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1 Lipkea, WH; DeJoode, AD; Christenson, SR. ( 1987) The relationship between nitric oxide and work as influenced 2 by engine operating conditions and combustion system parameters for a direct injection diesel engine. Presented at: 3 International congress and exposition; February; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 4 Inc., SAE technical paper no. 870269. 5 6 Lofroth, G. ( 1981) Comparison of the mutagenic activity in carbon particulate matter and in diesel and gasoline 7 engine exhaust. In: Waters, MD; Sandhu, SS; Huisingh, JL; Claxton, L; Nesnow, S, eds. Short-term bioassays in the 8 analysis of complex environmental mixtures II: proceedings of the second symposium on the application of short- 9 term .bioassays in the fractionation and analysis of complex environmental mixtures; March 1980; Williamsburg, 10 VA. (Hollaender, A; Welch, BL; Probstein, RF, eds. Environmental science research series: v. 22). New York: 11 Plenum Press; pp. 319-336. · 12 13 Lowenthal, DH; Rahn, KA. ( 1985) Regional sources of pollution aerosol at Barrow, 'Alaska during winter 1979-80 14 as deduced from elemental tracers. Atmos Environ 19:2011-2024. 15 16 Lyn, WT. (1960-61) Calculation of the effect of rate of heat release on the shape of cylinder pressure diagram and 17 cycle efficiency. Proc Automob Div·Inst Mech Eng (1). · 18 19 Lyn, WT. (1963) Study of burning rate and nature of combustion in a diesel engine. In: Ninth international 20 symposium on combustion. New York: Academic Press, Inc. 21 22 · Lyn, WT; Valdmanis, E. (1966-67) The effect of physical factors on ignition delay. Proc lnst Mech EngPart 2A (1 ). 23 24 McCann, J; Ames, BN. (1977) The Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test: predictive value for animal 25 carcinogenicity. In: Hiatt, HH; Watson, JD; Winsten, JA, eds. Origins of human cancer: book C, human risk 26 assessment. (Cold Spring Harbor conferences on cell proliferation: v. 4). New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 27 pp. 1431-1450. 28 29 McClellan, RO. (1986) Health effects of diesel exhaust: a case study in risk assessment. Am lnd Hyg Assoc J 47:1- 30 13. 31 32 McCoy, EC; Rosenkranz, HS; Mermelstein, R. (1981) Evidence for the existence of a family of bacterial 33 nitroreductases capable of activating nitrated polycyclics to mutagens. Environ Mutagen 3:421-427. 34 35 McVeety, BD; Hites, RA. (1988) Atmospheric deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to water surfaces: a 36 mass balance approach. Atmos Environ 22:511-536. 37 38 Miguel, AH; Pereira, PAP. (1989) Benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(ghi)perylene, and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene: new 39 tracers of automotive emissions in receptor modeling. Aerosol Sci Technol10:292-295. 40 41 Myers, PS; Uyehara, OA. (1947) Flame temperature measurements-electronic solution of temperature equations. 42 SAE QTrans 1:592..:611. 43 44 National Research Council. (1982) Diesel cars: benefits, risks and public policy, fmal report of the Diesel Impacts 45 Study Committee. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 46 47 Newton, DL; Erickson, MD; Tomer, KB; Pellazzari, ED; Gentry, P; Zweidinger, RB. (1982) Identification of 48 nitroaromatics in diesel exhaust particulate using gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization mass 49 spectrometry and other techniques. Environ Sci Techno! 16:206-213. 50 51 Nielsen, T. (1988) The decay ofbenzo[a]pyrene and cyclopenteno(cd)pyrene in the atmosphere. Atmos Environ 52 22:2249-2254. 53 54 Nishioka, MG; Petersen, B; Lewtas, J. (1983) Comparison of nitro-aromatic content and direct-acting mutagenicity 55 of passenger car engine emissions. In: Rondia, D; Cooke, M; Haroz, RK, eds. Mobile source emissions including 2/1198 2-65 DRAFT --DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE
1 polycyclic organic species. (NATO advanced science institutes series C, mathematical and physical sciences: v. 2 112). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: D. Reidel, pp. 197-210. 3 4 Obert, EF. ( 1973) Internality of diesel particulate matter a sampling artifact? Environ Sci Techno! 17:621-624. 5 6 Okamoto, WK.; Gorse, RA, Jr; Pierson, WR. (1983) Nitric acid in diesel exhaust. J Air Pollut Control Assoc 33: 7 1098-1100. 8 9 Pankow, JF; Isabelle, LM; Asher, WE. (1984) Trace organic compounds in rain. 1. Sampler design and analysis by 1 0 adsol-ptionlthermal desorption (ATD). Environ Sci Techno! i 8:310-318. 11 12 Paputa-Peck, MC; Marano, RS; Schuetzle, D; Riley, TL; Hampton, CV; Prater, TJ; Skewes, LM; Jensen, TE; 13 Ruehle, PH; Bosch, LC_; Duncan, WP. (1983) Determination of nitrated polynuclear 'aromatic hydrocarbons in 14 particulate extracts by capillary column gas chromatography with nitrogen selective detection. Anal Chern 55: 1946- 15 1954. 16 17 Pierson, WR; Brachaczek, WW. (1976) Particulate matter associated with vehicles on the road. Warrendale, PA: 18 Society of Automotive Engineers; SAE technical paper no. 760039. SAE Trans 85:209-227. 19 20 Pierson, WR; Brachaczek, WW. (1983'l) Emissions of ammonia and amines from vehicles on the road. Environ Sci 21 Technoll7:757-760. 22 23 Pierson, WR; Brachaczek, WW. (1983b) Particulate matter associated with vehicles on the road. II. Aerosol Sci 24 Techno! 2: 1-40. 25 26 Pierson, WR; Brachaczek, WW; Hammerle, RH; McKee, DE; Butler, JW. (1978) Sulfate emissions from vehicles on 27 the road. J Air Pollut Control Assoc 28:123-132. 28 29. Pierson, WR; Brachaczek, WW; McKee, DE. (1979) Sulfate emissions from catalyst-equipped automobiles on the 30 highway. J Air Pollut Control Assoc 29:255-257. 31 32 Pierson, WR; Gorse, RA, Jr; Szkarlat, AC; Brachaczek, WW; Japar, SM; Lee, FS-C; Zweidinger, RB; Claxton, LD. 33 (1983) Mutagenicity and chemical characteristics of carbonaceous particulate matter from vehicles on the road. 34 Environ Sci Technoll7:31-44. 35 36 Pitts, JN, Jr; Grosjean, D; Mischke, TM; Simmon, VF; Poole, D. (1977) Mutagenic activity of airborne particulate 37 organic pollutants. Toxicol Lett 1:65-70. 38 39 Pitts, JN, Jr; Van Cauwenberghe, KA; Grosjean, D; Schmid, JP; Fitz, DR; Belser, WL, Jr; Knudson, GB; Hynds, 40 PM. (1978) Atmospheric reactions ofpolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: facile.formation of mutagenic nitro 41 derivatives. Science (Washington, DC) 202:515-519. 42 43 Pitts, JN, Jr; Lokensgard, DM; Ripley, PS; Van Cauwenberghe, KA; Van Vaeck, L; Shaffer, SD; Thill, AJ; Belser, 44 WL, Jr. (1980) "Atmospheric" epoxidation ofbenzo[a]pyrene by ozone: formation ofthe metabolite 45 benzo[a]pyrene-4,5-oxide. Science (Washington, DC) 210:1347-1349. 46 47 Pitts, JN, Jr; Sweetman, JA; Zielinska, B; Winer, AM; Atkinson, R. (l985a) Determination of2-nitrofluoranthene 48 and 2-nitropyrene in ambient particulate organic matter: evidence for atmospheric reactions. Atmos Environ 49 19:1601-1608. 50 51 Pitts, JN, Jr; Zielinska, 8; Sweetman, JA; Atkinson, R; Willer, AM. (1985b) Reaction of adsorbed pyrene and 52 perylene with gaseous Nz0 5 under simulated atmospheric conditions. Atmos Environ 19:911-915. 53 2/1198 2-66 DRAFT--DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE
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DRAFT DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE Health A
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CONTENTS (continued) 2.5.1. Volatil
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CONTENTS (continued) 11.2.1. H.fl.Z
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LIST OF TABLES (continued) 2-14. Me
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PREFACE This draft health assessmen
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AUTHORS, REVIEWERS, AND CONTRIBUTOR
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l. INTRODUCTION 1 Diesel engines ar
Page 42 and 43: 1 achieved by using specific solven
Page 45 and 46: Nitro-PAH• Table 2-10. Concentrat
Page 50: 1 pollutants depends on the amount
Page 56: 1 For the simplest alkoxy radicals,
Page 63 and 64: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 H ON0
Page 66 and 67: 1 conditions (Pitts et al., 1985c )
Page 69: Table 2-14. Mean particle, gas, and
Page 72 and 73: 1 sample collection. There was no b
Page 75: 1 of downtown Los Angeles (Arey et
Page 81: 1 exposures. This is a complex ques
Page 85: 1 Dunstan, TDJ; Mauldin, RF; Jinxia
Page 90: 1 Pitts, JN, Jr; Sweetman, JA; Ziel
Page 95: 1 NOTE TO READERS CHAPTER3 2 Becaus
Page 101: 1 volume basis (Table 4-1 ). This i
Page 109: 1 Pritchard (1989), utilizing data
Page 115: 1 4.3.3.3. Potential Mechanisms for
Page 123: 1 not accurately reflect the actual
Page 131 and 132: 1 Lee, PS; Chan, TL; Hering, WE. (1
Page 137: 1 one-half units up to 3, strong (O
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Study Ulfvarson et a!. (1987) Batti
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N -,_. -\0 00 VI N ,_. 0 § I I 0 0
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1 control]). Heinrich et al. (1986a
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1 Heinrich et al. ( 1986a; see also
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1 thoracic area at subsequent times
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1 with matched controls for the num
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----- N \0 00 VI I 0'1 N tJ § I I
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1 In related studies, Navarro et al
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1 Mauderly et al. (1987b) evaluated
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1 pattern of adverse effects on res
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1 DPM concentrations) that resulted
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 Klosterkotter, W; Blinemann, G. (
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1 Misiorowski, RL; Strom, KA; Vosta
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1 Wright, ES. (1986) Effects of sho
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1 Studies showing these effects are
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1 exposure level. In the 0.3 5 mg/m
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1 to derive the RfC. The discussion
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1 The BMC values are the lower 95%
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Table 6-5. Results of benchmark con
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1 U.S. Environmental Protection Age
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1 the latter, 16 were classified as
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 burdens of the NMRI mice after 12
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1 with four to seven rings), which
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1 five daily doses of2,000 f...lg.
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1 occupations. The observed absence
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1 occupations). Analysis was conduc
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1 the confined space of a truck cab
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1 The corresponding odds ratios for
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1 Approximately 20,000 miners are e
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1 bladder cancer was found in Canad
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 Kaplan, I. (1959) Relationship of
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9. MUTAGENICITY 1 Since 1978, more
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1 the presence of heritable translo
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1 9.5. REFERENCES 2 3 "Barfknecht,
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1 U.S. Environmental Protection Age
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 inconsequential in rats relative
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1 response. cell injury, or cell pr
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1 Caution must be exercised in extr
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1 Rister, M: Baehner, RL. ( 1977) E
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1 The potency of the other diesel e
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Table 11-2. Incidence of lung tumor
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Table 11-5. Unit risk estimates per
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 to reflect the potency of several
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1 Huisingh. J; Bradow, R; Jungers,
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1 particles are fine and ultrafine
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1 are available. Exposure is most o
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1 · some of which can be informed
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1 For example, in a recent meta-ana
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1 nonthreshold-mutagen driven MOA.
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1 that their developing pulmonary a
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1 impacts. Use of these measures re
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2/1198 Appendix A Experimental Prot
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APPENDIX A. EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL A
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Page 511 and 512:
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2/1198 Appendix B Alternative Model
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1 d: Dose of organics, mg/cm 2 of l
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Table B-4. Comparison of observed t
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1 uncertainties below). Based on th
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1 B.lO. RFERENCES 2 3 Bohning D., A
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1 and 2 m.(t) = (y2i - YI/exp[Ap)a/
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1 C.l. INTRODUCTION 2 As discussed
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1 For mouth breathing: 2 (DF)H . =
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TABLE C-1. LUNG MODEL FOR RATS AT T
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TABLE C-3. RATIO OF PULMONARY SURFA
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