Cereals processing technology

Cereal production methods 11
Fig. 2.3 Regional distribution of wheat in the UK, 1998. (Source: Ministry of
Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.)
2.1.4 Grain quality and market outlets
There are two main outlets for grain, animal feed, and human consumption,
while a small amount is required annually for seed; grain is also exported from
the UK, mainly to Europe (Table 2.1). The requirements of these different
markets vary considerably, but are essentially defined by a number of ‘quality’
attributes, which determine the suitability of a sample of grain for a particular
end use. The definition of quality therefore depends on the requirements of the
specific market.
Grain attributes which determine its suitability for a specific market include
its chemical, physical and biological properties. All sectors of the market have a
basic requirement for sound grain free from impurities, insect damage and
moulds. Other standards are more market specific and will vary in importance
according to species and end product. For wheat these may include protein
quality and quantity, endosperm texture, flour yield and colour, water adsorption
capacity, -amylase activity and specific weight. For barley appearance, varietal
purity, seed vigour and germination, specific weight and moisture content are
generally more important, whilst for oats sound well developed grain with a high
kernel content is an important determinant of quality.
A number of these attributes are genetically controlled, others are dependent
on crop management during both the growing and storage periods, whilst