. With that EIN, an estimate o
Page 21 and 22: 21 region in w!iich large, nighlv l
Page 23 and 24: i ’ understanding: 23 (a) Electro
Page 25 and 26: Obviously, the secondary ion must h
Page 27 and 28: 27 (22) Franklin, J. L., Munson, M.
Page 29 and 30: Tables 1-6 present examples of rela
Page 31 and 32: Table 8 Some Ions Formed by Process
Page 33 and 34: 33 velocity of the reacting partn r
Page 35 and 36: 35 must be added to the Langevin cr
Page 37 and 38: 37 In our laboratory a microwave di
Page 39 and 40: + . 4 . r 39 as well as N in a cor0
Page 41 and 42: ION-MOIECULE REACTION RATES MEASUFI
Page 43 and 44: 43 excitntion 2onditions so that th
Page 45 and 46: 45 In 2 like manner Fig. 3, showing
Page 47: 47 Absorption Spectra of Transient
Page 50 and 51: 50 maximum fiela. In this manner, a
Page 52 and 53: 52 3 % %- %- 5- a- 7 h W P H 0 L v)
Page 54 and 55: References I I . A.B.Callear, J.A.G
Page 56 and 57: ._ . _-.. - , , . . ,. . The Pyrex
Page 58 and 59: 58 0 0 0 VI J > I cv . u H a
Page 60: .... . 0 2 e I / m 0 H F4 : 1
Page 65 and 66: 65 ' cause of the reduction in the
Page 67 and 68: INTRODUCTION I' Attachment of polar
Page 69 and 70: I 69 EXPERIMENTAL The mass spectrom
Page 71 and 72: + Figure 1 Mixed water and methanol
Page 73 and 74: 73 ' , radius might be expected bec
Page 75 and 76: 75 Negative Ion Mass Spectra of Som
Page 77 and 78: A b 1 1 I H I I I FILAMEN T CONTINU
Page 79 and 80: 79 for positive and negative ions,
Page 81 and 82: 51 out to answer some of the questi
Page 83 and 84: 93 INTERACTIONS OF EXCITED SPECIES
Page 85 and 86: L 4 I*C z 0'2 = a, a U x I m 4 m 0
Page 87 and 88: I L I, ; > > E Fig. 3 I50 200 150 1
Page 89 and 90: I 300 r 1 - 200 i io ;' a cn I I. 0
Page 91 and 92: where DISCUSSION OF XESULTS PERTAIN
Page 93 and 94: 93 where the bar indicates values c
Page 95 and 96: 'I i 'I 0 2. 4 6 8 2 [ N]* x' I 0-2
Page 97 and 98: Fig. 14 IO 8 6 4F [NO] x IO-" (mole
Page 99 and 100: for chemiluminescent excitation in
Page 101 and 102: 101 Chemiluminescent Reactions of E
Page 103 and 104: 103 All gases were taken directly f
Page 106 and 107: 10; He: + N2 -. 2He + h': (8) whi!?
Page 108 and 109: description for both diffusion and
Page 110 and 111: B. Ions and Electrons I Consider a
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' 112 axial diffusion through the d
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the tube walls occurs continuously
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E2R M ' $6"
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9- 10. u. -
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120 . Dlschorge zone Reactor zone 1
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122 In radiation chemistry the cust
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124 4. chemistry seem limited essen
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126 Conversion of Mixtures into Mor
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Hydrazine Synthesis in A Silent dle
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{;I . - . .. . - .., . . .. _- .. .
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1 \ \ \ , \ , \ \ Pmer hnrity K.W.
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. I operating fact that the sloGe i
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_- of ' . 8. - 7 6, Residence Time
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135 Ionic Reactions in Corona Disch
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GAS OUT GAS IN i.ho QUADRUPOLE MASS
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- + ( ~ ~ + 0 H ) ~ O ~ ( H~o)~H+ +
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144 i I , , , , . + 1- u 3c w Inu c
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146 SYNTHESIS OF ORGANIC COIGhTDS B
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mi5 a- dz CI n I a I n +4 - 0 -I- k
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0 z cu I I I
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I- I - t d m a .rl Y x c, t-' d k
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, 155 This result is significant in
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Compound Bond he rgy Li I 82 UBr 10
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, ”..’ 3or 25 - 5 20 - s 3 w Y
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I 161 THE GLOW DISCHARGE DEPOSITION
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Fig. 1 Process Apparatus -__l.ll__
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v) t- at- InIo Io0 t-Q) loo lcua O
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This study is only an approximation
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Mole Reaction Material ratio time e
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\ i (4) Effect of System Pressure T
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173 Pressure. Since pressure is a c
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175 Table VI X-RAY DATA OF DEPOSIT
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177 Another source of weakness is t
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179 PLATING IN A CORONA DISCHARGE R
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\ 3 , ,\ 110 v 60 CPS MANOMETER . F
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I i , \ I i & a - P Fig. 3 Reaction
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\ \' C 0 .d * d .- C U d 0) c( 1) L
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I i I . Q) I, s w 0 v) Y 0 a w W a
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I (b) Polarized Light Fig. 6 Cross
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i m v) Y C i! u o) 23 a a- + 191 m
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i, d C .d c c W Q ) 0 0 L1Y 0 000 0
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i e 4 0 wcr -4 4 al 0 0 0 c) cr 13:
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\ E ‘ 1 TIME FOR RUN 13-1 14-1 -
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199 a red heat in this cell using d
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\ , t j \ I, v) 2 Y . C 0 u m .I C
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203 VAPOR PHASE FORMATION OF NONCRY
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BELL JAR STANC TO VACUUM SYSTEM U T
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207 of the boron oxide film, the fi
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i I, 4 I.( Y I- * 0 i f i 3 0.t I I
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211 The Reacticn 3f Oxygen with Car
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2 E, W t- a Z 9 I- a 2 X 0 I50 too
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'i' 100 50 IC 21 5 2.0 2.5 SURFACE
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I- z W 0 w a a 100 80 60 40 20 215
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s., Literature Cited Berkley, C. ,
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7 h \ F 221 600°C and 1 atmosphere
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223 e I'
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R L ' -1 9mm O.D. 5mm I.D. 45mm 0.D
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Figure 5.- Paschen's law curves. 2-
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\ '? I The water-free product gases
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N I + 0" ON i I + 0 u / 0 0 I 0 cu
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- 233 SOME PROBLEMS OF THE KINETICS
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.. . :. ,. .I , . i ? .. . , ... .
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237 Table 2 Experimental Variables
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239 Zhbie I Eerccnt Consumption of
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241 Discussion The systematic varia
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I \ 1 243 FORMATION OF HYDROCARBONS
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h z - a o m a 20 T IME, minutes . F
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I 1 I I I I 0 I 2 3 4 5 TIME, minut
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The next five coluws in table 1 sho
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\ .\ t 251 Given the existence of t
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I L 253 Epple, R. P. and C. M. Apt.
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1 ' Fig. 1 Schematic of flow discha
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5' . ' I 1 257 co, with excess H2,
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1 1 1 moo 1400 1300 c V' I IPOO I I
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i 25i The Dlssocfatior of ToIuere V
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L ! , c PRODUCTS FROM A 28 MC. DISC
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'\ J ?. , .. . : PRODUCT FORMATION
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'9 / I '\ "1 BENZYL CATION AND RADI
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a
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271 tube serve? as the high voltare
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273 ion (1L.). Zxcitei-ion by colli
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Apparatus and Procedure 275 EXPERIM
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. 277 6. A freshly prepared sam le
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observed. The polystyrene (10% solu
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i i (12) c (11) (14) I 281 LITERATU
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FLOW- METER I ADDITIVE SUPPLY * ,28
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285 TABLE 2 Effect of Haloqenated A
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ANALYTICAL RESULTS Some evidence wa
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DISCUSSION 289 The salient features
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? ~ MENBERSHIP IN THE DIVISION OF F
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292 flow of the reactant gas stream
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294 have suitable residence times i
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0 E < h( E l! d K c 0 .- Y 0 t u t
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298 yields of many chemical product
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- ;i Y . 15. Pressure lOmm 5 > 10-
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302 the best and in many practical
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GENERATION AND MEASUREMENT OF AUDIO
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. The transformer secondary and the
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Vaccum-Tube Amplifier The mobile co
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310 f = Power supply frequency in c
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FUFARCI! INSTITUTE OF TFYDLC UNIVER
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J # I / 4) I . . '8 r4 0 r( P
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317 i Cuencb svsten w.nnar;itus use
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epcrte? the noss~kil.itv of nroduct
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1' b t +
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323 ....... - . . . . . . . . . . .
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1 \ i I i , / / / 8 3 1 325 To205 +
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- .- - - . - - . . . - . 327 n + c
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' POWER PLASMA GAS l e , ' I ! I I
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331 f'ENI?AL PF'FCLCCFC Dernis, P.R
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i J 333 ; mosphere (as opposed to a
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; it raised the question, still &?z
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p .I V I .= - - HCN/C(CALC. WITH C
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1 1 339 atmospheric ressure and ach
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RESULTS 341 Composition Dependence
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0.09 0.08 0.07 9 0.06 2 U - .$ 0.05
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II \ to the Slot So that less of th
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i 4 2 HYDROCARBON-NITROGEN REACTION
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I 1 349 c M m ; a e, k M x
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1.0 I - a. I n TEMPERATURE - OK Fig
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353 the experimental results in the
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,) 355 The ceaswed conversion cf ni
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1 6 357 Freezing. 3jpotnesise thzf
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359 \ Frozen Compositior: Calcillat
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I 1 \ 361 -. ne reaction proceecis
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\ 36 3 ' h, I 26. H. Purnell, Gas C
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In experiments on the direct conver
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367 used as blnders, with different
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369 ' i 1. REFERENCES Berber, John
Page 372 and 373:
Distribution and yield rates of pro
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. . I . I 370 . . . . ., . . .. . .
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4 372 090- > E w - m c N O - 0 z :
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A-Feed tank 6-Thermocracker GReceiv
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80 \ 0 70 60 e 40 a U VI 9 30 20 10
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COAL DEASH& AND HIGH-PURITY COKE Wa
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3Pn _. -. - L -J:,J.-;~~~L, ):as se
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S ~ l ~ o n~pg:ading r is the resul
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The range ~f temperatures and gener
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. .. 386 9 * - r. Y 2 .' d a f' r.
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.) .L m 388 I
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TABLE 4 390 DELAYED COKING OF DEASH
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, ! I- on '---
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394 The present method is to keep t
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396 ‘c erperature, while the pres
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2, '! ! Proximate Analysis, wt $ Mo
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0 IS 0 14 LL 9 013 e \ 3 b- m *- 01
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402 HYDROGEN CYANIDE PRODUCED FROM
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404 Before startup, the system is p
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4 OL. ' , I. . TesCs. With.Coals .o
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Table 3.- Product Gas Analyses and
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410 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. American Public
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Figure 2. Enclosure surrounding hyd
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0 0 f v) C 0 u m I z 2 c 2 r d J w
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0. E c .4 7 .. .c . I ( - Low tempe
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418 cual. A mjor aa\;antage or' the
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420 Ir ?Y ? ? 9 9 9 pc rod n o c o
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422 Table 3. Room-texperature M'dss
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424 state, depending on the strengt
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Table 4. Room-?;ergerature isomer s
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I' 1.3 . /o 9 IO 9 6 a 425 F F 33 I
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Brooks J.D. and Sternhell S. (1957)
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(52) Gib3 T.C. and Greenwood N.N. (
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434 transducer vas then introduced
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436 yield is quite similar. The con
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?-!??? 0 mv, Uh\OhIe . . . . eirlrl
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4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 4
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442 CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN A CORONA
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helium 444 CORONA REACTOR SYSTEM Fi
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446 The ultraviolet spectrum. for t
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Biphenyl Fraction 448 The low molec
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LUd The actual structural definitio
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I I I I I In m 9 In 2 , I: r- In m
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’. 454 Mechanism I The available
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456 , , . The relatively low yield
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458 h/lethylacetylene, allene and b
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Introduction VAPOR PHASE DECOMPOSIT
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462 more efficient hydrogenation. T
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464 place in parallel with fragment
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466 P rl 0, k 7 rnI rn al k a I hl
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458 TABLE I. COMPOSI'IION OF GASEOU
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REFERENCES 1. C. Hirayama and D. A.
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i 472 Reciprocal Arc Enthalpy ,-> F
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474 be pumped down without altering
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476 Instead a hydrogen deficient fi
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i 478
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480 FATTY ACIDS AND n-ALKANES IN GR
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482 TA5L,E 2. - Carbon number distr
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6. 7. a. 9. 484 Lawlor, D. L., and
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' I ' Sample No. 6 ' 12 IO 8 6 z 4
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. 488 uiolecular weight of which ca
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Xississippi (Sample GS). Stock solu
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492 found at 5.7 and 4.9& for the W
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494 mechanisms. However, the voltad
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For pure polynuclcar arom.i;ic hydr
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- '-'. . ' . . values are listed in
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500 (1;) Ten, T. 17.: a;1d,Dic;
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- ~ Resistivity Czlculation 2: 1 j:
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504 o ' C 0s 2 0 v x i 8 2 0 ! P -
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506 i
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d 601 L P LL
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I I I I I I I I m W N W N 0 (D ? 0
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514 was heated under nitrogen in a
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The line broadening at 79OK of the
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13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
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W L, Z 6 m (1: 0 6 d j o 2 ' 1 0.0
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Coals 522 Studies of the 1600 cm-l
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L in ole i c a c id - 0' Two sample
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526 Table 1.- Ultimate analyses of
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528 6. Friedel, R. A., and H. Retco
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egeneration. The system can be seen
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532 and can be expressed in terms o
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534 in the vapor increases with inc
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NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3 Pyridine Pyridine P
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Mole Ratio of Test No. Quinoline to
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IXPROFJCTION D; M. Mason Institute
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-4:c~rciiny to recent studies o ;i4
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544 Table 1. LIGHT EMISSION OF Y"TR
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emission in a few cases may be by d
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LITERATUR2 CITED i. C. -. .' * il.
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co, CH,,OR 1 - OTHER ADDITIVE FRITT
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FRIT 'TED CO, CH,.OR 4 ___ OTHER AD
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340 350 300 400 4 50 500 600 700 80
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0 554 WITH COOLING (PLATE AT 40°C)
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5 56 then t = to when e = 0 2) the
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5 58 The surface heat transfer coef
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Discussion and Results 560 Three br
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__- ._ 562 Table I THERMAL AND PHYS
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ln 4 I 0 4J v \ 1.0 0.8 0.6 L - 0.4
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