Cereals processing technology

cake puffing machine that has been preheated to 200ºC or higher. An example of
the rice cake machine is the Lite Energy Õ rice cake machine (Real Foods Pty.,
St. Peters, Australia).
The influence of moisture content and tempering temperature and time
immediately before puffing on rice cake volume has been investigated by Hsieh
et al. 12 In general, a lower moisture level (14% vs. 16–20%) in raw rice and a
longer tempering time (5 h vs. 1–3 h) resulted in higher specific volumes in the
rice cakes. Higher heating temperature at 230ºC versus 200–220ºC and an 8 sec
heating time produces rice cakes of higher specific volumes.
5.12 Rice Krispies Õ
A very popular rice product called Kellogg’s Rice Krispies Õ is consumed in
large quantities as a snack food, as well as a rice breakfast cereal. It is a toasted
cereal made of rice, sugar, salt, high fructose corn syrup, and malt flavoring. It is
free from fat and cholesterol and an average serving would be 1¼ cups (33 g)
with 1/2 cup of skim milk. The product is enriched with several vitamins and
minerals for improvement of nutritive value.
5.13 Future trends
Rice production 105
• Biotechnology and genetic engineering are recognized as the new areas in
rice research. The new technology, in its different forms, will contribute to
rice improvement.
• Anther culture is a new method that allows regeneration of true breeding lines
(double haploids) from anthers of rice. The advantage of this method is to
hasten the conventional breeding process, which requires several generations
after a cross to have lines reach a true breeding stage (homozygosity) for
evaluation and testing.
• RFLP (restriction fragment polymorphism) mapping is used to study rice
genome. This technique is of particular interest to rice breeders and geneticists
as a tool for identifying important genetic characters in segregating
populations.
• Rice plants can be regenerated successfully from protoplasts (single cells), an
important step in the application of genetic engineering methods in
transferring genetic characters into rice.
• Transgenic rice plants are being produced by a number of research groups in
California, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas. Such techniques may yield
new or improved quality types for future rice cultivars.
• Genetic engineering techniques will allow improvements of rice cultivars by
increasing productivity, tolerance to stress, and broader adaptation in material
with desirable quality characteristics.