Health Assessment Document for Diesel Emissions - NSCEP | US ...

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1 Bradow, RL. (1982) Diesel particle and organic emissions: engine simulation, sampling, and artifacts. In: Lewtas, J., 2 ed. Toxicological effects of emissions from diesel engines: proceedings of the Environmental Protection Agency 3 1981 diesel emissions symposium; October 1981; Raleigh, NC. (Developments in toxicology and environmental 4 science: v. 10). New York: Elsevier Biomedical,pp. 33-47. 5 6 Brorstri:im, E; Grennfelt, P; Lindskog, A. (1983) The effect of nitrogen dioxide and ozone on the decomposition of 7 particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during sampling from the atmosphere. Atmos Environ 17:601- 8 605. 9 1 0 Broukhiyan, EMH; Lestz, SS. (1981) Ethanol fumigation of a light duty diesel engine. In: SP-503 alternate fuels for 11 diesel engines. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, pp. 15-25; SAE technical paper no. 811209. 12 13 California Environmental Protection Agency (Cal-EPA). (1996) Health risk assessmtmt for diesel exhaust, public 14 and scientific panel review draft; Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental 15 Protection Agency. 16 17 Campbell, RM; Lee, ML. (1984) Capillary column gas chromatographic determination of nitro polycyclic aromatic 18 compounds in particulate extracts. Anal Chern 56: 1026-1030.· · 19 20 Carey, P; Cohen, J. (1980) Comparison of gas phase hydrocarbon emissions from light-duty vehicles equipped with 21 diesel engines. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency technical report no. CTAB/PNS0-5. 22 23 Cass, GR. (1990) Risk assessment of diesel exhaust: 1990 and beyond. Presented at a workshop, March, Los 24 Angeles, CA. Sacramento, CA: California Air Resources Board. 25 26 Cass, GR; McRae, GJ. (1983) Source-receptor reconciliation of routine air monitoring data for trace metals: an 27 emission inventory assisted approach. Environ Sci Techno! 17:129-139. 28 29 Cautreels, W; Van Cauwenberghe, K. (1978) Experiments on the distribution of organic pollutants between airborne. 30 particulate matter and the corresponding gas phase. Atmos Environ 12:1133-1141. 31 32 Ciccioli, AP; Cecinato, A; Brancaleoni, E; Draisci, R; Liberti, A. (1989) Evaluation of nitrated polycyclic aromatic 33 hydrocarbons in anthropogenic emission and air samples: a possible means of detecting reactions of carbonaceous 34 particles in the atmosphere: Aerosol Sci Technoll0:296-310. 35 36 Clark, DH; Johnson, DM; Swedberg, SE. (1984) Modem engine oils. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive 37 Engineers, Inc.; SAE technical paper no. 841207; SAE SP-603. 38 39 Coutant, RW; Brown, L; Chuang, JC; Riggin, RM; Lewis, RG. (1988) Phase distribution and artifact formation in 40 ambient air sampling for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Atmos Environ 22:403-409. 41 42 Daisey, JM; Cheney, JL; Lioy, PJ. (1986) Profiles of organic particulate emissions from air pollution sources: status 43 and needs for receptor source apportionment modeling. J Air Pollut Control Assoc 36:17-33. 44 45 Dietzmann, HE; Parness, MA; Bradow, RL. (1980) Emissions from trucks by chassis version of 1983 transient 46 procedure. Presented at: Society of Automotive Engineers fuels and lubricants meeting; October; Baltimore, MD. 47 Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., paper no. 801371. 48 49 Dietzmann, HE; Parness, MA; Bradow, RL. ( 1981) Emissions from gasoline and diesel delivery trucks by chassis 50 transient cycle. Presented at: ASME energy-sources technology conference and exhibition; January; Houston, TX. 51 New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, ASME paper no. 81-DGP-6. 52 53 Dolske, DA; Gatz, DF. (1985) A field intercomparison of methods for the measurement of particle and gas dry 54 deposition. J Geophys Res 90:2076-2084. ' 55 2/1198 2-61 DRAFT--DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE
1 Dunstan, TDJ; Mauldin, RF; Jinxian, Z; Hipps, AD; Wehry, EL; Mamantov, G. (1989) Adsorption and 2 photodegradation of pyrene on magnetic, carbonaceous, and mineral subfractions of coal stack ash. Environ Sci 3 Techno! 23:303-308. 4 5 Dutcher, JS; Sun, JD; Lopez, JA; Wolf, I; Wolff, RK; McClellan, RO. (1984) Generation and characterization of 6 radiolabeled diesel exhaust. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 45:491-498. 7 8 Fenimore, CP; Jones, GW. (1967) Oxidation of soot by hydroxyl radicals. J Phys Chern 71:593-597. 9 10 Finlayson-Pitts, BJ; Pitts, JN, Jr. (1986) Atmospheric chemistry: fundamentals and experimental techniques. New 11 York: John Wiley & Sons. 12 13 Frey, JW; Com, M. (1967) Diesel exhaust particulates. Nature (London) 216:615-61'6. 14 15 Galloway, JN; Whelpdale, DM. (1980) An atmospheric sulfur budget for eastern North America. Atmos Environ 16 14:409-417. 17 18 Garrigues, P; Parlanti, E; Radke, M; Bellocq, J; Willsch, H; Ewald, M. ( 1987) Identification of alkylphenanthfenes 19 in shale oil and coal by liquid and capillary gas chromatography and high-resolution spectrofluorimetry (Shpol'skii 20 effect). J Chromatogr 395:217-228. 21 22 Gibbs, RE; Hyde, JD; Byer, SM. (1980) Characterization of particulate emissions from in-use diesel vehicles. 23 Presented at: Fuels and lubricants; October; Baltimore, MD. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., 24 SAE technical paper no. 801372. 25 26 Gibson, TL. (1983) Sources of direct-acting nitroarene mutagens in airborne particulate matter. Mutat Res 27 122:115-121. 28 29 Gibson, TL; Ricci, AI; Williams, RL. (1981) Measurement of polynuclear aromat Society of Automotive Engineers,. 30 Inc., SAE technical paper no. 880350. 31 32 Gorse, RA, Jr.; Salmeen, IT; Clark, CR. (1982) Effects of filter loading and filter type on the mutagenicity and 33 composition of diesel exhaust particulate extracts. Atmos Environ 16:1523-1528. 34 35 Gorse, RA, Jr; Riley, TL; Ferris, FC; Pero, AM; Skewes, LM. (1983) 1-Nitropyrene concentration and bacterial 36 mutagenicity in on-road vehicle particulate emissions. Environ Sci Technol17:198-202. 37 38 Gray, HA. (1986) Control ofatmospheric fme primary carbon particle concentration [PhD thesis]. Pasadena, CA: 39 California Institute of Technology; EQL report no. 23. 40 41 Hammerle, RH; Schuetzle, D; Adams, W. (1994) A perspective on the potential development of envirori.mentally 42 acceptable light-duty diesel engines. Environ Health Perspect (Suppl) 102(4):25-30. 43 44 Hampton, CV; Pierson, WR; Harvey, TM; Updegrove, WS; Marano, RS. (1982) Hydrocarbon gases emitted from 45 vehicles on the road. 1. A qualitative gas chromatography/mass spectrometry survey. Environ Sci Technol16:287- 46 298. 47 48 Hampton, CV; Pierson, WR; Schuetzle, D; Harvey, TM. (1983) Hydrocarbon gases emitted from vehicles on the 49 road. 2. Determination of emission rates from diesel and spark-ignition vehicles. Environ Sci Techno! 17:699-708. 50 51 Harden berg, HO; Daudel, HL; Erdmannsdorfer, HJ. (1987) Experiences in the development of ceramic fiber coil 52 particulate traps. In: Diesel particulates: an update, SP-702. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, SAE 53 technical paper no. 870015. 54 211/98 2-62 DRAFT--DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE
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DRAFT DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE Health A
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CONTENTS (continued) 2.5.1. Volatil
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CONTENTS (continued) 11.2.1. H.fl.Z
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LIST OF TABLES (continued) 2-14. Me
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PREFACE This draft health assessmen
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AUTHORS, REVIEWERS, AND CONTRIBUTOR
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l. INTRODUCTION 1 Diesel engines ar
Page 42 and 43: 1 achieved by using specific solven
Page 45 and 46: Nitro-PAH• Table 2-10. Concentrat
Page 50: 1 pollutants depends on the amount
Page 56: 1 For the simplest alkoxy radicals,
Page 63 and 64: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 H ON0
Page 66 and 67: 1 conditions (Pitts et al., 1985c )
Page 69: Table 2-14. Mean particle, gas, and
Page 72 and 73: 1 sample collection. There was no b
Page 75: 1 of downtown Los Angeles (Arey et
Page 81: 1 exposures. This is a complex ques
Page 88 and 89: 1 Lipkea, WH; DeJoode, AD; Christen
Page 90: 1 Pitts, JN, Jr; Sweetman, JA; Ziel
Page 95: 1 NOTE TO READERS CHAPTER3 2 Becaus
Page 101: 1 volume basis (Table 4-1 ). This i
Page 109: 1 Pritchard (1989), utilizing data
Page 115: 1 4.3.3.3. Potential Mechanisms for
Page 123: 1 not accurately reflect the actual
Page 131 and 132: 1 Lee, PS; Chan, TL; Hering, WE. (1
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1 one-half units up to 3, strong (O
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Study Ulfvarson et a!. (1987) Batti
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N -,_. -\0 00 VI N ,_. 0 § I I 0 0
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1 control]). Heinrich et al. (1986a
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1 Heinrich et al. ( 1986a; see also
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1 thoracic area at subsequent times
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1 with matched controls for the num
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----- N \0 00 VI I 0'1 N tJ § I I
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1 In related studies, Navarro et al
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1 Mauderly et al. (1987b) evaluated
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1 pattern of adverse effects on res
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1 DPM concentrations) that resulted
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 Klosterkotter, W; Blinemann, G. (
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1 Misiorowski, RL; Strom, KA; Vosta
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1 Wright, ES. (1986) Effects of sho
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1 Studies showing these effects are
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1 exposure level. In the 0.3 5 mg/m
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1 to derive the RfC. The discussion
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1 The BMC values are the lower 95%
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Table 6-5. Results of benchmark con
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1 U.S. Environmental Protection Age
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1 the latter, 16 were classified as
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 burdens of the NMRI mice after 12
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1 with four to seven rings), which
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1 five daily doses of2,000 f...lg.
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1 occupations. The observed absence
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1 occupations). Analysis was conduc
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1 the confined space of a truck cab
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1 The corresponding odds ratios for
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1 Approximately 20,000 miners are e
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1 bladder cancer was found in Canad
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 Kaplan, I. (1959) Relationship of
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9. MUTAGENICITY 1 Since 1978, more
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1 the presence of heritable translo
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1 9.5. REFERENCES 2 3 "Barfknecht,
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1 U.S. Environmental Protection Age
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 inconsequential in rats relative
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1 response. cell injury, or cell pr
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1 Caution must be exercised in extr
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1 Rister, M: Baehner, RL. ( 1977) E
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1 The potency of the other diesel e
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Table 11-2. Incidence of lung tumor
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Table 11-5. Unit risk estimates per
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 to reflect the potency of several
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1 Huisingh. J; Bradow, R; Jungers,
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1 particles are fine and ultrafine
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1 are available. Exposure is most o
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1 · some of which can be informed
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1 For example, in a recent meta-ana
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1 nonthreshold-mutagen driven MOA.
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1 that their developing pulmonary a
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1 impacts. Use of these measures re
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2/1198 Appendix A Experimental Prot
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APPENDIX A. EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL A
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Page 511 and 512:
Page 513 and 514:
2/1198 Appendix B Alternative Model
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1 d: Dose of organics, mg/cm 2 of l
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Table B-4. Comparison of observed t
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1 uncertainties below). Based on th
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1 B.lO. RFERENCES 2 3 Bohning D., A
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1 and 2 m.(t) = (y2i - YI/exp[Ap)a/
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1 C.l. INTRODUCTION 2 As discussed
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1 For mouth breathing: 2 (DF)H . =
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TABLE C-1. LUNG MODEL FOR RATS AT T
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TABLE C-3. RATIO OF PULMONARY SURFA
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