Health Assessment Document for Diesel Emissions - NSCEP | US ...

CONTENTS (continued)
11.2.1. H.fl.Zard Evaluation Based on EPA 1986 Guidelines for
Carcinogen Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1
11.2.2. Hazard Evaluation Based on EPA Proposed Guidelines for
Carcinogen Risk Assessment ................................... 11-3
11.3. QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF THE CARCINOGENIC RISK
OF EXPOSURE TO DIESEL EXHAUST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-4
11.3 .1. Review of Previous Quantitative Risk Estimates . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-4
11.3.2. Current Approaches to Quantitation of Human Cancer Risk
From Exposure to Diesel Exhaust ............. ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-10
11.3.2.1. Dose-Response Estimates Using Human
Epidemiologic Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-10
11.3.2.2. Dose-Response Estimates Based on Animal
Bioassay Data ........................ ; ............ 11-11
11.3.2.3. Dose-Response Estimation Using Benzo(a)pyrene
as a Dosimeter ................... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-17
11.3.3. Strengths and Weaknesses of Differing Approaches for
Quantitating Cancer Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1 7
11.3.3.1. Dose-Response Estimates Based on Human
Epidemiologic Data .. ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-17
11.3.3.2. Dose-Response Estimate-Based Laboratory
AnimalBioassays .................................. 11-19
11.3.3.3. Dose-Response Estimates Based on the
Biomarker Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-21
11.3.3.4. ·Dose-Response Estimates Based on the
Comparative Potency Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-21
11.4. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....... .' .................... 11-22
11.5. REFERENCES ................................................... 11-23
12. HEALTH RISK CHARACTERIZATION FOR DIESEL ENGINE EMISSIONS . . . . . . 12-1
12.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................... ; .. 12-1
12.1.1. Scope ........ · ............................................... 12-1
12.1.2. What Is Diesel Exhaust in a Risk Assessment Context? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1
12.2. HAZARD ASSESSMENT .... · ....................................... 12-3
12.2.1. Hazard Assessment for Health Effects Other Than Cancer ............ 12-3
12.2.1.1. EffectsFromAcuteExposure ..... · ..................... 12-3
12.2.1.2. Effects From Short-Term and Chronic Exposure ........... 12-5
12.2.2. Toxicity Mode of Action· .... : ................................. 12-7
12.2.3. Carcinogenic Hazard Assessment ............................... 12-9
12.2.3.1. Human Evidence .................................... 12-9
12.2.3.2. Animal Evidence ........... · ........................ 12-11
12.2.4. Weight-of-Evidence Summary ........................ · ........ 12-13
12.3. DOSE-RESPONSE ASSESSMENT .................................... 12-14
12.3.1. Considerations in Modeling the Dose-Response Relationship ........ 12-14
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