chemical physics of discharges - Argonne National Laboratory
chemical physics of discharges - Argonne National Laboratory chemical physics of discharges - Argonne National Laboratory
0 0 AI r 0 z a rc) I Z c. * I 0 z 0 W (3 E a I 0 m 5 z 0 K LL 0 Z z - a 3NllVA - N- u? AI- . . 0 *a -0 C cu- 3N13031 ((IlJVdNVlS lVNL131NI) 3NINOIH13H I 3NllSA3 -a -0 . . AI- i i f
, 155 This result is significant in the context of chemical evolution. It has generally been thought, that amino acids had first to be synthesized and then cmdensed together into a polymer. The synthesis of a polypeptide in an electric discharge experiment reveals that such a sequence of r-actions may not have been necessary. If a suitable condensation agent is present the polymer appears to be formed as sson as the acids are s-ynthesized. In our case, the condensation agent is probably hydr-gen cyanide. The presence of 18$ hydrogen cyanide in the reaction mixture combined with the fact that in previous experiments we have beeh able to condense bases and sugars with cyanide support this hypothesis. The different experlments that have been described so far reveal that impor- 1 tant biclogical molecules can be synthesized by the use of a form of energy which existed -n the primitive earth. These conditions may be considered to be genuinely abiotic since the materials used are the constituents of the presumed prinitive , earth atmosphere, the conditions are aqueous, and the form of enera is on2 that is likely to have sccurred on the earth before the appearance of life. \ References > 1. S. L. Miller and H. C. Urey, Science ', a, 245 (1959) 2. R. Beutner, Life's Beginning on The Earth, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1938 3. S. L. Miller, J. Am. Chem. SOC. a, 2351 (1955) 4. S. L. Miller, Bichim. et Biophys. Acta 23, 480 (1957) 5. C. Ponnqperuva and F. Woeller, Nature m3, 272 (1964) 6. C. Ponnamperuma and K. Pering, Nature 2- 979 (1966) 7. W. A. Allen and C. Ponnamperuma, Currents in Modern Biology (in press) (1967) I 8. R. Sanchez, J. Ferris, and L. E. Orgel, Science 153, 72 (1966) . TAELE I SOURCE - Ultraviolet light ( 2500 i) Electric discharges Radio activity Volcanoes TABLF: I1 High Arc Total hours of current flow 1- 5 Electrode voltage Cell current (m. amp) $ L ss CHq/h End prsducts ($) Ethane Propane Ethene Pr=pene Acetylene 1400 4.0 6.6 32 2 32 27 -- ENERGY (in cal em+ p-1) 570 4 0.8 0.13 Low Arc 40 2500 0.5 1.1 20 5.2 2.4 1.9 42.5 Semi -Corona 48 9400 0.3 0.6 58. a 36.8 1.5 0.6 0.0
- Page 103 and 104: 103 All gases were taken directly f
- Page 106 and 107: 10; He: + N2 -. 2He + h': (8) whi!?
- Page 108 and 109: description for both diffusion and
- Page 110 and 111: B. Ions and Electrons I Consider a
- Page 112 and 113: ' 112 axial diffusion through the d
- Page 114 and 115: the tube walls occurs continuously
- Page 116 and 117: E2R M ' $6"
- Page 118 and 119: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9- 10. u. -
- Page 120 and 121: 120 . Dlschorge zone Reactor zone 1
- Page 122 and 123: 122 In radiation chemistry the cust
- Page 124 and 125: 124 4. chemistry seem limited essen
- Page 126 and 127: 126 Conversion of Mixtures into Mor
- Page 128 and 129: Hydrazine Synthesis in A Silent dle
- Page 130 and 131: {;I . - . .. . - .., . . .. _- .. .
- Page 132 and 133: 1 \ \ \ , \ , \ \ Pmer hnrity K.W.
- Page 134 and 135: . I operating fact that the sloGe i
- Page 136 and 137: _- of ' . 8. - 7 6, Residence Time
- Page 138 and 139: 135 Ionic Reactions in Corona Disch
- Page 140 and 141: GAS OUT GAS IN i.ho QUADRUPOLE MASS
- Page 142 and 143: - + ( ~ ~ + 0 H ) ~ O ~ ( H~o)~H+ +
- Page 144 and 145: 144 i I , , , , . + 1- u 3c w Inu c
- Page 146 and 147: 146 SYNTHESIS OF ORGANIC COIGhTDS B
- Page 148 and 149: mi5 a- dz CI n I a I n +4 - 0 -I- k
- Page 150 and 151: 0 z cu I I I
- Page 152: I- I - t d m a .rl Y x c, t-' d k
- Page 157 and 158: Compound Bond he rgy Li I 82 UBr 10
- Page 159 and 160: , ”..’ 3or 25 - 5 20 - s 3 w Y
- Page 161 and 162: I 161 THE GLOW DISCHARGE DEPOSITION
- Page 163 and 164: Fig. 1 Process Apparatus -__l.ll__
- Page 165 and 166: v) t- at- InIo Io0 t-Q) loo lcua O
- Page 167 and 168: This study is only an approximation
- Page 169 and 170: Mole Reaction Material ratio time e
- Page 171 and 172: \ i (4) Effect of System Pressure T
- Page 173 and 174: 173 Pressure. Since pressure is a c
- Page 175 and 176: 175 Table VI X-RAY DATA OF DEPOSIT
- Page 177 and 178: 177 Another source of weakness is t
- Page 179 and 180: 179 PLATING IN A CORONA DISCHARGE R
- Page 181 and 182: \ 3 , ,\ 110 v 60 CPS MANOMETER . F
- Page 183 and 184: I i , \ I i & a - P Fig. 3 Reaction
- Page 185 and 186: \ \' C 0 .d * d .- C U d 0) c( 1) L
- Page 187 and 188: I i I . Q) I, s w 0 v) Y 0 a w W a
- Page 189 and 190: I (b) Polarized Light Fig. 6 Cross
- Page 191 and 192: i m v) Y C i! u o) 23 a a- + 191 m
- Page 193 and 194: i, d C .d c c W Q ) 0 0 L1Y 0 000 0
- Page 195 and 196: i e 4 0 wcr -4 4 al 0 0 0 c) cr 13:
- Page 197 and 198: \ E ‘ 1 TIME FOR RUN 13-1 14-1 -
- Page 199 and 200: 199 a red heat in this cell using d
- Page 201 and 202: \ , t j \ I, v) 2 Y . C 0 u m .I C
,<br />
155<br />
This result is significant in the context <strong>of</strong> <strong>chemical</strong> evolution. It has<br />
generally been thought, that amino acids had first to be synthesized and then<br />
cmdensed together into a polymer. The synthesis <strong>of</strong> a polypeptide in an electric<br />
discharge experiment reveals that such a sequence <strong>of</strong> r-actions may not have been<br />
necessary. If a suitable condensation agent is present the polymer appears to be<br />
formed as sson as the acids are s-ynthesized. In our case, the condensation agent<br />
is probably hydr-gen cyanide.<br />
The presence <strong>of</strong> 18$ hydrogen cyanide in the reaction<br />
mixture combined with the fact that in previous experiments we have beeh able to<br />
condense bases and sugars with cyanide support this hypothesis.<br />
The different experlments that have been described so far reveal that impor-<br />
1 tant biclogical molecules can be synthesized by the use <strong>of</strong> a form <strong>of</strong> energy which<br />
existed -n the primitive earth. These conditions may be considered to be genuinely<br />
abiotic since the materials used are the constituents <strong>of</strong> the presumed prinitive<br />
, earth atmosphere, the conditions are aqueous, and the form <strong>of</strong> enera is on2 that<br />
is likely to have sccurred on the earth before the appearance <strong>of</strong> life.<br />
\<br />
References<br />
> 1. S. L. Miller and H. C. Urey, Science ', a, 245 (1959)<br />
2. R. Beutner, Life's Beginning on The Earth, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1938<br />
3. S. L. Miller, J. Am. Chem. SOC. a, 2351 (1955)<br />
4. S. L. Miller, Bichim. et Biophys. Acta 23, 480 (1957)<br />
5. C. Ponnqperuva and F. Woeller, Nature m3, 272 (1964)<br />
6. C. Ponnamperuma and K. Pering, Nature 2- 979 (1966)<br />
7. W. A. Allen and C. Ponnamperuma, Currents in Modern Biology (in press) (1967) I<br />
8. R. Sanchez, J. Ferris, and L. E. Orgel, Science 153, 72 (1966)<br />
. TAELE I<br />
SOURCE -<br />
Ultraviolet light ( 2500 i)<br />
Electric <strong>discharges</strong><br />
Radio activity<br />
Volcanoes<br />
TABLF: I1<br />
High Arc<br />
Total hours <strong>of</strong> current flow 1- 5<br />
Electrode voltage<br />
Cell current (m. amp)<br />
$ L ss CHq/h<br />
End prsducts ($)<br />
Ethane<br />
Propane<br />
Ethene<br />
Pr=pene<br />
Acetylene<br />
1400<br />
4.0<br />
6.6<br />
32<br />
2<br />
32<br />
27<br />
--<br />
ENERGY<br />
(in cal em+ p-1)<br />
570<br />
4<br />
0.8<br />
0.13<br />
Low Arc<br />
40<br />
2500<br />
0.5<br />
1.1<br />
20<br />
5.2<br />
2.4<br />
1.9<br />
42.5<br />
Semi -Corona<br />
48<br />
9400<br />
0.3<br />
0.6<br />
58. a<br />
36.8<br />
1.5<br />
0.6<br />
0.0
Change language