Health Assessment Document for Diesel Emissions - NSCEP | US ...
Health Assessment Document for Diesel Emissions - NSCEP | US ...
Health Assessment Document for Diesel Emissions - NSCEP | US ...
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CONTENTS (continued)<br />
5.1.1. Human Data ................................................. 5-1<br />
5.1.1.1. Short-Term Exposures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1<br />
5.1.1.2. Long-Term Exposures ...................... :............ 5-7<br />
5.1.2. Laboratory Animal Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-17<br />
5.1.2.1. Acute Exposures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-17 •<br />
5.1.2.2. Short-Term and Subchronic Exposures..................... 5-19<br />
5.1.2.3. Chronic Exposures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-24<br />
5.2. COMPARISON OF HEALTH EFFECTS OF FILTERED AND<br />
UNFILTERED DIESEL EXHA<strong>US</strong>T .................. ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-71<br />
5.3. INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF DIESEL EXHA<strong>US</strong>T ...................... 5-75<br />
5.4. COMPARATIVE RESPONSIVENESS AMONG SPECIES TO THE<br />
PULMONARY EFFECTS OF DIESEL EXHA<strong>US</strong>T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-77<br />
5.5. DOSE-RATE AND PARTICULATE CA<strong>US</strong>ATIVE ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-78<br />
5.6. SUMMARY AND DISC<strong>US</strong>SION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-81<br />
5.6.1. Effects of <strong>Diesel</strong> Exhaust on Humans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-81<br />
5.6.2. Effects of <strong>Diesel</strong> Exhaust on Laboratory Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-83<br />
5.6.2.1. Effects on Survival and Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-83<br />
5.6.2.2. Effects on Pulmonary Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-83<br />
5.6.2.3. Histopathological and Histochemical Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-84<br />
5.6.2.4. Effects on Defense Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-84<br />
5.6.2.5. Neurological and Behavioral Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-85<br />
5.6.2.6. Other Noncancerous Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 5-86<br />
5.6.3. Comparison of Filtered and Unfiltered <strong>Diesel</strong> Exhaust .. ; ............ ; 5-86<br />
5.6.4. Interactive Effects of <strong>Diesel</strong> Exhaust .................... :. . . . . . . . . 5-86<br />
5.6.5. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-86<br />
5.7. REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-87<br />
·6. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF NONCANCER<br />
HEALTH EFFECTS-DERIVATION OF THE INHALATION<br />
REFERENCE CONCENTRATION .......................................... 6-1<br />
6.1. INTROnUCTION ....................... .' ........................... 6-1<br />
6.2. DETERMINATION OF CRITICAL TARGET SITE ..................... : . . 6-2<br />
6.3. APPROACH FOR DERIVATION OF THE INHALATION<br />
REFERENCE CONCENTRATION ...................................... 6-3<br />
6.4. THE PRINCIPAL STUDIES FOR INHALATION REFERENCE<br />
CONCENTRATION DERIVATION ..................................... 6-5<br />
6.5. SUPPORTING STUDIES FOR INHALATION REFERENCE<br />
CONCENTRATION DERIVATION ..................................... 6-8<br />
6.5 .1. Respiratory Tract Effects in Species Other Than the .Rat ............... 6-12<br />
6.6. DERIVATION OF THE INHALATION REFERENCE<br />
CONCENTRATION ......................................... : ....... 6-14<br />
6.6.1. Application of the Benchmark Dose Approach to<br />
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