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1 Misiorowski, RL; Strom, KA; Vostal, JJ; Chvapil, M. (1980) Lung biochemistry of rats chronically exposed to diesel 2 particulates. In: Pepelko, WE; Danner, RM; Clarke, NA, eds. Health effects of diesel engine emissions: proceedings 3 of an international symposium; December 1979. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Health 4 Effects Research Laboratory; pp. 465-480; EPA report no. EPA-600/9-80-057a. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, 5 VA; PB81-173809. 6 7 Misiorowski, RJ;.,; Strom, KS; Vostal, JJ; Tillema, L; Chvapil, M. (1981) Collagen parameters in the lung of rats 8 chronically exposed to diesel particulates. Toxicologist 1:75. 9 10 Moorman, WJ; Clark, JC; Pepelko, WE; Mattox, J. (1985) Pulmonary function responses in cats following long-term 11 exposure to diesel exhaust. J Appl Toxicol5:301-305. 12 13 Morrow, PE. ( 1988) Possible mechanisms to explain dust overloading of the lungs. Fundam Appl Toxicol 14 10:369-384. 15 16 Navarro, C; Charboneau, J; McCauley, R. (1981) The effect of in vivo exposure to diesel exhaust on rat hepatic and 17 pulmonary microsomal activities. J Appl Toxicol 1:124-126. 18 19 Nikula, KJ; Snipes, MB; Barr, EB; Griffith, WC; Henderson, RF; Mauderly, JL. (1994) Influence ofparticie- 20 associated organic compounds on the carcinogenicity of diesel exhaust. In: Mohr, U; Dungworth, DL; Mauderly, JL; 21 Oberdorster, G, eds. Toxic and carcinogenic effects of solid particles in the respiratory tract [proceedings of the 4th 22 international inhalation symposium]; March 1993; Hannover, Germany. Washington, DC: International Life 23 Sciences Institute Press; pp. 565-568. 24 25 Nikula, KJ; Snipes, MB; Barr, EB; Griffith, WC; Henderson, RF; Mauderly, JL. (1995) Comparative pulmonary 26 toxicities and carcinogenicities of chronically inhaled diesel exhaust and carbon black in F344 rats. Fundam Appl 27 Toxicol25:80-94. 28 29 Nikula, KJ; Avila, KJ; Griffith, WC; Mauderly JL. (1997) Lung tissue responses and sites of partiCle retention differ 30 between rats and Cynomolgus monkeys exposed chronically to diesel exhaust and coal dust. Fundam Appl toxicol 31 37:37-53. . . 32 33 Oberdorster, G; Yu, CP. (1991) The carcinogenic potential of inhaled diesel exhaust: a particle effect? J Aerosol Sci 34 21(suppl. l):S397-S401. 35 36 Odor Panel ofthe CRC-APRAC Program Group on Composition of Diesel Exhaust. (1979) Development and 37 evaluation of a method for measurement of diesel exhaust odor using a diesel odor analysis system (DOAS). New 38 York, NY: Coordinating Research Council, Inc., Air Pollution Research Advisory Committee; CRC-APRAC project 39 no. CAPI-1-64. . 40 41 Orthoefer, JG; Stara, JF; Yang, YY; Campbell, Kl. (1980) Clinical summary of beagle study. Physical examinations, 42 ocular examinations, hematology examination (post-exposure) and blood chemistries. In: Stara, JF; Dungworth, DL; 43 Orthoefer, JG; Tyler, WS, eds. Long-term effects of air pollutants: in canine species. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. 44 Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Health and Environmental Criteria, Environmental Criteria and 45 Assessment Office; pp. 55-70; EPA report no. EPA-600/8-80-014. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; 46 PB81-144875. 47 48 Pattie, RE; Stretch, H; Burgess, F; Sinclair, K; Edginton, JAG. (1957) The toxicity of fumes from a diesel engine 49 under four different running conditions. Br J Ind Med 14:47-55. 50 51 Penney, DG; Baylerian, MS; Fanning, KE; Thill, JE; Yedavally, S; Fanning, CM. (1981) A study of heart and blood 52 of rodents inhaling diesel engine exhaust particulates. Environ Res 26:453-462. 53 54 Pepelko, WE. (1982a) Effects of28 days exposure io diesel engine emissions in rats. Environ Res 27:16-23. 55 2/1198 5-94 DRAFT --DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE
1 Pepelko, WE. ( 1982b) EPA studies on the toxicological effects of inhaled diesel engine emissions. In: Lewtas, J, ed. 2 Toxicological effects of emissions from diesel engines: proceedings of the Environmental Protection Agency diesel 3 emissions symposium; October 1981; Raleigh, NC. (Developments in toxicology and environmental science: v. 10). 4 New York: Elsevier Biomedical; pp. 121-142. 5 6 Pepelko, WE; Peirano, WB. (1983) Health effects of exposure to diesel engine emissions: a summary of animal 7 stuaies conducted by the U."S. Environmental Protection Agency's Health Effects Research Laboratories at 8 Cincinnati, Ohio. J Am Col! Toxicol2:253-306. 9 10 Pepelko, WE; Mattox, JK; Yang, YY; Moore, W, Jr. (1980a) Pulmonary function and pathology in cats exposed 28 11 days to diesel exhaust. J Environ Pathol Toxicol4:449-458. 12 13 Pepelko, WE; Mattox, J; Moorman, WJ; Clark, JC. ( 1980b) Pulmonary function evaiuation of cats after one year of 14 exposure to diesel exhaust. In: Pepelko, WE; Danner, RM; Clarke, NA, eds. Health effects of diesel engine 15 emissions: proceedings of an international symposium, v. 2; December 1979; Cincinnati, OH. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. 16 Environmental Protection Agency, Health Effec;ts Research Laboratory; pp. 7 57-765; EPA report no. 17 EPA-600/9-80-057b. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB81-173817. 18 19 Pepelko, WE; Mattox, J; Moorman, WJ; Clark, JC. (1981) Pulmonary function evaluation of cats after one year of 20 exposure to diesel exhaust. Environ Int 5:373-376. 21 22 Pereira, MA; Sabharwal, PS; Gordon, L; Wyrobek 1 AJ. (1981) The effect of diesel exhaust on sperm-shape 23 abnormalities in mice. Environ Int 5:459-460. 24 25 Plopper, CG; Hyde, DM; Weir, AJ. (1983) Centriacinar alterations in lungs of cats chronically exposed to diesel 26 · exhaust. Lab Invest 49:391-399. 27 28 Purdham, JT; Holness, DL; Pilger, CW. (1987) Environmental and medical assessment of stevedores employed in 29 ferry operations. Appl Ind Hyg 2:133-139. 30 31 Quinto, I; DeMarinis, E. (1984) Sperm abnormalities in !Jlice exposed to diesel particulate. Mutat Res 130:242. 32 33 Rabovsky, J; Petersen, MR; Lewis, TR; Marion, KJ; Groseclose, RD. (1984) Chronic inhalation of diesel exhaust 34 and coal dust: effect of age and exposure on selected enzyme activities associated with microsomal cytochrome 35 P-450 in rat lung and liver. J Toxicol Environ Health 14:655-666. 36 37 Rabovsky, J; Judy, DJ; Rodak, DJ; Petersen, M. (1986) Influenza virus-induced alterations of cytochrome P-450 38 enzyme activities following exposure of mice to coal and diesel particulates. Environ Res 40: 136-144. 39 40 Reger, R. (1979) Ventilatory function changes over a work shift for coal miners exposed to diesel emissions. In: 41 Bridbord, K; French, J, eds. Toxicological and carcinogenic health hazards in the workplace: proceedings of the first 42 annual NIOSH scientific symposium; 1978; Cincinnati, OH. Park Forest South, IL: Pathotox Publishers, Inc.; pp. 43 346-347. 44 45 Reger, R; Hancock, J; Hankinson, J; Hearl, F; Merchant, J. (19.82) Coal miners exposed to diesel exhaust emissions. 46 Ann Occup Hyg 26:799-815. 47 48 Research Committee for HERP Studies. (1988) Diesel exhaust and health risks: results of the HERP studies. 49 Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan: Japan Automobile Research Institute, Inc. 50 51 Rudell, B;.Sandstrom, T; Stjemberb, N; Kolmodin-Hedman, B. (1990) Controlled diesel exhaust exposure in an 52 exposure chamber: pulmonary effects investigated with bronchoalveolar lavage. J Aerosol Science 21:411-414. 53 ·54 Rudell, B; Ledin, M-C; Hammerstrom, U; Stjemberg, N; Lundback, B; Sandstrom, T. (1996) Effects on symptoms 55 and lung function in humans experimentally exposed to diesel exhaust. Occup Environ Med 53:658-662 2/1/98 5-95 DRAFT--DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE
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DRAFT DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE Health A
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CONTENTS (continued) 2.5.1. Volatil
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CONTENTS (continued) 11.2.1. H.fl.Z
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LIST OF TABLES (continued) 2-14. Me
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PREFACE This draft health assessmen
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AUTHORS, REVIEWERS, AND CONTRIBUTOR
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l. INTRODUCTION 1 Diesel engines ar
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1 achieved by using specific solven
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Nitro-PAH• Table 2-10. Concentrat
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1 pollutants depends on the amount
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1 For the simplest alkoxy radicals,
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 H ON0
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1 conditions (Pitts et al., 1985c )
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Table 2-14. Mean particle, gas, and
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1 sample collection. There was no b
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1 of downtown Los Angeles (Arey et
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1 exposures. This is a complex ques
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1 Dunstan, TDJ; Mauldin, RF; Jinxia
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1 Lipkea, WH; DeJoode, AD; Christen
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1 Pitts, JN, Jr; Sweetman, JA; Ziel
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1 NOTE TO READERS CHAPTER3 2 Becaus
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1 volume basis (Table 4-1 ). This i
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1 Pritchard (1989), utilizing data
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1 4.3.3.3. Potential Mechanisms for
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1 not accurately reflect the actual
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1 Lee, PS; Chan, TL; Hering, WE. (1
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1 one-half units up to 3, strong (O
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Study Ulfvarson et a!. (1987) Batti
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N -,_. -\0 00 VI N ,_. 0 § I I 0 0
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1 control]). Heinrich et al. (1986a
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1 Heinrich et al. ( 1986a; see also
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Page 189: 1 with matched controls for the num
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Page 201: 1 In related studies, Navarro et al
Page 210: 1 Mauderly et al. (1987b) evaluated
Page 216 and 217: 1 pattern of adverse effects on res
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Page 226 and 227: 1 Klosterkotter, W; Blinemann, G. (
Page 232: 1 Wright, ES. (1986) Effects of sho
Page 235: 1 Studies showing these effects are
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Page 251 and 252: 1 to derive the RfC. The discussion
Page 253 and 254: 1 The BMC values are the lower 95%
Page 255: Table 6-5. Results of benchmark con
Page 262: 1 U.S. Environmental Protection Age
Page 274 and 275: 1 the latter, 16 were classified as
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 burdens of the NMRI mice after 12
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1 with four to seven rings), which
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1 five daily doses of2,000 f...lg.
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1 occupations. The observed absence
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1 occupations). Analysis was conduc
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1 the confined space of a truck cab
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1 The corresponding odds ratios for
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1 Approximately 20,000 miners are e
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1 bladder cancer was found in Canad
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 Kaplan, I. (1959) Relationship of
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9. MUTAGENICITY 1 Since 1978, more
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1 the presence of heritable translo
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1 9.5. REFERENCES 2 3 "Barfknecht,
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1 U.S. Environmental Protection Age
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 inconsequential in rats relative
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1 response. cell injury, or cell pr
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1 Caution must be exercised in extr
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1 Rister, M: Baehner, RL. ( 1977) E
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1 The potency of the other diesel e
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Table 11-2. Incidence of lung tumor
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Table 11-5. Unit risk estimates per
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 to reflect the potency of several
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1 Huisingh. J; Bradow, R; Jungers,
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1 particles are fine and ultrafine
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1 are available. Exposure is most o
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1 · some of which can be informed
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1 For example, in a recent meta-ana
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1 nonthreshold-mutagen driven MOA.
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1 that their developing pulmonary a
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1 impacts. Use of these measures re
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2/1198 Appendix A Experimental Prot
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APPENDIX A. EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL A
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2/1198 Appendix B Alternative Model
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1 d: Dose of organics, mg/cm 2 of l
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Table B-4. Comparison of observed t
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1 uncertainties below). Based on th
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1 B.lO. RFERENCES 2 3 Bohning D., A
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1 and 2 m.(t) = (y2i - YI/exp[Ap)a/
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1 C.l. INTRODUCTION 2 As discussed
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1 For mouth breathing: 2 (DF)H . =
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TABLE C-1. LUNG MODEL FOR RATS AT T
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TABLE C-3. RATIO OF PULMONARY SURFA
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