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1 Klosterkotter, W; Blinemann, G. (1961) Animal experiments on the elimination of inhaled dust. In: Davies, CN., ed. 2 Inhaled particles and vapours: proceedings of an international symposium; March-April 1960; Oxford, United 3 Kingdom. New York, NY: Pergamon Press; pp. 327-341. · 4 5 Kobayashi, T; Ito, T. (1995) Diesel exhaust particulates induce nasal mucosal hyperresponsiveness to inhaled 6 histamine aerosol. Fundam Appl Toxicol27: 195-202. 7 8 Kobayashi, T; Ikeue, T; Ito, T; Ikeda, A; Murakami, M; Kato, A; Maejima, K; Nakajima, T; Suzuki, T. (1997) 9 Short-term exposure to diesel exhaust induces nasal mucosal hyperresponsiveness to histamine in guinea pigs. 10 Fundam Appl Toxicol38: 166-172. 11 12 Laurie, RD; Boyes, WK. (1980) Neurophysiological alterations due to diesel exhaust exposure during the neonatal 13 life of the rat. In: Pepelko, WE; Danner, RM; Clarke, NA, eds. Health effects of diesel engine emissions: 14 proceedings of an international symposium;·v. 2; December 1979; Cincinnati, OH. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. 15 Environmental Protection Agency, Health Effects Research Laboratory; pp. 713-727; EPA report no. 16 EPA-600/9-80-057b. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB81-173817. 17 18 Laurie, RD; Boyes, WK. (1981) Neurophysiological alterations due to diesel exhaust exposure during the neonatal 19 life of the rat. Environ Int 5:363-368. 20 21 Laurie, RD; Lewkowski, JP; Cooper, GP; Hastings, L. ( 1978) Effects of diesel exhaust on behavior of the rat. 22 Presented at: 71 st annual meeting of the Air Pollution Control Asscociation; June; Houston, TX. Pittsburgh, PA: Air 23 Pollution Control Association. 24 25 Laurie, RD; Boyes, WK; Wessendarp, T. (1980) Behavioral alterations due to diesel exhaust exposure. In: Pepelko, 26 WE; Danner, RM; Clarke, NA, eds. Health effects of diesel engine emissions: proceedings of an international 27 symposium, v. 2; December 1979; Cincinnati, OH. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Health 28 Effects Research Laboratory; pp. 698-712; EPA report no. EPA-600/9-80-057b. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, 29 VA; PB81-173817. 30 31 Lee, IP; Suzuki, K; Lee, SD; Dixon, RL. (1980) Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction in rat lung, liver, and male 32 reproductive organs following inhalation exposure to diesel emission. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 52: 181-184. 33 34 Lee, KP; Trochimowicz, HJ; Reinhardt, CF. (1985) Pulmonary response of rats exposed to titanium dioxide (Ti0 2 ) 35 by inhalation for two years. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 79:179-192. 36 37 Lee, KP; Kelly, DP; Schneider, PW; Trochimowicz, HJ. (1986) Inhalation toxicity study on rats exposed to titanium 38 tetrachloride atmospheric hydrolysis products for two years. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol83:30-45. 39 40 Lee, KP; Kelly, DP; O'Neal, FO; Stadler, JC; Kennedy, GL, Jr. (1988) Lung response to ultrafme Kevlar aramid 41 synthetic fibrils following 2-year inhalation exposure in rats. Fundam Appl Toxicol 11:1-20. 42 43 Lee, SD; Campbell, KI; Laurie, D; Hinners, RG; Malanchuk, M; Moore, W; Bhatnagar, RJ; Lee, I. (1978) 44 Toxicological assessment of diesel emissions. Presented at: 7lst annual meeting of the Air Pollution Control 45 Association; June; Houston, TX. Pittsburgh, PA: Air Pollution Control Association; paper no. 78-33.4. 46 47 Levins, PL. (1981) Review of diesel odor and toxic vapor emissions. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of. 48 Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; report no. DOT-TSC-NHTSA-81-9. 49 50 Lewis, TR; Moorman, WJ. (1980) Pulmonary and cardiovascular physiology studies during exposure. In: Stara, JF; 51 Dungworth, DL; Orthoefer, JG; Tyler, WS, eds. Long-term effects of air pollutants: in canine species. Cincinnati, 52 OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Environmental 53 . Criteria and Assessment Ot:fice; pp. 97-113; EPA report no. EPA-600/8-80-014. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, 54 VA; PB81-144875. 55 2/1/98 5-92 DRAFT --DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE
1 Lewis, TR; Campbell, KI; Vaughan, TR, Jr. (1969) Effects on canine pulmonary function via induced N0 2 2 impairment, particulate interaction, and subsequent SO,. Arch Environ Health 18:596-601. 3 4 Lewis, TR; Green, FHY; Moorman, WJ; Burg, JR; Lynch, DW. (1989) A chronic inhalation toxicity study of diesel 5 engine emissions and coal dust, alone and combined. JAm Coil Toxicol 8:345-375. 6 7 Linnell, RH; Scott, WE. (1962) Diesel exhaust composition and odor studies. J Air Pollut Control Assoc 8 12:510-515, 545. 9 10 Mauderly, JL; Benson, JM; Bice, DE; Henderson, RF; Jones, RK; McClellan, RO; Mokler, BY; Pickrell, JA; 11 Redman, HC; Wolff, RK. (1981) Observations on rodents exposed for 19 weeks to diluted diesel exhaust. In: 12 Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute annual report 1980-1981. Albuquerque, Nryt: Lovelace Biomedical and 13 Environmental Research Institute; report no. LMF-91; pp. 305-311. 14 15 Mauderly, JL; Benson, JM; Bice, DE;.Carpenter, RL; Evans, MJ; Henderson, RF; Jones, RK; McClellan, RO; 16 Pickrell, JA; Redman, HC; Shami, SG; Wolff, RK. (.1983) Life-span study of rodents inhaling diesel exhaust: results 17 through 30 months. In: Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute annual report 1982-1983. Albuquerque, NM: 18 Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute; report no. LMF-107. 19 20 Mauderly, JL; Benson, JM; Bice, DE; Carpenter, RL; Evans, MJ; Henderson, RF; Jones, RK; McClellan, RO; 21 Pickrell, JA; Shami, SG; Wolff, RK. (1984) Life-span study of rodents inhaling diesel exhaust: effect on body weight 22 and survival. Albuquerque, NM: Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute; report no. LMF-113; 23 pp. 287-291. 24 25 Mauderly, JL; Jones, RK; Griffith, WC; Henderson, RF; McClellan, RO. (1987a) Diesel exhaust is a pulmonary 26 carcinogen in rats exposed chronically by inhalation. Fundam Appl Toxicol9:208-221. 27 28 Mauderly, JL; Bice, DE; Carpenter, RL; Gillett, NA; Henderson, RF; Pickrell, JA; Wolff, RK. (1987b) Effects of 29 inhaled nitrogen dioxide and diesel exhaust on developing lung. Cambridge, MA: Health Effects Institute; research 30 report no. 8. · 31 32 Mauderly, JL; Gillett, NA; Henderson, RF; Jones, RK; McClellan, RO. (1988) Relationships of lung structural and 33 functional changes to accumulation of diesel exhaust particles. In: Dodgson, J; McCallum, Rl; Bailey, MR; Fisher, 34 DR, eds. Inhaled particles VI: proceedings of an international symposium and workshop on lung dosimetry; 35 September 1985; Cambridge, United Kingdom. Ann Occup·Hyg 32(suppl. 1):659-669. 36 37 Mauderly, JL; Bice, DE; Cheng, YS; Gillett, NA; Griffith, WC; Henderson, RF; Pickrell, JA; Wolff, RK. (1990a) 38 Influence of preexisting pulmonary emphysema on susceptibility of rats to diesel exhaust. Am Rev Respir Dis 39 141:1333-1341. . 40 41 Mauderly, JL; Cheng, YS; Snipes, MB. (1990b) Particle overload in toxicology studies: friend or foe and how can 42 we know? In: Proceedings of the particle lung interaction symposium; May; Rochester, NY. 43 44 McClellan, RO; Bice, DE; Cuddihy, RG; Gillett, NA; Henderson, RF; Jones, RK; Mauderly, JL; Pickrell, JA; Shami, 45 SG; Wolff, RK. (1986) Health effects of diesel exhaust. In: Lee, SD; Schneider, T; Grant, LD; Verkerk, PJ, eds. 46 Aerosols: research, risk assessment and control strategies: proceedings of the second U.S.-Dutch international 47 symposium; May 1985; Williamsburg, VA. Chelsea, MI: Lewis Publishers, Inc.; pp. 597-615. , .48 49 Meiss, R; Robenek, H; Schubert, M; Themann, H; Heinrich, U. (1981) Ultrastructural alterations in the livers of 50 golden hamsters following experimental chronic inhalation of diluted diesel exhaust emission. Int Arch Occup 51 Environ Health 48:147-157. 52 53 Mentnech, MS; Lewis, DM; Olenchock, SA; Mull, JC; Koller, WA; Lewis, TR. (1984) Effects of coal dust and 54 diesel exhaust on immune competence. in rats. J Toxfcol Environ Health 13:31-41. 55 2/1/98 5-93 DRAFT--DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE
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DRAFT DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE Health A
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CONTENTS (continued) 2.5.1. Volatil
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CONTENTS (continued) 11.2.1. H.fl.Z
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LIST OF TABLES (continued) 2-14. Me
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PREFACE This draft health assessmen
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AUTHORS, REVIEWERS, AND CONTRIBUTOR
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l. INTRODUCTION 1 Diesel engines ar
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1 achieved by using specific solven
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Nitro-PAH• Table 2-10. Concentrat
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1 pollutants depends on the amount
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1 For the simplest alkoxy radicals,
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 H ON0
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1 conditions (Pitts et al., 1985c )
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Table 2-14. Mean particle, gas, and
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1 sample collection. There was no b
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1 of downtown Los Angeles (Arey et
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1 exposures. This is a complex ques
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1 Dunstan, TDJ; Mauldin, RF; Jinxia
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1 Lipkea, WH; DeJoode, AD; Christen
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1 Pitts, JN, Jr; Sweetman, JA; Ziel
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1 NOTE TO READERS CHAPTER3 2 Becaus
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1 volume basis (Table 4-1 ). This i
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1 Pritchard (1989), utilizing data
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1 4.3.3.3. Potential Mechanisms for
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1 not accurately reflect the actual
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1 Lee, PS; Chan, TL; Hering, WE. (1
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1 one-half units up to 3, strong (O
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Study Ulfvarson et a!. (1987) Batti
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N -,_. -\0 00 VI N ,_. 0 § I I 0 0
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1 control]). Heinrich et al. (1986a
Page 174: 1 Heinrich et al. ( 1986a; see also
Page 185: 1 thoracic area at subsequent times
Page 189: 1 with matched controls for the num
Page 196 and 197: ----- N \0 00 VI I 0'1 N tJ § I I
Page 201: 1 In related studies, Navarro et al
Page 210: 1 Mauderly et al. (1987b) evaluated
Page 216 and 217: 1 pattern of adverse effects on res
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Page 228 and 229: 1 Misiorowski, RL; Strom, KA; Vosta
Page 232: 1 Wright, ES. (1986) Effects of sho
Page 235: 1 Studies showing these effects are
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Page 251 and 252: 1 to derive the RfC. The discussion
Page 253 and 254: 1 The BMC values are the lower 95%
Page 255: Table 6-5. Results of benchmark con
Page 262: 1 U.S. Environmental Protection Age
Page 274 and 275: 1 the latter, 16 were classified as
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 burdens of the NMRI mice after 12
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1 with four to seven rings), which
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1 five daily doses of2,000 f...lg.
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1 occupations. The observed absence
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1 occupations). Analysis was conduc
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1 the confined space of a truck cab
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1 The corresponding odds ratios for
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1 Approximately 20,000 miners are e
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1 bladder cancer was found in Canad
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 Kaplan, I. (1959) Relationship of
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9. MUTAGENICITY 1 Since 1978, more
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1 the presence of heritable translo
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1 9.5. REFERENCES 2 3 "Barfknecht,
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1 U.S. Environmental Protection Age
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 inconsequential in rats relative
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1 response. cell injury, or cell pr
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1 Caution must be exercised in extr
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1 Rister, M: Baehner, RL. ( 1977) E
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1 The potency of the other diesel e
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Table 11-2. Incidence of lung tumor
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Table 11-5. Unit risk estimates per
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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1 to reflect the potency of several
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1 Huisingh. J; Bradow, R; Jungers,
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1 particles are fine and ultrafine
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1 are available. Exposure is most o
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1 · some of which can be informed
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1 For example, in a recent meta-ana
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1 nonthreshold-mutagen driven MOA.
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1 that their developing pulmonary a
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1 impacts. Use of these measures re
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2/1198 Appendix A Experimental Prot
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APPENDIX A. EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL A
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2/1198 Appendix B Alternative Model
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1 d: Dose of organics, mg/cm 2 of l
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Table B-4. Comparison of observed t
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1 uncertainties below). Based on th
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1 B.lO. RFERENCES 2 3 Bohning D., A
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1 and 2 m.(t) = (y2i - YI/exp[Ap)a/
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1 C.l. INTRODUCTION 2 As discussed
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1 For mouth breathing: 2 (DF)H . =
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TABLE C-1. LUNG MODEL FOR RATS AT T
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TABLE C-3. RATIO OF PULMONARY SURFA
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