Health Assessment Document for Diesel Emissions - NSCEP | US ...

1 particulate matter is considered to be the proper dosimetric variable, then the disproportionately
2 large lung burdens at high levels of exposure must be adjusted for. Second, even under low-
3 exposure regimes, clearance is slower in humans than in rats. If the correct dosimetric variable,
4 on the other hand, is particle-free organic matter, a smaller adjustment for variations in particle
5 · clearance rates is required because most of the organics are likely to be eluted from the particles ·
6 deposited in the alveolar region, even at normal clearance rates. Nevertheless, some adjustment
7 is still necessary, because the organics are seldom all eluted.
8
9 4.7. REFERENCES
10
11 Adamson, IYR; Bowden, DH. (1978) Adaptive responses of the pulmonary macrophagic system to carbon. II.
12 Morphologic studies. Lab Invest 38:430-438.
13
14 Adamson, IYR; Bowden, DH. (1981) Dose response of the pulmonary macrophagic system to various particulates
15 and its relationship to transepithelial passage of free particles. Exp Lung Res 2:165-175.
16
.17 Alarie, Y. ( 1966) Irritating properties of airborne materials to the upper respiratory tract. Arch Environ Health
18 13:433-449.
19
20 Alarie, Y. (1973) Sensory irritation to the upper airways by airborne chemicals. Toxicol Exp Pharmacol24:279-
21 297.
22
23 Aronson, M. (1963) Bridge formation and.cytoplasmic flow between phagocytic cells. J Exp Med 118:1084-1102.
24
25 Bailey, MR; Fry, FA; James, AC. (1982) The long-term clearance kinetics of insoluble particles from the human
26 lung. Ann Occup Hyg 26:273-271.
27
28 Ball, LM; King, LC. ( 1985) Metabolism, mutagenicity, and activation of 1-nitropyrene in vivo and in vitro. Environ
29 Int 11:355-361.
30
31 Battigelli, MC; Hehnstenberg, F; Mannella, RJ; Thomas, AP. (1966) Mucociliary activation. Arch Environ Health
32 12:460-467.
33
34 · Bevan, DR; Ruggio, DM. (1991) Bioavailability in vivo ofbenzo[a]pyrene adsorbed to diesel particulate. Toxicol
35 Ind Health 7:125-139.
36
3 7 Bohning, DE; Cohn, SH; Lee, HD; Atkins, HL. ( 1980) Two-phase deep-lung clearance in man. In: Sanders, CL;
38 Cross, FT; Dagle, GE; Mahaffey, JA, eds. Pulmonary toxicology of respirable particles. Technical Information
39 Center, U.S. Dept. ofEnergy, pp. 149-161.
40
41 Bohning, DE; Atkins, HL; Cohn, SH. (I 982) Long-term particle clearance in man: normal and impaired. Ann
42 Occup Hyg 26:259-271.
43
44 Bond, JA; Mitchell, CE; Li, AP. (1983) Metabolism and macromolecular covalent binding ofbenzo(a)pyrene in
45 cultures ofFischer-344 rat lung Type II epithelial cells. Biochem Pharmacol32:3771-3776.
46
47 Bond, JA; Sun, JD; Medinsky, MA; Jones, RK; Yeh, HC. (1986) Deposition, metabolism, and excretion of 1-
. 48 [ 14 C]nitropyrene and l-[ 14 C]nitropyrene coated on diesel exhaust particles as influenced by exposure concentration.
49 Toxicol Appl Pharmacol85:102-117.
211/98 4-33 DRAFT--DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE