Cereals processing technology

90 Cereals processing technology
1990), musty or sour odors include earthy, moldy ground odors; insect odors;
rancid odors; and sharp, acrid odors. 30 Commercially objectional foreign odors
include odors of fertilizers, hides, oil products, skunk, smoke, and decaying
animal and vegetable matter. Trained inspectors determine subjectively the type
and severity of odors in rice.
Chalkiness
United States Standards for Rice 31 defines chalky grains as those that are onehalf
or more chalky. Chalky grains are important grading factors. Type of chalk,
location of chalky areas on or in the endosperm, as well as amount of chalk, is
important to processors because certain types of chalk affect quality of
processed products more than others.
5.2.4 Seeds and objectionable seeds
Seeds or grains, either whole or broken, of plants other than rice are classed as
seeds. Objectionable seeds are those difficult to remove by screening, sieving, or
aspiration because of their likeness to rice in size, shape and density.
5.2.5 Special and numerical grades
Parboiled, smutty, weevily, coated, granulated, brewer’s, and undermilled rice
are listed in United States Standards for Rice 31 as special grades for various
types and classes of rough, brown, and milled rice. These are additional factors
that describe conditions or processing treatments of rice. Coated milled rice is
coated, whole or in part, with safe and suitable substances in line with
commercially acceptable practice. Granulated brewer’s rice is rice that is
crushed or granulated to specified sizes. Numerical grades for both regular and
special grades are determined by trained inspectors based on size of whole and
broken grains, uniformity, cleanliness, damage, general appearance, infestation,
and odor.
5.3 Rice cultivation, including genetic modification
Rice is usually grown under shallow flood or ‘wet paddy’ conditions but is also
cultured where flood waters may be several meters deep. It is capable of
anaerobic respiration and has aerenchyma tissue in the aerial organs through
which oxygen diffuses to the roots. The unique ability of rice plant to grow on
all kinds of land and water regimes, combined with its adaptation to a wide
variety of climates and agricultural conditions, make rice the world’s most
important cereal crop. Thousands of rice cultivars are grown throughout the
world. More than 90% of the world’s rice is produced in Asia. The average
yields of rough rice in the years 1985–1987 were 3.3 tons/ha in Asia; 2.3 in Latin
America; 1.9 in Africa; 6.2 in the US; and in the world 3.2. The difference was