Health Assessment Document for Diesel Emissions - NSCEP | US ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

1 sample collection. There was no breakdown of traffic into numbers of diesel- and gasoline- 2 fueled vehicles. 3 The range of particle-phase P AH concentrations and the mean particle- and vapor-phase 4 PAH concentrations for 48 samples collected in the tunnel are tabulated in Table 2-16. The 5 ratios of mean particle-phase PAH concentrations to that ofB[e]P, which is considered to be a 6 nonreactive PAH, are also given in this table. 7 As can be seen from Table 2-l6, alkyl-substituted phenanthrenes in the tunnel samples 8 had relatively high concentrations compared with those of the parent compound. This suggests a 9 significant contribution from diesel vehicle emissions (particularly diesel-fueled trucks) because 1 0 extracts of diesel particulate matter are known to have significant concentrations of methyl and 11 dimethylphenanthrenes (see Table 2-8 and Yu and Hites, 1981). 12 Factor analysis was applied to the tunnel data in an attemptto identify factors associated 13 with different types of vehicles; two factors were obtained. The alkylated phenanthrenes loaded 14 significantly on factor 1, suggesting the diesel vehicles as the source of these compounds. 15 Several of the higher-molecular-weight P AHs loaded onto factor 2, which may be associated 16 with the contribution of gasoline-fueled emissions in the tunnel. 17 Ambient air sampling for P AHs was also conducted during a summertime photochemical 18 air pollution episode in Glendora, CA, at· a site situated less than 1 km froin the heavily traveled 19 I-210 freeway and generally downwind ofLos Angeles; therefore, the site was affected by motor 20 vehicle emissions (Atkinson et al., 1988). Samples were collected by means ofhigh-volume 21 samplers equipped with Teflon-impregnated glass-fiber filters backed by PUF plugs. Table 2-17 22 shows the average (from three daytime and three nighttime samples) concentrations of P AH 23 measured and the ratios of these concentrations to that ofB[e ]P. Unfortunately, no alkylated 24 phenanthrenes were measured. 25 As can be seen from the comparison of Tables 2-16 and 2-17, the concentrations of all 26 P AHs measured in Glendora were much lower than those measured in the tunnel, as would be 27 expected. However, the ratios of the concentrations of particle-bound PAH to those ofB[e]P 28 were also different for the two sites, usually much lower for the Glendora site (except for higher 29 molecular weight PAHs, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, benzo[ghi]perylene, and coronene). This may 30 indicate either contributions from sources other than motor vehicles in the Glendora study or 31 P AH photochemical transformations occurring on particles prior to or during high-volume 32 sample collections (or both). The generally higher P AH concentrations for nighttime versus 33 daytime sampling periods (Atkinson et al., 1988) seem to support the latter possibility. However, 34 the influence of meteorology cannot be excluded. This conclusion is also consistent with high 35 levels of photochemical pollutants observed in Glendora; for example, the daily maxima of 0 3 2/1/98 2-49 DRAFT --DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE
Table 2-16. Particle- and vapor-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations for Baltimore Harbor Tunnel samples 3 Concentration (ng/m 3 ) Range, Mean, Compound particles particles Phenanthrene 4.3-56 18.0 Anthracene 0.6-12 2.9 3-Methylphenanthrene 3.9-58 13.9 2-Methylphenanthrene 5.3-74 19.0 2-Me thy !anthracene 0.6-12 3.0 9-and 4-MethyPphenanthrene and 4.7-50 12.9 4 H -cyclopenta[ defj -phenanthrene 1-Methylphenanthrene 2.6-43 9.8 2, 6-Dimethylphenanthrene 4.7-62 14.0 2,7-Dimethylphenanthrene 3.4-38 9.2 1,3-, 2,10-, 3,9-, and 3,10- 9.5-119 26.0 Dimethyl- and phenanthrene 1,6- and 2,9-Dimethyiphenanthrene 4.5-63 14.0 1, 7-Dimethylphenanthrene 3.9-41 10.2 2, 3-Dimethylphenanthrene 3.5-41 9.3 Fluoranthene 6.4-69 20.0 Pyrene 9.7-76 27.0 Benzo[ghl]fluoranthene 3.2-26 9.6 Cyclopenta[ cd]pyrene 7.6-65 20.0 Benz[ a] anthracene 1.9-29 7.6 Chrysene/triphenylene 2.9-47 12.0 Benzofluoranthenes[b,j, +k] 2.2-44 10.6 Benzo[ e ]pyrene 1.5-19 5.0 Benzo[a]pyrene 1.3-26 5.8 Indeno[ 1, 2, 3-cd]pyrene 0.3-15 4.6 Benzo[gh1]perylene 1.8-18 8.0 Coronene 1.0-10 4.7 'From Benner et al. (1989). · hMean concentrations of P AH collected on PUF plug (calculated from data given in Table III of Benner eta!., 1989). . 'Mean ratios to particulate phase B[e]P. 'None detected. Mean, vaporb 132 18 70 5.3 71 43 30 16 61 27 20 16 16 26 NDct ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Ratio< to B[e]P 4.3 0.6 3.3 4.6 0.7 3.0 2/1198 2-50 DRAFT--DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE 2.3 3.4 2.2 6.3 3.3 2.4 2.2 4.5 6.3 2.1 4.6 1.5 2.4 2.1 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.6 0.9
Page 1 and 2:
DRAFT DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE Health A
Page 4 and 5:
CONTENTS (continued) 2.5.1. Volatil
Page 9 and 10:
CONTENTS (continued) 11.2.1. H.fl.Z
Page 12:
LIST OF TABLES (continued) 2-14. Me
Page 17 and 18:
PREFACE This draft health assessmen
Page 20 and 21:
AUTHORS, REVIEWERS, AND CONTRIBUTOR
Page 22: l. INTRODUCTION 1 Diesel engines ar
Page 42 and 43: 1 achieved by using specific solven
Page 45 and 46: Nitro-PAH• Table 2-10. Concentrat
Page 50: 1 pollutants depends on the amount
Page 56: 1 For the simplest alkoxy radicals,
Page 63 and 64: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 H ON0
Page 66 and 67: 1 conditions (Pitts et al., 1985c )
Page 69: Table 2-14. Mean particle, gas, and
Page 75: 1 of downtown Los Angeles (Arey et
Page 81: 1 exposures. This is a complex ques
Page 85: 1 Dunstan, TDJ; Mauldin, RF; Jinxia
Page 88 and 89: 1 Lipkea, WH; DeJoode, AD; Christen
Page 90: 1 Pitts, JN, Jr; Sweetman, JA; Ziel
Page 95: 1 NOTE TO READERS CHAPTER3 2 Becaus
Page 101: 1 volume basis (Table 4-1 ). This i
Page 109: 1 Pritchard (1989), utilizing data
Page 115: 1 4.3.3.3. Potential Mechanisms for
Page 123:
1 not accurately reflect the actual
Page 131 and 132:
1 Lee, PS; Chan, TL; Hering, WE. (1
Page 137:
1 one-half units up to 3, strong (O
Page 148:
Study Ulfvarson et a!. (1987) Batti
Page 155:
N -,_. -\0 00 VI N ,_. 0 § I I 0 0
Page 163:
1 control]). Heinrich et al. (1986a
Page 174:
1 Heinrich et al. ( 1986a; see also
Page 185:
1 thoracic area at subsequent times
Page 189:
1 with matched controls for the num
Page 196 and 197:
----- N \0 00 VI I 0'1 N tJ § I I
Page 201:
1 In related studies, Navarro et al
Page 210:
1 Mauderly et al. (1987b) evaluated
Page 216 and 217:
1 pattern of adverse effects on res
Page 218:
1 DPM concentrations) that resulted
Page 221:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Page 226 and 227:
1 Klosterkotter, W; Blinemann, G. (
Page 228 and 229:
1 Misiorowski, RL; Strom, KA; Vosta
Page 232:
1 Wright, ES. (1986) Effects of sho
Page 235:
1 Studies showing these effects are
Page 238:
1 exposure level. In the 0.3 5 mg/m
Page 251 and 252:
1 to derive the RfC. The discussion
Page 253 and 254:
1 The BMC values are the lower 95%
Page 255:
Table 6-5. Results of benchmark con
Page 262:
1 U.S. Environmental Protection Age
Page 274 and 275:
1 the latter, 16 were classified as
Page 279 and 280:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Page 282:
1 burdens of the NMRI mice after 12
Page 289:
1 with four to seven rings), which
Page 298:
1 five daily doses of2,000 f...lg.
Page 338:
1 occupations. The observed absence
Page 346:
1 occupations). Analysis was conduc
Page 356:
1 the confined space of a truck cab
Page 364 and 365:
1 The corresponding odds ratios for
Page 370 and 371:
1 Approximately 20,000 miners are e
Page 375 and 376:
1 bladder cancer was found in Canad
Page 377:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Page 382 and 383:
1 Kaplan, I. (1959) Relationship of
Page 385:
9. MUTAGENICITY 1 Since 1978, more
Page 389 and 390:
1 the presence of heritable translo
Page 391 and 392:
1 9.5. REFERENCES 2 3 "Barfknecht,
Page 394 and 395:
1 U.S. Environmental Protection Age
Page 397 and 398:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Page 399:
1 inconsequential in rats relative
Page 413:
1 response. cell injury, or cell pr
Page 418:
1 Caution must be exercised in extr
Page 424:
1 Rister, M: Baehner, RL. ( 1977) E
Page 432:
1 The potency of the other diesel e
Page 439 and 440:
Table 11-2. Incidence of lung tumor
Page 441:
Table 11-5. Unit risk estimates per
Page 444:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Page 449:
1 to reflect the potency of several
Page 452:
1 Huisingh. J; Bradow, R; Jungers,
Page 462:
1 particles are fine and ultrafine
Page 465:
1 are available. Exposure is most o
Page 473:
1 · some of which can be informed
Page 477 and 478:
1 For example, in a recent meta-ana
Page 479 and 480:
1 nonthreshold-mutagen driven MOA.
Page 484:
1 that their developing pulmonary a
Page 491:
1 impacts. Use of these measures re
Page 495:
2/1198 Appendix A Experimental Prot
Page 504 and 505:
APPENDIX A. EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL A
Page 507:
Page 511 and 512:
Page 513 and 514:
2/1198 Appendix B Alternative Model
Page 517:
1 d: Dose of organics, mg/cm 2 of l
Page 521:
Table B-4. Comparison of observed t
Page 526 and 527:
1 uncertainties below). Based on th
Page 529:
1 B.lO. RFERENCES 2 3 Bohning D., A
Page 536:
1 and 2 m.(t) = (y2i - YI/exp[Ap)a/
Page 539 and 540:
1 C.l. INTRODUCTION 2 As discussed
Page 547:
1 For mouth breathing: 2 (DF)H . =
Page 552:
TABLE C-1. LUNG MODEL FOR RATS AT T
Page 558:
TABLE C-3. RATIO OF PULMONARY SURFA
show all

Health Assessment Document for Diesel Emissions - NSCEP | US ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?