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ISSN 0495-3843<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong><br />
(BOTANY) No. 37<br />
THE <strong>FOREST</strong> HERBARIUM<br />
DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL PARKS, WILDLIFE AND PLANT CONSERVATION<br />
BANGKOK, <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
DECEMBER 2009
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY)<br />
Published by The Forest Herbarium (BKF)<br />
Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation<br />
Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand<br />
Advisors<br />
Chamlong Phengklai, Leena Phuphathanaphong and Chawalit Niyomdham<br />
Editor<br />
Thawatchai Santisuk<br />
Contribution Editor Managing Editor<br />
Paul Wilkin (K) Rachun Pooma (BKF)<br />
Editorial Board<br />
Kongkanda Chayamarit (QBG), David A. Simpson (K), John A. N. Parnell (TCD),<br />
David J. Middleton (E), Paul Wilkin (K), Peter C. van Welzen (L),<br />
Hans-Joachim Esser (M), Tim Utteridge (K) and Richard Saunders (HKU)<br />
Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) (TFB) publishes papers on plant taxonomy (especially<br />
of vascular plants), nomenclature, phylogeny, systematics, plant geography, and floristics,<br />
and in morphology, palynology, cytotaxonomy, chemotaxonomy, anatomy and other<br />
relevant disciplines. Priority is given to papers written by staff of the Forest Herbarium and<br />
by botanists working on the Flora of Thailand Project. Limited space is available for other<br />
relevant papers.<br />
TFB is published once a year, usually in September. All manuscripts are peer<br />
reviewed. Manuscripts are considered on the understanding that their contents have<br />
not appeared, or will not appear, elsewhere in the same or abbreviated form. Before<br />
submitting a manuscript please read the Guidelines for authors at http://www.dnp.go.th/<br />
botany/botany_eng/bulletin.html. These guidelines must be followed precisely otherwise<br />
publication of the manuscript will be delayed.<br />
Exchange with botanical journals or periodicals pertaining to plant taxonomy would<br />
be appreciated.<br />
Director: Thawatchai Wongprasert<br />
Curator: Rachun Pooma<br />
THE <strong>FOREST</strong> HERBARIUM<br />
BKF Staff: Chana Phromdej, Thawat Ting-Nga, Thirawat Boonthavikoon, Somran<br />
Suddee, Piyachart Trisarasri, Preecha Karaket, Thanongsak Jonganurak,<br />
Sommanussa Saengrit, Thianchai Chanplaeng, Phornphitak Panyarat,<br />
Voradol Chamchumroon, Pachok Puudjaa, Phien Thuengkhun,<br />
Boonyuen Chuenchomklin, Tharathorn Kaeophlap, Paphot Kan-U-Rai.<br />
Coordinator: Nannapat Pattharahirantricin<br />
Front Cover: Pothos macrocephalus Scort. ex Hook.f. (Photographed by R. Pooma)
<strong>THAI</strong> FOR. BULL. (BOT.) 37: 1–8. 2009.<br />
Anadendrum (Araceae: Monsteroideae: Anadendreae) in Thailand<br />
PETER C. BOYCE 1<br />
ABSTRACT. As part of the Araceae project for the Flora of Thailand a study of Anadendrum was undertaken<br />
with the result that all three species hitherto collected in Thailand are considered to represent new taxa. A key to<br />
the lianescent aroid genera in Thailand and a key to Thai Anadendrum are presented. All species are illustrated.<br />
KEY WORDS: Araceae, Anadendrum, taxonomy, key, Flora of Thailand.<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
Anadendrum is taxonomically by far the least-known lianescent aroid genus<br />
in tropical Asia. The problems besetting researchers are several-fold. To begin with,<br />
historical types are for the most part woefully inadequate. They were mainly preserved<br />
post anthesis so that the spathes are unknown for most of the described species. In addition<br />
field notes for the types (indeed for almost all existing specimens) are poor to effectively<br />
nonexistent and field sampling is patchy in the extreme. Lastly, groups of species that<br />
are immediately recognizable as distinct in nature look indistinguishable from one<br />
another when preserved. In essence, working from herbarium specimens alone is wholly<br />
inadequate but nonetheless time constraints mean that a workable account for the flora<br />
must be produced without recourse to a much-needed full scale, field-based revision.<br />
Given the above, I have opted for the pragmatic but unorthodox approach of not<br />
attempting to match Thai collections to any previously described species (a futile exercise<br />
in any case given the poor condition of almost all historical types) but instead have<br />
chosen to describe all species as new. Of course I am aware that this will in all probability<br />
produce redundant names once a full and thorough revision is undertaken but given that<br />
there is no sign of such a revision being undertaken in the near future I am confident that<br />
this approach will at least produce a temporarily stable taxonomy for Thailand, and from<br />
this allow other workers a point of reference from which to review their own Anadendrum<br />
flora and, it is hoped, spur someone to undertake a much needed field-based revision for<br />
the genus throughout its entire range.<br />
Similar methodologies have been used by workers on Dieffenbachia Schott<br />
(Croat, 2004) and Stenospermation Engl. (Croat, 2007), two neotropical genera which<br />
are similarly speciose, insufficiently known and poorly served by their historical typespecimens.<br />
In both instances all of the novelties described have stood the test of time<br />
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<br />
1 phymatarum@googlemail.com
2<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
The species here described here are all from the south of Thailand. To date<br />
there are no confirmed collections from the north of Thailand, which is curious since<br />
Anadendrum is abundant in adjacent central and northern Vietnam and through into S.W.<br />
China. Incidentally, none of the species from China and Indochina are described; the<br />
names applied to them in the Floré Générale de l’Indo-Chine (Gagnepain, 1942), and the<br />
Flora of China (Li, 1979) are all misidentifications.<br />
KEY TO THE LIANESCENT AROID GENERA OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
1. Fruits each a discrete indehiscent berry<br />
2. Flowering plants with leaf blades pinnately divided and usually fenestrate; inflorescences solitary or at most three<br />
held loosely together in a weakly spiral arrangement; fruits ovoid, white at maturity Amydrium<br />
2. Leaf blades always entire; inflorescences several together distichously arranged; fruits truncate, red at<br />
maturity Anadendrum<br />
1. Fruits a ‘monsterocarp’, i.e., not a discrete berry, dehiscent via shedding of the stylar plate<br />
3. Fruits each with one to few large, curved seeds<br />
4. Seeds 2 – 4 per fruit on an intrusive parietal placenta; leaves entire or pinnately divided with pin-holes along<br />
the mid-rib Epipremnum<br />
4. Seed 1 per fruit on a basal placenta; leaves always entire Scindapsus<br />
3. Fruits each with numerous small, straight seeds Rhaphidophora<br />
ANADENDRUM<br />
Schott, Bonplandia (Hannover) 5: 45. 1857; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 539. 1893; Ridl.,<br />
Fl. Malay Penin. 5: 115. 1925; Gagnep. in H.Lecomte (ed.), Fl. Indo-Chine 6: 1090.<br />
1942; Mayo et al., Gen. Araceae 113, Pl. 11, 1997.— Anadendron Schott in Oesterr. Bot.<br />
Wochenbl. 7: 118. 1857, orth. var.<br />
Slender to moderate evergreen lianescent to hemiepiphytic herbs lacking<br />
trichosclereids. Leaves distichous, frequently forming a terminal fan on the active shoot.<br />
Lamina obliquely ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate or oblong, entire; primary lateral<br />
veins pinnate, running into marginal vein, higher order venation reticulate. Petiole<br />
pulvinate apically, with petiolar sheath extending part way or fully to the base of the<br />
pulvinus, sheath persistent or marcescent. Inflorescence 1–10 or more in each floral<br />
sympodium. Peduncle relatively long, erect at first, later spreading with the spadix<br />
erect. Spathe oblong-ovate, boat-shaped to reflexed, white, greenish white, rarely deep<br />
green or blotched purple, rostrate apically and overtopping the spadix, caducous during<br />
anthesis, rarely persistent into or marcescent during early fruiting. Spadix long-stipitate,<br />
cylindric. Flowers bisexual, perigoniate; perigone membranaceous, a single cup-like<br />
structure, truncate, equalling or just shorter than gynoecium. Stamens 4, free, filaments<br />
relatively short, broad, spathulate, connective slender, thecae linear-elliptic, dehiscing<br />
by longitudinal slit. Gynoecium with ovary obconic or obpyramidal, subquadrangular,<br />
1-locular, ovule 1, anatropous, funicle short, placenta basal, stylar region as broad as<br />
ovary, stigma transversely oblong. Fruits a berry, distinctly truncate apically, subglobose,<br />
orange red with a distinctive transverse stigmatic remnant. Seed rounded, subglobose,<br />
testa smooth, glossy, embryo large, endosperm absent.<br />
At least 30 species (the majority undescribed) distributed from Thailand northwards<br />
to southern China and southwards through Malesia as far as Borneo and the Philippines.<br />
At least 3 species in Thailand, all (as defined here) endemic.
ANADENDRUM (ARACEAE: MONSTEROIDEAE: ANADENDREAE) IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND (P.C. BOYCE)<br />
KEY TO THE SPECIES<br />
1. Lamina ovato-cordate to oblong, base truncate to weakly cordate or slightly cuneate; drying dull grey. Spathe<br />
creamy green with scattered purple blotches. Spadix fertile portion not exceeding 2 cm long 1. A. griseum<br />
1. Lamina oblong-lanceolate, often somewhat falcate, base never cordate or truncate; drying black-brown or<br />
chestnut brown. Spathe whitish or greenish white. Spadix fertile portion exceeding 2.5 cm long<br />
2. Petiole 12–20 cm, petiolar sheath extending 4/5 length of the petiole, degrading into fibres. Peduncle<br />
spreading to declinate with the spadix erect, much shorter than to exceeding petiole. Leaves drying black-brown<br />
2. A. marcesovaginatum<br />
2. Petiole 6–12 cm, petiolar sheath extending to the base of the pulvinus, marcescent and then deciduous but<br />
not fibrous. Peduncle erect, exceeding petiole. Leaves drying chestnut brown 3. A. badium<br />
1. Anadendrum griseum P.C.Boyce sp. nov., ab aliis specibus Anadendri Thailandensi<br />
spadice fertili brevi (vix 2 cm longo); laminis foliorum ovato-cordatis ad basin cordatis<br />
vel vix cuneatis et in stato sicco griseis; spatha cremeo-viridi maculis purpureis instructa<br />
diversa. Typus: Thailand, Narathiwat, Bacho District, Budo-Sungai Padi N.P., Pacho<br />
Falls, Wongprasert 9912-79 [BKF140328] (holotypus BKF). Fig 1.<br />
Evergreen, medium-sized, slender to moderate lianescent herb to 2 m. Stem of adult<br />
plants root-climbing. Leaves distichous, scattered on climbing shoots but congested into<br />
loose fans at shoot tips where flowering occurs. Lamina ovato-cordate to oblong 14–20<br />
by 9–10 cm, base truncate to weakly cordate or slightly cuneate, apex acute to acuminate,<br />
briefly apiculate, medium green when fresh, drying dull grey; primary lateral veins<br />
pinnate, 4–7 per side, running into marginal vein, interprimary veins almost obscured,<br />
all higher order venation reticulate. Petiole pulvinate apically, 6–10 cm, petiolar sheath<br />
extending to just below the pulvinus, margins and then whole sheath soon marcescent.<br />
Inflorescence 1–6 in each floral sympodium. Peduncle spreading with the spadix erect,<br />
much shorter than to exceeding the petiole of the preceding foliage leaf, 4–7 cm, each<br />
peduncle subtended by membranous, later papery cataphylls and the whole synflorescence<br />
subtended by several such cataphylls. Spathe elongato-ovate, in bud apically strongly<br />
rostrate and basally contracted onto the stipe, gaping, then spreading and then reflexed<br />
at anthesis, then soon caducous, ca 3.5 by 2.5 cm, creamy green with scattered purple<br />
blotches. Spadix stipitate, fertile portion 1.75–2 by 0.5 cm, greenish white at anthesis,<br />
green post-anthesis, stipe 0.5–0.8 cm, green. Flowers bisexual, perigone membranous,<br />
just exceeding the gynoecium. Stamens: filaments short, broadly linear, anthers shorter<br />
than filaments. Gynoecium obpyramidal, tetragonal, stylar region 2 by 3 mm, rhomboidal,<br />
truncate, stigma transverse-linear. Fruit a subglobose truncate-topped berry, green when<br />
immature, bright glossy red with black stigmatic remains when ripe.<br />
Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Songkhla, [Nam Tok Boripat, 28 March 1997, Boyce<br />
1210 (BKF, K)], Narathiwat [type].<br />
Distribution.— Endemic.<br />
Ecology.— Damp evergreen lowland forest; altitude 200 m.<br />
Vernacular.— None recorded.<br />
Uses.— None recorded.<br />
Notes.— Immediately recognizable by the usually cordate-based laminae and the<br />
creamy green spathe limb with purple blotches. In the fresh state leaves are glossy medium<br />
green but specimens always dry distinctively dull grey, hence the specific epithet.<br />
3
4<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
Figure 1. Anadendrum griseum P.C.Boyce: A. flowering shoot; B. detail of leaf abaxial venation. Prepared from<br />
Wongprasert 9912-79 [BKF140328]. Original artwork by Miss Pajaree Inthachub.<br />
A<br />
B
ANADENDRUM (ARACEAE: MONSTEROIDEAE: ANADENDREAE) IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND (P.C. BOYCE)<br />
2. Anadendrum marcesovaginatum P.C.Boyce sp. nov., ab omnibus speciebus generis<br />
ceteris vagina longitudine 4/5 partes petioli aequanti demum in fibras degradanti,<br />
pedunculo patenti vel declinato, spadice fertili 2.5 cm longo excedenti, foliorum lamina<br />
in statu sicco nigro-brunnea differt. Typus: Thailand, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Khao Luang<br />
N.P., Ka Rom Falls, 8° 22.42’N, 99° 44.21’E, 3 Sept. 1996, Wilkin 856 [BKF115915]<br />
(holotypus BKF; isotypus K). Fig. 2.<br />
Evergreen, medium-sized, moderate lianescent herb to 2 m. Stem of adult plants<br />
root-climbing. Leaves distichous scattered on climbing shoots, barely congested into<br />
loose fans at shoot tips where flowering events occur, these flowering modules soon<br />
overtopped by primary shoot reiteration and then displaced to appear morphologically<br />
lateral. Lamina oblong-lanceolate, often somewhat falcate, weakly oblique, 22–25 by<br />
8–9 cm, base cuneate, apex acuminate, apiculate, dark green above, paler below when<br />
fresh, drying black-brown above, very slightly paler below; primary lateral veins pinnate<br />
ca 7 per side, running into marginal vein, interprimary veins slightly less prominent,<br />
higher order venation reticulate. Petiole pulvinate apically, 12–20 cm long, petiolar<br />
sheath extending 4/5 length of the petiole, membranous but soon turning papery, thence<br />
degrading into fibres before falling to leave a papery scar. Inflorescence 1–3 in each floral<br />
sympodium. Peduncle spreading to declinate with the spadix erect, much shorter than to<br />
exceeding petiole, 4–7 cm long, each subtended by membranous, later papery cataphylls<br />
and the whole synflorescence subtended by several such cataphylls. Spathe lanceolate,<br />
strongly rostrate and also contracted onto the stipe, gaping, then reflexed at anthesis,<br />
then soon caducous, ca. 5 by 2.5 cm, very pale green. Spadix stipitate, fertile portion<br />
2.5–3 by 0.5 cm, greenish white at anthesis, green post-anthesis, stipe 0.5 cm, green.<br />
Flowers bisexual, perigone membranous, just exceeding the gynoecium. Stamens with<br />
short, broadly linear filaments, anthers shorter than filaments. Gynoecium obpyramidal,<br />
tetragonal, stylar region 3 by 3 mm, rhomboidal, truncate, stigma transverse-linear. Fruit<br />
a subglobose truncate-topped berry, green when immature, bright glossy red with black<br />
stigmatic remains when ripe.<br />
Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Nakhon Si Thammarat [type], Phatthalung.<br />
Distribution.— Endemic.<br />
Ecology.— Evergreen forest; altitudes 100–200 m.<br />
Vernacular.— None recorded.<br />
Uses.— None recorded.<br />
Notes.— The long petioles with soon-marcescent petiolar sheaths and plants<br />
drying black-brown are diagnostic. In drying very dark A. marcesovaginatum approaches<br />
A. microstachyum (Java) which differs, among other characters, in having persistent<br />
petiolar sheaths.<br />
3. Anadendrum badium P.C.Boyce sp. nov., a Anadendro marcesovaginato petioli<br />
vagina pulvinum distalem attingenti demum marcescenti non fibrosa, pedunculo<br />
inflorescentiae erecto (non patenti nec declinato), folio in statu sicco badio differt. Typus:<br />
Thailand, Songkhla, Ton Nga Chang, 18 Jan. 1992, Niyomdham 2912 [BKF112370]<br />
(holotypus BKF). Fig. 3.<br />
5
6<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
Figure 2. Anadendrum marcesovaginatum P.C.Boyce: A. flowering shoot; B. detail of leaf abaxial venation.<br />
Prepared from Wilkin 856 [BKF115915]. Original artwork by Miss Pajaree Inthachub.<br />
A<br />
B
ANADENDRUM (ARACEAE: MONSTEROIDEAE: ANADENDREAE) IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND (P.C. BOYCE)<br />
A<br />
Figure 3. Anadendrum badium P.C.Boyce: A. flowering shoot; B. detail of leaf abaxial venation. Prepared from<br />
Niyomdham 2912 [BKF112370]. Original artwork by Miss Pajaree Inthachub.<br />
B<br />
7
8<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
Evergreen, medium-sized, slender lianescent herb to 1.5 m. Stem of adult plants<br />
root-climbing. Leaves distichous, scattered on climbing shoots, congested into loose fans<br />
at shoot tips where flowering occurs. Lamina oblongo-lanceolate, somewhat falcate,<br />
oblique, 11–24 by 4–8 cm, base subacute, apex acuminate, briefly apiculate, medium<br />
green above, paler below when fresh, drying uniformly chestnut brown; primary lateral<br />
veins pinnate ca 6 per side, arising alternately from either side of the midrib, running<br />
into marginal vein, interprimary veins more or less invisible, higher order venation<br />
reticulate. Petiole pulvinate apically, 6–12 cm, petiolar sheath extending to the base of<br />
the pulvinus, membranous and very soon marcescent and falling. Inflorescence 1–3 in<br />
each floral sympodium. Peduncle erect, exceeding petiole, 11–14 cm, each subtended by<br />
membranous, later papery cataphylls and the whole synflorescence subtended by several<br />
such cataphylls. Spathe oblongo-lanceolate, apex strongly rostrate, base very weakly<br />
contracted onto the stipe, limb gaping, then reflexed at anthesis, then soon caducous, ca<br />
3 by 1.5 cm, creamy yellow. Spadix stipitate, fertile portion ca 3 by 0.5 cm, creamy at<br />
anthesis, green post-anthesis, stipe 1 cm, green. Flowers bisexual, perigone membranous,<br />
just exceeding the gynoecium. Stamens with short, broadly linear filaments, anthers<br />
shorter than filaments. Gynoecium obpyramidal, tetragonal, stylar region 2.5 by 2.5 mm,<br />
rhomboidal, truncate, stigma transverse-linear. Fruit a subglobose truncate-topped berry,<br />
green when immature, bright glossy red with black stigmatic remains when ripe.<br />
Thailand.— SOUTH-EASTERN: Trat [Ko Chang N.P., Khlong Phlu Falls, 12°3’56”N,<br />
102°18’50”E, 23 March 2001, Chayamarit et al. 2851 [BKF132856] (BKF)]; PENINSULAR:<br />
Songkhla [type]; Phatthalung [Tha Mot, 30 km S of Phatthalung, 07°20’N, 100°05’E, 5<br />
Oct. 1991, Larsen et al. 42165 [BKF120188] (AAU, BKF, PSU)], Narathiwat [Chatwarin<br />
Falls, 12 Feb. 1991, Niyomdham 2077 [BKF124074] (BKF)].<br />
Distribution.— Endemic.<br />
Ecology.— Evergreen forest; altitudes 65–100 m.<br />
Vernacular.— None recorded.<br />
Uses.— None recorded.<br />
Notes.— Immediately recognizable in the dry state in drying chestnut brown<br />
(badius in Latin, whence the trivial epithet). Living plants can be confused with A.<br />
marcesovaginata (see above) but differ in the erect (not spreading to declinate) peduncles<br />
exceeding the petiole of the subtending foliage leaf, and the petiolar sheath reaching the<br />
base of the distal pulvinus.<br />
REFERENCES<br />
Croat, T.B. (2004). Revision of Dieffenbachia (Araceae) of Mexico, Central America,<br />
and the West Indies. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 91: 668–772.<br />
Croat, T.B., Bay, D.B. & Yates, E.D. (2007). New Species of Stenospermation and<br />
Xanthosoma (Araceae) from Bajo Calima, Valle Department, Colombia. Novon<br />
17: 298–305.<br />
Gagnepain, F. (1942). Aracées. In: H. Lecomte (ed.), Flore Générale de l’Indo-Chine 6:<br />
1075–1195. Masson et Cie, Paris.<br />
Li, H. (1979). Araceae, Lemnaceae. In: C. Y. Wu & H. Li, Flora Reipublicae Popularis<br />
Sinicae 13(2): 1–242. Beijing, Academia Sinica.
<strong>THAI</strong> FOR. BULL. (BOT.) 37: 111–138. 2009.<br />
The Magnoliaceae of Thailand<br />
Hans PeTer nOOTeBOOM 1 & Piya CHaLerMGLin 2<br />
ABSTRACT. The Flora of Thailand treatment in 1975 recognised eight genera and 13–16 species in Thailand.<br />
Morphological studies and research using DNA sequence data, including nuclear DNA, have shown that only<br />
one genus occurs in Thailand, Magnolia L. Since 1975 many more species have been found to occur in Thailand,<br />
both newly described taxa and new records. Thus a new treatment for Thailand is presented recognising 25 species<br />
in a single genus, Magnolia. Keys are given to flowering and fruiting material, and synonymy, descriptions and<br />
supporting information provided.<br />
KEY WORDS: Magnolia, Magnoliaceae, Thailand, taxonomy, keys.<br />
MaGnOLiaCeae<br />
A.Juss., Gen. Pl. : 280. 1789 (Magnoliae); Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 1: 12. 1922; Dandy,<br />
Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1927: 259. 1927; H.Keng in T.C. Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya<br />
2: 281. 1973; Noot., Fl. Males., ser. I, 10: 561. 1988; in Kubitzki, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 2:<br />
391. 1993.<br />
Trees or shrubs, glabrous or with an indumentum of simple hairs. Leaves spirally<br />
arranged, simple, entire (or 2–10 lobed in Liriodendron, not in Thailand), penninerved,<br />
evergreen (or deciduous, not in Thailand); stipules present, at first enclosing and<br />
protecting the innovations, later caducous and leaving an annular scar around the node.<br />
Flowers terminal or pseudoaxillary on a short shoot (brachyblast) in the axils of the<br />
leaves, bisexual (rarely unisexual, 1 species in Thailand), on a peduncle which can be<br />
a brachyblast; peduncle bearing 1 or more caducous spathaceous bracts which leave<br />
annular scars; perianth spiral or spirocyclic, simple or more or less differentiated in calyx<br />
and corolla, perianth numbers (tepals) (6–)9–36, free, imbricate; stamens numerous,<br />
free, spirally arranged, filaments short, anthers linear, 2-locular, dehiscing introrsely<br />
or latrorsely, connective usually more or less produced into an appendage; gynoecium<br />
sessile or stipitate on a gynophore; carpels usually many, rarely 1 or few, spirally arranged<br />
(but in Pachylarnax Dandy seemingly not), free or (initially) concrescent; ovules 2 or<br />
more, biseriate on the ventral suture. Fruit apocarpous or syncarpous; fruiting carpels<br />
opening along the dorsal and/or ventral suture, or circumscissile; seeds 1 or more in each<br />
fruiting carpel, large, in dehiscent carpels hanging from the elongated spiral vessels of the<br />
funiculus, with arilloid testa, rarely, in some indehiscent fruits adherent to the endocarp;<br />
endosperm copious, oily; embryo minute.<br />
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<br />
1 National Herbarium of the Netherlands, Leiden Branch, P. O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.<br />
2 Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, 35 Mu 3, Khlong 5, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani<br />
12120 Thailand.
112<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
Distribution.— Two genera. Liriodendron in North America and China and<br />
Magnolia in temperate and tropical SE and E Asia and from North America southward<br />
through the West Indies and Central America to S Brazil.<br />
Ecology.— Magnoliaceae, easily recognised from the spicy smell of broken<br />
parts and the prominent stipules and ring-shaped stipule scars, are nowhere common in<br />
Thailand. They occur in lowland and lower montane forest of different kinds to ca 2200<br />
m elevation.<br />
Uses.— The wood of Magnoliaceae, in general, is light and easily worked, but<br />
usually not very durable. The North American Liriodendron tulipifera L. yields an<br />
important timber and this has been used extensively for the interior finish of houses, and<br />
for door panels, etc. Magnolia champaca (L.) Baill. ex Pierre var. pubinervia (Blume)<br />
Figlar & Noot. and M. montana (Blume) Figlar & Noot. (from Peninsular Malaysia and<br />
Indonesia) are reported to have wood as durable as that of Tectona grandis L.f. (Heyne,<br />
1950; Burkill, 1966). The bark of Magnolia officinalis Rehder & Wilson and of other<br />
species in China is used as a valuable drug. Many species of Magnolia and their hybrids<br />
are cultivated in temperate gardens. In Thailand, Magnolia x alba (DC) Figlar. and M.<br />
champaca (L.) Baill. ex Pierre are commonly planted since very long time as temple trees;<br />
their flowers are sold in the markets, and are used for decorating the hair or are strung into<br />
garlands. Also Magnolia figo (Lour.) DC. is a common garden plant, but a more recent<br />
introduction and therefore not in this treatment. Of our 25 or so Magnoliaceae, 2 taxa,<br />
Magnolia champaca (L.) Baill. ex Pierre var. pubinervia (Blume) Figlar & Noot. and M.<br />
praecalva (Dandy) Figlar & Noot. are truly enormous trees, with mighty grey, columnar<br />
boles, but they are too rare to be of any economic importance for timber.<br />
Magnoliaceae Taxonomy<br />
The Magnoliaceae were once regarded by many botanists to be one of the most<br />
primitive families of all Angiosperms. The main reason is that in the Magnolia-type of<br />
flower, the floral parts (perianth-lobes, stamens, and carpels) are indefinite in number and<br />
are free and spirally arranged on an elongated axis thus conforming closely to the generally<br />
accepted putative ancestral form of Angiosperm flower. According APG II, however,<br />
they belong to the Angiospermae clade Magnoliids (close to the Monocots) and the order<br />
Magnoliales to which also belong the Annonaceae, Eupomatiaceae, Himantandraceae,<br />
and the Myristicaceae.<br />
There are two subfamilies, Liriodendroideae with two species, one in North<br />
America and one in China, and Magnolioideae with ca 240 species.<br />
In the subfamily Magnolioideae the taxonomy is rather chequered. In the past,<br />
two tribes, each with a few to several genera, were recognized. Careful morphological<br />
research and observations of living plants (Figlar, 2000; 2002a; 2002b) as well as DNA<br />
research (Kim et al., 2001; Azuma et al., 1999; 2000; 2001; Nie et al. 2008)) have led<br />
to the reduction all genera to Magnolia. This classification differs markedly from that of<br />
Keng (1975) who recognised eight genera of Magnoliaceae (Magnolia L., Manglietia<br />
Blume, Talauma A.Juss., Kmeria Dandy, Pachylarnax, Aromadendron Andrews ex<br />
Steud., Michelia T.Durand and Paramichelia Hu) and 13–16 species in Thailand.<br />
Since 1975 many more species have been found to occur in Thailand, both newly<br />
described taxa and new records. This is reflected in the treatment presented below.
Conservation status<br />
THE MAGNOLIACEAE OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND (H.P. NOOTEBOOM & P. CHALERMGLIN)<br />
The Red List of Magnoliaceae (Cicuzza et al. 2007) indicates that 112 Magnoliaceae<br />
taxa are threatened with extinction in the wild according to the IUCN Red List categories<br />
and criteria; Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN) and Vulnerable (VU). A<br />
further nine taxa are considered to be Near Threatened (NT) and 10 are recorded as Data<br />
Deficient (DD). These Data Deficient species have been so recorded because there is<br />
insufficient information to apply the IUCN Red List categories and criteria. Nevertheless,<br />
these taxa are considered to be threatened either in national Red Lists or based on<br />
suspected forest decline and so they are included in the list of globally threatened species.<br />
In total the results of the above evaluation indicated that 131 Magnoliaceae taxa are<br />
threatened with extinction at a global scale. This is over half the known taxa within the<br />
family. Approximately 100 species, however, are Not Evaluated (NE). The published<br />
conservation status assessments are given below for the Thai species of Magnolia,<br />
including some which have been shown to fulfil the criteria for Least Concern (LC).<br />
MaGnOLia<br />
L., Sp. Pl.: 535. 1753; Dandy, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1927: 259. 1927; in Hutchinson,<br />
Gen. Fl. Pl. 1: 55. 1964; H.Keng in T.C. Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 285. 1973; Noot.,<br />
Fl. Males., ser. I, 10: 568. 1988; Figlar & Noot., Blumea 49: 88. 2004.— Michelia L. ,<br />
Sp. Pl.: 536. 1753.— Talauma Jussieu, Gen. Pl.: 281. 1789.— Manglietia Blume, Verh.<br />
Batav. Genootsch. Kunsten 9: 149. 1823.— Aromadendron Blume, Bijdr.: 10. 1825.—<br />
Pachylarnax Dandy, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1927: 260. 1927.— Elmerrillia Dandy,<br />
Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1927: 261. 1927.—Kmeria Dandy, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew<br />
1927: 262. 1927.— Paramichelia Hu, Sunyatsenia 4: 142. 1940.<br />
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF MAGNOLIA IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND (FLOWERING PLANTS)<br />
1. Flowers pseudoaxillary on a brachyblast 2<br />
Flowers terminal on the twig 12<br />
2. Stipules free from the petiole 3<br />
Stipules adnate to petiole 6<br />
3. Connective appendage 3–4 mm long, twigs pubescent, gynoecium silvery appressed- pubescent<br />
18. Magnolia mediocris<br />
Connective appendage 0.5–1.5 mm long, twigs silky or puberulous, gynoecium greyish-puberulous,<br />
ferrugineously silky or pubescent 4<br />
4. Petiole 30–40 mm long, hairy, leaf blade obovate, base rounded, brachyblast puberulous 6. Magnolia citrata<br />
Petiole 10–25 mm long, glabrous, leaf blade elliptic or narrowly elliptic, base cuneate, attenuate, or attenuate-<br />
cuneate, brachyblast silky or pubescent 5<br />
5. Leaf blade hairy beneath, twigs silky, stipules silky, brachyblast silky, stout, with 1 node, flower white, yellow<br />
or yellowish, connective appendage triangular, gynoecium ferrugineously silky or pubescent<br />
19. Magnolia philippinensis<br />
Leaf blade glabrous beneath, twigs puberulous, stipules puberulous, brachyblast pubescent, slender, with<br />
2 nodes, flower orange yellow, connective appendage very long, narrowly triangular, gynoecium greyish<br />
puberulous 16. Magnolia koordersiana<br />
6. Stipules adnate to the petiole for 0 to 5 %, leaf blade puberulous beneath, base attenuate, cultivated<br />
1. Magnolia x alba<br />
Stipules adnate to the petiole for 15 to 100 %, leaf blade minutely (scattered) hairy, pubescent beneath, or<br />
tomentose beneath, base cuneate, broadly cuneate, or rounded 7<br />
113
114<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
7. Leaf blade 11–14 cm broad, connective appendage 3–4 mm long 21. Magnolia rajaniana<br />
Leaf blade 2–10 cm broad, connective appendage 0–2.5 mm long 8<br />
8. Flower yellow or orange yellow 5. Magnolia champaca<br />
Flower white 9<br />
9. Leaf blade minutely (scattered) hairy beneath, petiole glabrous, gynoecium greyish puberulous<br />
23. Magnolia sirindhorniae<br />
Leaf blade pubescent beneath, petiole hairy, gynoecium greyish or densely golden yellow silky 10<br />
10. Connective appendage triangular, twigs pubescent or silky, hairs yellowish brown, (fruiting carpels connate,<br />
but becoming mostly free on dehiscence with some carpels splitting via the dorsal suture while apical parts<br />
of others with circumcissile dehiscence) 6. Magnolia champaca x baillonii<br />
Connective appendage very long, narrowly triangular, twigs villous or puberulous, hairs pale brown or<br />
yellowish (fruiting carpels at least finally free or connate) 11<br />
11. Twigs puberulous, hairs yellowish, leaf blade glaucous below, apex acuminate, peduncle or brachyblast<br />
puberulous, gynoecium densely golden yellow silky (fruiting carpels at least finally free, dehiscing along the<br />
dorsal suture) 9. Magnolia floribunda<br />
Twigs villous, hairs pale brown, leaf blade not glaucous below, apex shortly acuminate,peduncle or<br />
brachyblast pubescent, gynoecium greyish silky, fruiting carpels connate 2. Magnolia baillonii<br />
12. Receptacle short, the carpels attached at about the same height (fruiting carpels connate into a loculicidal fruit,<br />
splitting into 2–4 valves, the carpels more or less separating from each other later; in the centre a columella<br />
persistent with the attached seeds, or becoming free, after dehiscence forming 2 lobes like 2 laterally<br />
recurved horns) 13<br />
Receptacle cylindrical, much longer than wide, carpels attached around it (fruiting carpels at least finally<br />
free or connate) 15<br />
13. Flowers bisexual, carpels 2–4, twigs glabrous, stipules free from the petiole, peduncle or brachyblast 0.5–20<br />
mm long (fruiting carpels connate into a loculicidal fruit, splitting into 2–4 valves, the carpels more or<br />
less separating from each other later; in the centre a columella persistent with the attached seeds)<br />
20. Magnolia praecalva<br />
Flowers unisexual, carpels 7–15 14<br />
14. Petiole 25–45 mm long, carpels 10–15 7. Magnolia duperreana<br />
Petiole 15–25 mm long, carpels 7–10 24. Magnolia thailandica<br />
15. Stipules free from the petiole 16<br />
Stipules adnate to petiole 18<br />
16. Twigs hairy at least when young, leaf apex rounded or mucronate, flower yellow or yellowish, connective<br />
appendage triangular with a sharp pointed tip 4. Magnolia carsonii var. drymifolia<br />
Twigs glabrous, leaf apex shortly acuminate or acuminate, flower pink or white, connective appendage<br />
triangular or setaceous 17<br />
17. Tepals 9, subequal, connective appendage triangular, 1–2 mm long (fruits cylindrical) 11. Magnolia gustavii<br />
Tepals 18–36, very unequal, connective appendage setaceous, 12–15 mm long (fruits subglobose, or<br />
ellipsoid) 8. Magnolia elegans<br />
18. Twigs glabrous 19<br />
Twigs hairy or on stipule scars minutely hairy 22<br />
19. Peduncle or brachyblast hairy 22. Magnolia siamensis<br />
Peduncle or brachyblast glabrous 20<br />
20. Peduncle or brachyblast 3–4 mm thick, flower yellow or yellowish, connective appendage very long,<br />
narrowly triangular, number of ovules per carpel 4 or more,( fruits cylindrical) 25. Magnolia utilis<br />
Peduncle or brachyblast 6–16 mm thick, flower white, connective appendage triangular, number of ovules<br />
per carpel 2 (fruits ellipsoid) 21<br />
21. Outer tepals tinged red or purple, twigs 6.5–10 mm diam., petiole 45–90 mm long, gynoecium conical<br />
13. Magnolia hodgsonii<br />
Outer tepals greenish, twigs 6–7 mm diam., petiole 20–55 mm long, gynoecium ellipsoid<br />
3. Magnolia betongensis<br />
22. Number of ovules per carpel 4 or more, midrib when dry not or slightly prominent above, intramarginal vein<br />
not close to the margin 23<br />
Number of ovules per carpel 2, midrib when dry prominent above, at least towards base, intramarginal vein<br />
close to the margin 25<br />
23. Peduncle or brachyblast glabrous, with 2 nodes 4. Magnolia hookeri<br />
Peduncle or brachyblast hairy, with 1 node 24
THE MAGNOLIACEAE OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND (H.P. NOOTEBOOM & P. CHALERMGLIN)<br />
24. Flower pink or white, petiole glabrous, leaf blade narrowly obovate, peduncle or brachyblast 4–5 mm thick<br />
15. Magnolia insignis<br />
Flower purple or red, petiole hairy, leaf blade elliptic or obovate, peduncle or brachyblast 6–9 mm thick<br />
10. Magnolia garrettii<br />
25. Carpels 5–15, leaf apex shortly acuminate or acuminate, peduncle or brachyblast slender<br />
17. Magnolia liliifera<br />
Carpels 40–100, leaf apex acute, rounded, or very shortly acuminate, peduncle or brachyblast stout 26<br />
26. Twigs hairy at least when young, leaf blade hairy beneath, outer tepals white (fruiting carpels free, clustered<br />
close together) 12. Magnolia henryi<br />
Twigs glabrous, leaf blade glabrous beneath, outer tepals greenish (fruiting carpels connate)<br />
3. Magnolia betongensis<br />
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF MAGNOLIA IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND (FRUITING SPECIMENS)<br />
1. Fruits pseudoaxillary on a brachyblast 2<br />
Fruits terminal on the twig 11<br />
2. Fruiting carpels connate 2. Magnolia baillonii<br />
Fruiting carpels at least finally free or staying basally connate, but for the rest free 3<br />
3. Stipules free from the petiole 4<br />
Stipules adnate to petiole 7<br />
4. Peduncle or brachyblast with 1 node (gynoecium ferrugineously silky or pubescent) 19. Magnolia philippinensis<br />
Peduncle or brachyblast with 2 or 3 nodes (gynoecium greyish puberulous or silvery appressed-pubescent) 5<br />
5. Leaf blade obovate, 11–30 by 8–18 cm 6. Magnolia citrata<br />
Leaf blade elliptic 6<br />
6. Leaf blade pubescent beneath, 6–13 by 3–5 cm, twigs pubescent, stipules silky, apex of leaf blade acuminate<br />
(flower white, connective appendage 3–4 mm long) 18. Magnolia mediocris<br />
Leaf blade glabrous beneath, 6–23 by 3–9 cm, twigs puberulous, stipules puberulous, apex of leaf blade very<br />
shortly acuminate (flower orange yellow, connective appendage 0.5 mm long) 16. Magnolia koordersiana<br />
7. Leaf blade minutely (scattered) hairy beneath, 11–26 by 5.5–10 cm, stipules adnate for 30 to 60 %, apex of<br />
leaf blade rounded or shortly acuminate 23. Magnolia sirindhorniae<br />
Leaf blade pubescent or tomentose beneath, stipules adnate for 15 to 100 %, apex of leaf blade acuminate. 8<br />
8. Leaf blade 17–30 by 11–14 cm, tomentose beneath, twigs tomentose (connective appendage 3–4 mm long)<br />
21. Magnolia rajaniana<br />
Leaf blade 2–10 cm, pubescent beneath, twigs pubescent, silky, or puberulous (connective appendage 0–2 mm<br />
long) 9<br />
9. Fruiting carpels connate, some dehiscing circumscissile, but for the rest becoming free and dorsally dehiscent;leaf<br />
blade 14–25 by 5–9 cm (gynoecium greyish silky) 5. Magnolia champaca x baillonii<br />
Fruiting carpels free (gynoecium greyish puberulous, or densely golden yellow silky) 10<br />
10. Leaf blade narrowly elliptic, narrowly ovate, or narrowly obovate, 7–14 by 2–4.5 cm, twigs puberulous, peduncle or<br />
brachyblast with 1 node (flower white, connective appendage 2 mm long) 9. Magnolia floribunda<br />
Leaf blade elliptic or ovate, 10–30 by 4–10 cm, twigs pubescent, peduncle or brachyblast with 2 or 3 nodes<br />
(flower yellow or yellowish, or orange yellow, connective appendage 0–1 mm long)<br />
4. Magnolia champaca<br />
11. Receptacle short, the carpels attached at about the same height 12<br />
Receptacle cylindrical, much longer than wide, carpels attached around it in a spiral 14<br />
12. Carpels 2–4, stipules free from the petiole, fruiting carpels connate into a loculicidal fruit, splitting into 2–4<br />
valves, the carpels more or less separating from each other later; in the centre a columella persistent with the<br />
attached seeds 20. Magnolia praecalva<br />
Carpels 7–15, stipules adnate to petiole, fruiting carpels becoming free, after dehiscence forming 2 lobes like<br />
2 laterally recurved horns 13<br />
13. Petiole 15–25 mm long, leaf blade 10–20 by 3–6 cm 24. Magnolia thailandica<br />
Petiole 26–45 mm long. Leaf blade 11–30 by 5.5–10.7 cm 7. Magnolia duperreana<br />
14. Fruiting carpels connate 15<br />
Fruiting carpels at least finally free 20<br />
15. Stipules free from the petiole, gynophore under fruit present 8. Magnolia elegans<br />
Stipules adnate to petiole, gynophore under fruit absent. 16<br />
16. Fruiting peduncles slender, leaf blade pubescent or glabrous beneath, 12–22 by 3.8–7 cm 17. Magnolia liliifera<br />
Fruiting peduncles stout, leaf blade glabrous beneath 17<br />
115
116<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
17. Peduncle with 4–18 nodes 18<br />
Peduncle with 1–3 nodes 19<br />
18. Stipules adnate to petiole for 100 %, leaf blade elliptic or obovate, 21–33 by 8.5–12 cm<br />
22. Magnolia siamensis<br />
Stipules adnate for 30 to 80 (to 100) %, s leaf blade obovate or narrowly obovate, 21–38 by 7–15 cm<br />
3. Magnolia betongensis<br />
19. Petiole 45–90 mm, stipules adnate for 90–100%, leaf blade elliptic to narrowly elliptic or obovate to<br />
narrowly, obovate19–50 by 6.5–12 cm (outer tepals tinged red or purple) 13. Magnolia hodgsonii<br />
Petiole (20–)35–55 cm, stipules adnate for 30 to 80(to 100) %, leaf blade obovate or narrowly obovate,<br />
21–38 by 7–15 cm (outer tepals greenish) 3. Magnolia betongensis<br />
20. Stipules free from the petiole, petiole 6–12 mm long 11. Magnolia gustavii<br />
Stipules adnate to petiole, petiole 15–110 mm long 21<br />
21. Peduncle with 4–7 nodes, twigs appressedly long-pilose, stipules adnate for 90–100 %, midrib prominent<br />
above at least towards base 12. Magnolia henryi<br />
Peduncle or brachyblast with 1 or 2 nodes, twigs glabrous, or pubescent, stipules adnate for 30–75 %, midrib<br />
not or slightly prominent above 22<br />
22. Leaf blade narrowly obovate 23<br />
Blade elliptic or obovate 24<br />
23. Peduncle 4–5 mm thick, with 1 node, leaf blade 10–26 by 4–10 cm, apex acuminate (outer tepals tinged red<br />
or purple, inner tepals creamy) 15. Magnolia insignis<br />
Peduncle 8–12 mm thick, with 2 nodes, leaf blade 20–30 by 5–8 cm, apex acute, or shortly acuminate (all<br />
tepals white) 14. Magnolia hookeri<br />
24. Fruits cylindrical, twigs glabrous, peduncle or brachyblast 3–4 mm thick, fruiting carpels beaked (flower<br />
yellow or yellowish) 25. Magnolia utilis<br />
Fruits ovoid, twigs pubescent, peduncle or brachyblast 6–9 mm thick, fruiting carpels not beaked (flower<br />
purple or red) 10. Magnolia garrettii<br />
1. Magnolia x alba (DC) Figlar, Proc. Int. Symp. Magnoliac.: 21. 2000.— Michelia x<br />
alba DC, Syst. 1: 449. 1817; H.Keng in T.C. Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 286. 1973;<br />
Fl. Thailand 2(3): 262. 1975. Type: the plate of Sampaca domestica IV alba, Rumphius,<br />
Herb. Amb. 2: 200. 1741.— Michelia longifolia Blume, Verh. Batav. Genootsch.<br />
Kunsten. 9: 155. 1823; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 1:15. 1922. Type: Blume s.n. (L, sheet<br />
908. 126-1242).<br />
Tree to 30 m high, and 30–120 cm diam. Twigs greyish-pubescent or puberulous.<br />
Stipules with only the base adnate to petiole; pubescent or puberulous. Leaves evenly<br />
distributed, spirally arranged; petiole 15–50 mm, hairy, stipular scars 3–25 mm long<br />
(but mostly short); blade puberulous beneath, ovate, 15–35 by 5.5–11 cm; base with 2<br />
ridges decurrent on the petiole, attenuate; apex acuminate, acumen 7–30 mm; pairs of<br />
lateral nerves 12–18, meeting in an intramarginal vein close to the margin; reticulation<br />
beneath distinct, densely netted. Brachyblast densely greyish-pubescent, 10–17 mm long,<br />
slender, with 2–3 nodes; pedicel very short or absent. Flowers many, pseudoaxillary on a<br />
brachyblast, white; tepals 10–14, subequal, 1.5–5 cm long; white; stamens 9–11 mm long,<br />
connective appendage 1 mm long, anthers latrorse or sublatrorse; gynoecium stipitate,<br />
greyish puberulous; gynophore 4–7 mm long; carpels 8–12; styles black. Gynophore<br />
under fruit present.<br />
Thailand.— Cultivated.<br />
Distribution.— Cultivated.<br />
Vernacular.— Champi (จำปี ).<br />
Notes.— Fruits are seldom seen because the plant often is sterile and probably a<br />
hybrid between M. champaca (L.) Baill. ex Pierre and M. montana (Blume) Figlar & Noot.
THE MAGNOLIACEAE OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND (H.P. NOOTEBOOM & P. CHALERMGLIN)<br />
2. Magnolia baillonii Pierre, Fl. Forest Cochinch. 1: t. 2. 1879.— Michelia baillonii<br />
(Pierre) Finet & Gagnep., Mém. Soc. Bot. Fr. 1: 46. 1906; in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 1:<br />
39. 1907.— Aromadendron baillonii (Pierre) Craib, Fl. Siam.: 26. 1925. — Paramichelia<br />
baillonii (Pierre) Hu, Sunyatsenia 4: 144. 1940; H.Keng, Fl. Thailand 2(3): 266. 1975.<br />
Type: Indo China, Pierre 750 (holotype P; isotype a).— Talauma spongocarpa King,<br />
Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 205, t. 47bis. Type: Assam, Sibsagar, Calc. Bot.<br />
Gard. Collector 102 (holotype CaL, isotype L).— Talauma phellocarpa King, Ann.<br />
Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 205, t. 47ter. 1891. Syntypes: Assam, Sibsagar, Peal s.n.<br />
(isosyntype L) and Mann s.n. (non vidi).<br />
Tree to 35 m high, and 30–100 cm diam. Twigs pale brown, appressed-villous.<br />
Stipules adnate to petiole for 30–50 %. Leaves evenly distributed, spirally arranged; petiole<br />
15–35 mm, hairy, stipular scars 7–17 mm long; blade appressed-pubescent beneath, hairs<br />
straight (wavy), elliptic or narrowly elliptic to ovate or narrowly ovate, 6–25 by 3.5–8 cm;<br />
base cuneate to broadly cuneate; apex faintly shortly acuminate; pairs of lateral nerves<br />
9–22, meeting in an intramarginal vein; reticulation beneath distinct, prominent, densely<br />
netted. Brachyblast appressed-pubescent, 10–15 mm long, slender, 1.5–2.5 mm thick, 1<br />
node; pedicel present, 0.1–0.5 mm. Flowers pseudoaxillary on a brachyblast; fragrant;<br />
white; tepals 8–21, subequal; 2.5–3.2 by 0.4–0.6 cm, very narrow, nearly linear; stamens<br />
6–7 mm long, connective appendage narrowly triangular, 1–2.5 mm long, filaments 1–1.2<br />
mm long, anthers latrorse or sublatrorse, 4–5.5 mm long; gynoecium stipitate, greyish<br />
silky, narrowly ovoid, 5–8 mm high; gynophore 3–5 mm long; styles red, 0.8–1.2 mm<br />
long. Fruiting peduncles 20–25 by 3–5 mm. Fruits obovoid or cylindrical, 6–10 by 3–5<br />
cm, fruiting carpels connate, when mature the apical parts of the carpels circumcissile<br />
and falling, dehiscing along the dorsal suture or not, the basal parts remaining adnate to<br />
the torus (midribs of carpels persistent on the fruiting axis after carpels dehisce); fruiting<br />
carpels glabrous; gynophore under fruit present.<br />
Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (Doi Suthep, Doi Inthanon, Doi Non Ngao),<br />
Chiang Rai (Doi Luang National Park); EASTERN: Nakhon Ratchasima (Khao Yai<br />
National Park), Chaiyaphum (Ban Nam Phrom); SOUTH-WESTERN: Kanchanaburi (Thong<br />
Pha Phum National Park), Phetchaburi (Kaeng Krachan National Park).<br />
Distribution.— China (Yunnan), Assam, Burma, Vietnam.<br />
Ecology.— Hill evergreen forest, tropical rain forest, dry evergreen forest. Altitude<br />
500–1,300 m.<br />
Vernacular.— Champi pa (จำปี ป่ า).<br />
Conservation status.— NE.<br />
3. Magnolia betongensis (Craib) H.Keng, Gard. Bull. Singapore 31: 129. 1978.—Talauma<br />
betongensis Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1925: 7. 1925; H.Keng, Fl. Thailand 2(3):<br />
258. 1975. Type: Thailand, Peninsular, Pattani, Betong, Kerr 7449 (holotype K; isotype<br />
BM).— Talauma obovata Korthals, Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 2(2): 98. 1851 non Magnolia<br />
obovata Thunb. 1794.— Magnolia candollii (Blume) H.Keng var. obovata (Korthals)<br />
Noot., Blumea 32: 374. 1987; Fl. Males., ser. I, 10: 585. 1988.— M. liliifera (L.) Baill.<br />
var. obovata D.G. Frodin & R.H.A.Govaerts, World Checklist Bibliogr. Magnoliaceae:<br />
71. 1996. Type: G. Pamatton, Korthals s.n. (lectotype L; isolectotype BO).— Talauma<br />
117
118<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
oblanceolata Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 5: 286. 1925, emend. Dandy, Bull. Misc. Inform.<br />
Kew 1928: 192. 1928; H.Keng in T.C. Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 294. 1973. Type:<br />
Singapore, Fraser’s Hill, Ridley 155590 (holotype sinG; isotype K).— Magnolia<br />
sclerophylla Dandy, J. Bot. 66: 47. 1928. Type: Malaysia (Borneo), Sarawak, Sarekas<br />
Paku, Haviland 3148 (holotype BM; isotype K).— Talauma levissima Dandy, Bull. Misc.<br />
Inform. Kew 1928: 191. 1928. Type: Malaysia, North Borneo, Ridley 9047 (holotype K;<br />
isotype sinG).<br />
Small tree to 12 m high and 30–40 cm diam., glabrous (except sometimes between<br />
the upper bracts). Twigs 6–7 mm thick in innovations. Stipules adnate to petiole for<br />
30–80(–100) %. Leaves evenly distributed, spirally arranged; petiole (20–)35–55 mm,<br />
often conspicuously dilated at base, black when dry, stipular scars 12–50 mm long; blade<br />
glabrous beneath, obovate or narrowly obovate (or sometimes elliptic), 21–38 by 7–15<br />
cm; base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate; apex rounded or very shortly acuminate, acumen<br />
0–10 mm; pairs of lateral nerves (10–)14–20; midrib when dry prominent above, at least<br />
towards base; often meeting in an intramarginal vein close to the margin; reticulation<br />
beneath distinct, laxly netted. Peduncle stout, 20–40 mm long, at top (6–)8–12 mm<br />
thick, 2–18 nodes; pedicel present or absent, 0–2 mm. Flowers terminal on the twig,<br />
white; tepals 9; outer tepals 3, greenish; inner tepals erect 6; stamens 12–30 mm long,<br />
connective appendage triangular, anthers introrse; gynoecium not stipitate, glabrous,<br />
narrowly ellipsoid; carpels 40–100, number of ovules per carpel 2. Fruits ellipsoid, 6.5–<br />
12(–15) by 4.5–7 cm, fruiting carpels connate, when mature the apical parts of the carpels<br />
circumcissile and falling, while also dehiscing partially along the ventral suture, the basal<br />
parts remaining adnate to the torus; fruiting carpels glabrous, 2–4 cm long, beaked (beak<br />
falling off); scars of perianth and stamens along torus under fruit 8–12 mm long.<br />
Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Phatthalung, Songkhla, Yala.<br />
Distribution.— Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo.<br />
Ecology.— Tropical rain forest, usually at low altitude, rarely up to 1,700 m.<br />
Flowering April–May; fruiting June–September.<br />
Vernacular.— Leng keng (เล็งเก็ง).<br />
Conservation status.— NE.<br />
4. Magnolia champaca (L.) Baill. ex Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. : t. 3. 1879.— Michelia<br />
champaca L., Sp. Pl.: 536. 1753; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 1: 15. 1922; H.Keng in T.C.<br />
Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 286. 1973; Fl. Thailand 2(3): 258. 1975; Noot., Fl. Males.,<br />
ser. I, 10: 601. 1988. Type: Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Hermann Fl. Zeyl. 144 (BM).<br />
Tree to 50 m high and 80–180 cm diam. Twigs pubescent. Stipules pubescent,<br />
adnate to petiole for 50–100 %. Leaves: evenly distributed, spirally arranged; petiole<br />
14–35(–40) mm, hairy, stipular scars 7–39 mm long; blade, especially on midrib and<br />
nerves, pubescent beneath, elliptic or ovate, 10–30 by 4–10 cm; base decurrent with 2<br />
ridges on the apical half of the petiole, cuneate to rounded; apex acuminate (acumen often<br />
obliquely folded when dry), acumen 7–13(–25) mm; pairs of lateral nerves 14–23, meeting<br />
in an intramarginal vein close to the margin; reticulation beneath distinct, densely netted.<br />
Brachyblast densely pubescent, (5–)10–18(–25) mm long, slender, 2(–3) nodes; pedicel
THE MAGNOLIACEAE OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND (H.P. NOOTEBOOM & P. CHALERMGLIN)<br />
present or absent, 0–1 mm. Flowers pseudoaxillary on a brachyblast, yellow or yellowish<br />
to orange yellow; tepals 15, in several inconspicuous whorls, subequal; stamens 6–8 mm<br />
long, connective appendage 0–1 mm long, anthers latrorse or sublatrorse; gynoecium<br />
stipitate, greyish puberulous; gynophore 2–5 mm long; carpels 25–35, number of ovules<br />
per carpel (3–)4 or more. Fruiting peduncles slender, hairy. Fruits cylindrical, fruiting<br />
carpels free, dehiscing along the dorsal suture (carpels basally adnate to the axis to shortly<br />
stipitate); gynophore under fruit present.<br />
KEY TO THE VARIETIES<br />
Leaves more or less elliptic with cuneate to rounded base, the acumen often rather short. Petiole with a stipular scar<br />
from 0.3 of its length up to 0.7 of its length. Tree to 50 m high and ca 180 cm diam. 4b. var. pubinervia<br />
Leaves ovate with cuneate-attenuate base; the acumen often quite long. Petiole with a stipular scar up to shortly below<br />
its middle to up to the apex. Tree 2–5 (to ca 30 m) high and 50 cm diam. Cultivated 4a. var. champaca<br />
4a. Magnolia champaca (L.) Baill. ex Pierre var. champaca<br />
Vernacular — Champa.<br />
Notes — Widely cultivated.<br />
4b. Magnolia champaca (L.) Baill. ex Pierre var. pubinervia (Blume) Figlar &<br />
Noot., Blumea 49: 10. 2004.— Michelia champaca L. var. pubinervia Blume, Ann. Mus.<br />
Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4: 72. 1868; Noot., Fl. Males., ser. I, 10: 603. 1988.— Michelia<br />
pubinervia Blume, Fl. Java Magnoliaceae 14, t. 4. 1829. Type: Indonesia, Blume 670<br />
(holotype L; isotype BO).<br />
Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phatthalung, Songkhla.<br />
Distribution.— Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia.<br />
Vernacular.— Champa pa (จำปาป่ า).<br />
Ecology.— Tropical rain forest. Altitude 20–1,000 m. Flowering March–April;<br />
fruiting May–June.<br />
Conservation status.— NE.<br />
5. Magnolia champaca x baillonii (undescribed hybrid).<br />
Tree to 20 m high and at base 50–200 cm diam. Twigs 2–5 mm thick in innovations,<br />
appressed-pubescent to silky; hairs yellowish brown. Stipules adnate to petiole for 40–<br />
75 %, appressed-pubescent to silky. Leaves with petiole 20–35 mm, hairy; blade silky<br />
appressed-pubescent beneath, hairs straight, yellowish brown, ovate, 14–25 by 5–9 cm;<br />
base cuneate; apex slightly acuminate, acumen 5–20 mm; pairs of lateral nerves 9–14,<br />
meeting in an intramarginal vein close to the margin (4–5 mm); reticulation beneath<br />
distinct, densely netted. Brachyblast with appressed hairs, pubescent to silky, 10–20 mm<br />
long, slender, 1.5–3 mm thick, 1–2 nodes; pedicel present or absent, 0–2 mm. Flowers<br />
pseudoaxillary on a brachyblast, creamy white; tepals 12–15, subequal; outer tepals 3–4,<br />
4–5.5 by 0.9–1.1 cm, spathulate; inner tepals 8–12, narrowly obovate, 4–5 by 6–8 mm<br />
broad; stamens 8–10 mm long, connective appendage narrowly triangular, 1–1.5 mm<br />
119
120<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
long, anthers latrorse or sublatrorse; gynoecium stipitate, greyish silky; gynophore 5–7<br />
mm long; carpels 25–43. Fruiting peduncles glabrous, 2.2–3.8 cm long by 3–4 mm thick.<br />
Fruits cylindrical, 5–15 by 3–5 cm, fruiting carpels connate, but becoming mostly free on<br />
dehiscence with some carpels splitting via the dorsal suture while apical parts of others<br />
falling away circumscissile; carpels lenticelled, glabrous, 1.5–2.2 cm long; gynophore<br />
under fruit present, 15–20 mm long.<br />
Thailand.— NORTHERN: Phitsanulok, Chiang Rai; SOUTH-EASTERN: Prachin Buri;<br />
SOUTHWESTERN: Kanchanaburi.<br />
Distribution.— Endemic.<br />
Ecology.— Single tree in preserved area, and cultivated as temple tree. Dry<br />
evergreen forest. Altitude 100–500 m.<br />
Vernacular.— Champa khao (จำปาขาว).<br />
Conservation status.— NE.<br />
Notes.— The fruit looks exactly intermediate between the fruits of M. champaca<br />
and M. baillonii. The hybrid has the same chloroplast DNA sequences as M. champaca,<br />
which is the mother plant. (H. Azuma, pers. comm.).<br />
Figure 1. Magnolia citrata Noot. & Chalermglin: A. habit with ripening fruit (Smitinand 90-269); B. flower buds<br />
(Chalermglin 420410); C. flower (Chalermglin 420410).
THE MAGNOLIACEAE OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND (H.P. NOOTEBOOM & P. CHALERMGLIN)<br />
6. Magnolia citrata Noot. & Chalermglin, Blumea 52: 559. 2007. Type: Thailand,<br />
Chiang Mai, Mae Taeng distr., Mon Angket, Smitinand 90-269 (BKF 96932) (holotype<br />
BKF). Fig. 1.<br />
Tree to 35 m high and 100–150 cm diam. Twigs 5–7(–10) mm thick in innovations,<br />
conspicuously elliptic, lenticellate, the youngest parts minutely appressed-puberulous,<br />
hairs yellowish. Stipules free from the petiole, the margins yellowish puberulous. Leaves<br />
evenly distributed, spirally arranged; petiole 30–40 mm long (and 3–4 mm thick), blade<br />
minutely yellowish hairy; obovate, 11–30 by 8–18 cm; base rounded (but narrowed<br />
near the petiole); apex shortly acuminate; pairs of lateral nerves 9–11, meeting in an<br />
intramarginal vein close to the margin; reticulation beneath distinct, densely netted.<br />
Brachyblast minutely yellowish appressed-puberulous, 15–35 mm long, slender, 3–4 mm<br />
thick, 2–3 nodes; pedicel minute or absent. Flowers pseudoaxillary on a brachyblast;<br />
strongly fragrant; white; tepals 9, subequal; 4–4.5 by 0.8–1.5 cm, thick fleshy, narrowly<br />
obovate or spathulate; stamens 9–12 mm long, connective appendage narrowly triangular<br />
(to subulate), 1–1.5 mm long, filaments 2–3 mm long, anthers latrorse or sublatrorse; 6–7<br />
mm long; gynoecium stipitate, brownish greyish puberulous, 8–14 mm high; gynophore<br />
6–8 mm long; carpels 6–10, number of ovules per carpel (3–)4 or more. Fruiting carpels<br />
at least finally free, dehiscing along the dorsal suture; glabrous, 5–7.5 by 3.5–5 cm,<br />
gynophore under fruit present, 30–40 mm long.<br />
Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Nan; NORTH-EASTERN: Loei.<br />
Distribution. — Endemic.<br />
Ecology. — Hill evergreen forest (tropical rain forest). Altitude 1,200–1,400 m.<br />
Flowering: April–May; fruiting May–October.<br />
Vernacular. — Champi chang (จำปี ช้าง).<br />
Conservation status.— NE.<br />
Notes.— The leaves when crushed give a licorice smell, the outer seed coat smells<br />
like Cymbopogon citrata (lemon grass/ta krai).<br />
7. Magnolia duperreana Pierre, Fl. Forest Cochinch.: 1: t. 1. 1879.— Kmeria duperreana<br />
(Pierre) Dandy, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1927: 262. 1927; H.Keng, Fl. Thailand 2(3):<br />
2260. 1975. Type: Cambodia, Knang Repœu, Pierre 749 (holotype P).<br />
Small or medium sized tree to 20(–30) m high and 25–30 cm diam., sparsely<br />
minutely hairy at least on stipule margins, glabrescent. Twigs glabrous, vegetative buds<br />
finely short-pubescent; stipules adnate to petiole for 75–100 %, puberulous. Leaves with<br />
25–45 mm long petiole; blade glabrous beneath except midrib which bears some scattered<br />
hairs, elliptic or obovate, 11–30 by 5.5–10.5 cm; base cuneate, or attenuate; apex rounded<br />
or acuminate; pairs of lateral nerves 12–14, meeting in an intramarginal vein not close<br />
to the margin; reticulation beneath distinct, densely netted. 30–50 mm long; Brachyblast<br />
30–50 mm long in male flowers; stout or slender, 1 node; pedicel absent. Flowers terminal<br />
on the twig; unisexual; white; in male flowers tepals subequal, 8–13; in female flowers<br />
outer tepals 3–4, 2.5–3 by 1–1.2 cm; inner tepals 6–9; stamens 12 mm long, connective<br />
appendage triangular with a sharp pointed tip, anthers subintrorse. Receptacle short, the<br />
121
122<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
carpels attached at about the same height. Gynoecium not stipitate, glabrous; carpels<br />
10–15, number of ovules per carpel 2. Fruits when young subglobose, 2–3 by 2–3 cm,<br />
fruiting carpels when young connate, but becoming free, after dehiscence forming 2 lobes<br />
like 2 laterally recurved horns, glabrous, 2.5–3.5 cm long.<br />
Thailand.— SOUTH-EASTERN: Trat (Khao Kuap).<br />
Distribution.— Cambodia<br />
Ecology.— Hill evergreen forest. Altitude 900–1,300 m. Flowering April–May;<br />
fruiting June–October.<br />
Vernacular.— Matum khao (มะตูมเขา).<br />
Conservation status.— NE.<br />
8. Magnolia elegans (Blume) H.Keng, Gard. Bull. Singapore 31: 129. 1978; Noot., Fl.<br />
Males., ser. I, 10: 577. 1988; Gardner et al., Thai Forest Bull. (Bot.) 35: 70. 2007.—<br />
Aromadendron elegans Blume, Bijdr.: 10. 1825; H.Keng in T.C. Whitmore, Tree Fl.<br />
Malaya 2: 283. 1973); Fl. Thailand 2(3): 259. 1975.— Talauma elegans (Blume) Miquel,<br />
Ann, Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4: 70. 1868; Ridl., J. Straits Br. Roy. Asiat. Soc. 33: 38.<br />
1900. Type: Java, Blume (holotype L; isotype BO).<br />
Tree to 55 m high and 80–115 cm diam., nearly glabrous (only stipules with hairs<br />
at the apex). Stipules free from the petiole. Leaves evenly distributed, spirally arranged;<br />
petiole 8–20(–25) mm; blade glabrous beneath, glaucous below or not, elliptic or narrowly<br />
elliptic, 7.5–22(–27) by 3–6(–8) cm; base attenuate-cuneate, or sometimes rounded; apex<br />
(very) shortly acuminate, acumen 3–20 mm; pairs of lateral nerves 11–16, meeting in an<br />
intramarginal vein close to the margin; reticulation beneath distinct, very densely netted.<br />
Peduncle or brachyblast 30–50(–60) mm long, slender; pedicel present, 1–6 mm. Flowers<br />
terminal on the twig, white; tepals 18–36, very unequal; outer tepals 4, light yellowish<br />
green, narrowly obovate or elliptic; 4–7 cm long by 1.5–1.8 mm broad; white; stamens<br />
60–70, without the appendage 8.5–9.5 mm long, connective appendage setaceous, 12–<br />
15 mm long, filaments 0.4–0.6 mm long, anthers introrse; gynoecium shortly stipitate,<br />
glabrous; number of ovules per carpel 2. Fruiting peduncles glabrous. Fruits subglobose<br />
or ellipsoid, 5–7 by 3–5 cm, fruiting carpels connate into a fleshy syncarp, when ripe<br />
falling off in irregular masses, glabrous; gynophore under fruit 4–6 mm long; scars of<br />
perianth and stamens along torus under fruit 4–6 mm long.<br />
Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Nakhon Si Thammarat (Thung Song), Phangnga (Ton<br />
Pariwat Wildlife Sanctuary).<br />
Distribution.— Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java.<br />
Ecology.— Lowland rainforest. Altitude: 50–300 m. Flowering February–March;<br />
fruiting April–August.<br />
Vernacular.— Thang ke (ทังเก).<br />
Conservation status.— NE.<br />
9. Magnolia floribunda (Finet & Gagnep.) Figlar, Proc. Int. Symp. Magnoliac.: 21.<br />
2000.— Michelia floribunda Finet & Gagnep., Mém. Soc. Bot. Fr. 52 (Mém. 4(1)):
THE MAGNOLIACEAE OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND (H.P. NOOTEBOOM & P. CHALERMGLIN)<br />
46. 1906 [1905 publ. March 1906]; Gagnep. in P.H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo–Chine, Suppl.<br />
1: 48. 1938; H.Keng, Fl. Thailand 2(3): 259. 1975. Type: China, Yunnan, Bons d’ant<br />
s.n. (holotype P).— Michelia microtricha Handel-Mazzetti, Anz. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss.<br />
Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 58: 145. 1921. Type: China, Yunnan, Dali, Ten 339 (holotype<br />
C, isotype W).— Michelia kerrii Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1922: 166. 1922;<br />
Fl. Siam. 1: 26. 1925. Type: Thailand, Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep, Kerr 4679 (K).— M.<br />
microtricha (Handel-Mazzetti) Figlar, Proc. Int. Symp. Magnoliac.: 23. 2000.— Michelia<br />
manipurensis auct. non Watt ex Brandis: Craib, Fl. Siam. 1: 27. 1925.<br />
Tree to 20 m high and 30–60 cm diam. Twigs 2–3 mm thick in innovations,<br />
appressed-puberulous; hairs yellowish. Stipules adnate to petiole for 15–70 %, appressedly<br />
puberulous. Leaves evenly distributed, spirally arranged; petiole 10–20 mm, hairy; blade<br />
appressed-pubescent beneath (when young also above), often glaucous below, hairs<br />
straight, yellowish, narrowly elliptic or narrowly ovate to narrowly obovate, 7–14 by<br />
2–4.5 cm; base broadly cuneate or rounded; apex acuminate, acumen 5–15 mm long;<br />
pairs of lateral nerves 8–13, meeting in an intramarginal vein not close to the margin;<br />
reticulation beneath distinct, densely netted. Brachyblast appressed-puberulous, 3–7<br />
mm long, 3 mm thick, 1(–2) nodes. Flowers pseudoaxillary on a brachyblast, white (or<br />
yellowish white); tepals 10–13, subequal; 2.5–5 by 0.4–1 cm (inner tepals narrower);<br />
stamens 6–9 mm long, connective narrowly triangular, 2 mm long, anthers latrorse or<br />
sublatrorse; gynoecium stipitate, densely golden yellow silky; gynophore 5–8 mm long;<br />
number of ovules per carpel (3–)4 or more. Fruiting peduncles hairy. Fruits cylindrical,<br />
2–8 cm long; fruiting carpels free, dehiscing along the dorsal suture; gynophore under<br />
fruit present.<br />
Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (Doi Khun Huai Pong, Doi Suthep, Doi<br />
Inthanon, Doi Ang Khang), Nan (Doi Phu Kha); NORTH-EASTERN: Loei (Phu Kradueng).<br />
Distribution.— South China, Burma, Laos, Vietnam<br />
Ecology.— In or along the edge of lower montane forest, in open savannah or<br />
mossy forest at medium altitudes. Altitude 1,100–2,200 m. Flowering February–March;<br />
fruiting April–November.<br />
Vernacular.— Kaeo mahawan (แก้วมหาวัน).<br />
Conservation status.— NE.<br />
10. Magnolia garrettii (Craib) V.S.Kumar, Kew Bull. 61: 184. 2006.— Manglietia<br />
garrettii Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1922: 166. 1922; Fl. Siam. 1: 26. 1925; Gagnep.<br />
in P.H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine, Suppl. 1: 37. 1938. Fig. 38; H.Keng, Fl. Thailand 2(3):<br />
252. 1975. Type: Thailand, Doi Inthanon, Doi Pha Kao, Garrett 119 (holotype K).<br />
Tree to 30 m high and 60–120 cm diam. Twigs 5–8 mm thick in innovations,<br />
densely brown-pubescent. Stipules adnate to petiole for 50–75 %, pubescent. Leaves<br />
crowded at the end of the branchlets; petiole 30–50 mm, hairy, dilated at base; blade<br />
with minute, scattered, appressed hairs or glabrous beneath, hairs brown or red, elliptic<br />
to obovate, 18–35 by 7–12 cm; base cuneate or broadly cuneate; apex shortly acuminate;<br />
pairs of lateral nerves 12–25, meeting in an intramarginal vein not close to the margin;<br />
reticulation beneath distinct. Peduncle densely brown-pubescent, 15–50 mm long, stout,<br />
123
124<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
6–9 mm thick, 1 node; pedicel present or absent, 0–2 mm long. Flowers terminal on<br />
the twig, purple or red; tepals 9, subequal; outer tepals 3, 5–6.5 by 2.5–3.5 cm, thick<br />
fleshy; inner tepals 6, slightly smaller; stamens 11–15 mm long, connective appendage<br />
triangular, 1–3 mm long, anthers introrse; gynoecium not stipitate, glabrous, ovoid, 25–<br />
35 mm high; carpels 60–80, number of ovules per carpel (3–)4 or more; styles black, 2–3<br />
mm long. Fruiting peduncles stout, lenticelled, glabrous, 1.5–5 cm long by 6–9 mm thick.<br />
Fruits broadly ovoid, 4–9 by 3.5–6 cm, fruiting carpels fused, clustered close together,<br />
becoming free at dehiscence which is along the dorsal suture and sometimes also along<br />
the ventral suture; fruiting carpels glabrous, dorsal faces of ripe carpels 1–3.2 cm long,<br />
shortly beaked; scars of perianth and stamens along torus under fruit 11–12 mm long;<br />
seeds 9–14 mm long.<br />
Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Mae Hong Son, Tak, Nan,<br />
Phitsanulok.<br />
Distribution.— SW China, Vietnam.<br />
Ecology.— Hill evergreen forest. Altitude 1,000–1,850 m. Flowering April–May;<br />
fruiting June–October.<br />
Vernacular.— Montha pa (มณฑาป่ า).<br />
Conservation status.— NE.<br />
11. Magnolia gustavii King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 209. 1891. Type:<br />
India, Assam, Makum Forest, Mann s.n. (holotype CaL; isotypes K, L 0038355).<br />
Tree to 15 m high and 50 cm diam., glabrous (buds rarely pubescent at apex).<br />
Terminal buds 7–9 mm long, ca 2 mm wide; stipules free from the petiole. Leaves with<br />
6–12 mm long petiole; blade glabrous beneath, elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 13–30 by 3.5–<br />
9.5 cm; base cuneate; apex shortly acuminate or acuminate, acumen 5–20 mm; pairs of<br />
lateral nerves 15–18, meeting in an intramarginal vein not close to the margin; reticulation<br />
beneath distinct, densely netted. Peduncle glabrous, 30–40 mm long, slender, 1.5–2 mm<br />
thick, 1 node; pedicel absent. Flowers terminal on the twig (often overtopped by the<br />
terminal bud and the flower seemingly axillary), pink or white; tepals 9, subequal; outer<br />
tepals 3,3–4 by 7–10 cm; inner tepals 6; stamens 7–12 mm long, connective appendage<br />
triangular, 1–2 mm long, anthers introrse; gynoecium stipitate or not, glabrous, cylindrical,<br />
13–19 mm high; gynophore 0–4 mm long; carpels 25–35, number of ovules per carpel 2.<br />
Fruiting peduncles stout, 4–5 cm long by 3–5 mm thick. Fruits cylindrical, 8–12 by 2–4<br />
cm, fruiting carpels connate in developing fruit, at least finally free, dehiscing along the<br />
dorsal suture; glabrous; gynophore under fruit absent or present, 0–4 mm long; scars of<br />
perianth and stamens along torus under fruit 10–16 mm long.<br />
Thailand.— NORTHERN: Tak; SOUTH-WESTERN: Phetchaburi.<br />
Distribution.— India (Assam), Burma.<br />
Ecology.— Hill evergreen forest. Altitude 1200–1300 m. Flowering September–<br />
October; fruiting November–February.<br />
Vernacular.— Champi doi (จำปี ดอย).
THE MAGNOLIACEAE OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND (H.P. NOOTEBOOM & P. CHALERMGLIN)<br />
Conservation status.— EN.<br />
12. Magnolia henryi Dunn, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 35: 484. 1903; Gagnep. in P.H.Lecomte,<br />
Fl. Indo–Chine, Suppl. 1: 41. 1938; H.Keng, Fl. Thailand 2(3): 253. 1975. Type: China:<br />
Yunnan: near Simao, Henry 12782 (holotype K; isotypes a, e, MO, ny).— Talauma<br />
kerrii Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1922: 226. 1922; Fl. Siam.: 1: 25. 1925. Fig. 39.<br />
Type: Thailand, Nan, Doi Tiu, Kerr 5860 (holotype K).<br />
Tree to 10 m high and 20–40 cm diam. Twigs 4–6 mm thick in innovations, long<br />
appressed-pilose; hairs yellowish. Stipules adnate to petiole for 90–100%. Leaves evenly<br />
distributed, spirally arranged; petiole 40–110 mm, hairy when young, soon glabrescent;<br />
blade sparsely appressed-pubescent beneath, hairs straight, elliptic to obovate, 20 –130 by<br />
7–30 cm; base cuneate; apex acute or rounded; midrib when dry prominent above, at least<br />
towards base; pairs of lateral nerves 14–20, meeting in an intramarginal vein close to the<br />
margin; reticulation beneath distinct, laxly netted. Peduncle long appressed-pubescent,<br />
50–80 mm long, stout, 4–7 mm thick, 4–7 nodes; pedicel absent. Flowers hanging, terminal<br />
on the twig; sweet scented; white; tepals 9, subequal; outer tepals 3, reflexed, greenish<br />
outside, 4.5–6.5 by 2.5–3.5 cm, white, obovate or elliptic; inner tepals 6, obovate, 4.5–6<br />
cm long; white or creamy; stamens 12–15 mm long, connective appendage triangular,<br />
0.5–1.5 mm long, anthers introrse; gynoecium not stipitate, glabrous, narrowly ovoid,<br />
25–40 mm high; carpels narrowly long-ellipsoid, 85–95, number of ovules per carpel<br />
2; styles brown, 4–9 mm long. Fruiting peduncles stout, glabrous, 5–8 cm long. Fruits<br />
narrowly ellipsoid, 10–15 by 3–5 cm, fruiting carpels fused, clustered close together,<br />
becoming free at dehiscence which is along the dorsal suture and sometimes also along<br />
the ventral suture; glabrous; gynophore under fruit absent.<br />
Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Rai, Phayao, Nan, Uttaradit, Phitsanulok.<br />
Distribution.— SW China, Burma, Laos.<br />
Ecology.— Evergreen forest. Altitude 660–900 m. Flowering April–May; fruiting<br />
June–August.<br />
Vernacular.— Montha phu (มณฑาภู).<br />
Conservation status.— NT.<br />
13. Magnolia hodgsonii (Hook.f. & Thomson) H.Keng, Gard. Bull. Singapore 31:<br />
129. 1976.— Talauma hodgsonii Hook.f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 74. 1855; Gagnep. in<br />
P.H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine, Suppl. 1: 31. 1938; H.Keng, Fl. Thailand 2(3): 258. 1975.—<br />
Magnolia candollii var. obovata (Korth.) Noot., Blumea 32: 374. 1987, pro parte. Type:<br />
India, Sikkim, Hooker s.n. (holotype K; isotype L).<br />
Small tree to 15 m high and 20–50 cm diam. Twigs 6.5–10 mm thick in innovations,<br />
glabrous. Youngest twigs and peduncles glaucous. Stipules adnate to petiole for 90–100<br />
%. Leaves evenly distributed, spirally arranged; petiole 45–90 mm, dilated at base; blade<br />
glabrous beneath, elliptic to narrowly elliptic or obovate to narrowly obovate, 19–50<br />
by 6. 5–12(–20) cm; base cuneate or attenuate; apex with obtuse tip rounded or shortly<br />
acuminate, acumen 0–20 mm; midrib when dry prominent above, at least towards<br />
base, pairs of lateral nerves 9–20, meeting in an intramarginal vein close to the margin;<br />
125
126<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
reticulation beneath distinct. Peduncle glabrous, 15–25 mm long, stout, often glaucous,<br />
directly under fruit, 6–16 mm thick, 1–3 nodes; pedicel present, 1–8 mm long. Flowers<br />
terminal on the twig; sweet scented; white; tepals 9, subequal; outer tepals 3, recurved, 5–9<br />
by 2.5–4 cm, tinged red or purple, obovate; inner tepals 6, obovate, thick, fleshy, smaller<br />
than outer tepals; white or creamy; stamens very many, 15–20 mm long, connective<br />
appendage triangular, 1–2 mm long, anthers introrse; gynoecium not stipitate, glabrous,<br />
conical, 25–35 mm high; carpels 80–100 (or more), number of ovules per carpel 2, 1.5–2<br />
mm long. Fruiting peduncles stout, glabrous, 1.5–2.5 cm long by 8–14 mm thick (at<br />
the top). Fruits ellipsoid, 10–15 by 3.5–5 cm, fruiting carpels connate, when mature the<br />
apical parts of the carpels circumcissile and falling, dehiscing partially along the ventral<br />
suture or not, the basal parts remaining adnate to the torus; glabrous, 2–4 cm long, shortly<br />
beaked, beak 2–10 mm long; scars of perianth and stamens along torus under fruit 8–20<br />
mm long.<br />
Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Mae Hong Son, Tak, Lamphun; SOUTH-<br />
WESTERN: Kanchanaburi.<br />
Distribution.— India (Assam), Nepal, Bhutan, Burma.<br />
Ecology.— Shaded understory tree of primary evergreen rainforest. Altitude<br />
250–1,300 m. Flowering April; fruiting June–October.<br />
Vernacular.— Montha doi (มณฑาดอย).<br />
Conservation status.— LC.<br />
Notes.— This species is very close to Magnolia rabaniana (Hook.f. & Thomson)<br />
H.J.Chowdhery & P.Daniel, Indian J. Forest. 4: 64. 1981. Basionym: Talauma rabaniana<br />
Hook.f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 75. 1855. It differs in the longer petioles (usually more<br />
than 4 cm versus less than 4 cm, but there is an overlap), in the leaves being generally<br />
bigger, and in the peduncles being glabrous versus often appressed-hairy when young in<br />
Magnolia rabaniana Hook.f. & Thomson. Moreover, the peduncles and the twigs beneath<br />
them are often glaucous (but not always so!) in M. hodgsonii. Both species occur in<br />
Assam, M. hodgsonii was described from Sikkim.<br />
14. Magnolia hookeri (Cubitt & W.W.Sm.) D.C.S.Raju & M.P.Nayar, Indian J. Bot. 3:<br />
171. 1980.— Manglietia hookeri Cubitt & W.W.Sm., Rec. Bot. Surv. India 4: 273. 1911.<br />
Type: Burma, Cubitt 20, 302A, 327 (syntypes K).<br />
Tree to 25 m high and 30–70 cm diam. glabrous or hairy at least in innovations.<br />
Twigs in innovations greyish-pubescent. Stipules adnate to petiole for 30–40 %. Leaves<br />
with petiole 20–30 mm long; blade underside paler than upper side, glabrous, narrowly<br />
obovate, 20–30 by 5–8 cm; base cuneate; apex acute or shortly acuminate, acumen 0–15<br />
mm; pairs of lateral nerves 16–28, meeting in an intramarginal vein not close to the<br />
margin; reticulation beneath distinct, laxly netted. Peduncle glabrous, 23–35 mm long,<br />
stout, 8–12 mm thick, without pedicel with 2 nodes; pedicel present, 2–4 mm. Flowers<br />
terminal on the twig, white; tepals 9, subequal; outer tepals 3, 6–8 by 2.5–3 cm, green at<br />
base, upper part milky white, obovate; inner tepals 6, ovate, 6–8 cm by 40–50 mm broad;<br />
white; stamens 10–12 mm long, anthers introrse; gynoecium not stipitate, glabrous;<br />
carpels 90–110, number of ovules per carpel (3–)4 or more. Fruiting peduncles stout,
THE MAGNOLIACEAE OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND (H.P. NOOTEBOOM & P. CHALERMGLIN)<br />
2.5–3.5 cm long by 8–12 mm thick. Fruits ovoid to subglobose, 7–10 by 5.5–6.5 cm,<br />
fruiting carpels fused, clustered close together, becoming free at dehiscence which is<br />
along the dorsal suture and sometimes also along the ventral suture, glabrous, shortly<br />
beaked; gynophore under fruit absent.<br />
Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (Doi Ang Khang).<br />
Distribution.— SW China, Burma.<br />
Ecology.— Hill evergreen forest. Altitude 1,300–1,400 m. Flowering March–<br />
April; fruiting May–October.<br />
Vernacular.— Montha khao ang khang (มณฑาขาวอ่างขาง).<br />
Conservation status.— NE.<br />
Notes.— This species was already known for some time as “White Ang Khang<br />
Magnolia or Manglietia” without proper identification. In April 2007 we could assess its<br />
identity with the help of Dick Figlar.<br />
15. Magnolia insignis Wall., Tent. Fl. Nepal.: 5, t. 1. 1824.— Manglietia insignis (Wall.)<br />
Bl. Fl. Javae 19–20: 22, in obs. 1828; Hook. in Hook. & Thoms., Fl. Indica 1: 76. 1855;<br />
Hook.f & Thomson in J.D.Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 1: 42. 1872, incl. var. angustifolia (nom.<br />
inval.) and var. latifolia. Type: Nepal, Wallich 873 (holotype K).<br />
Tree to 30 m high and 60–120 cm diam. Twigs 3.5–6 mm thick in innovations,<br />
when young on the nodes ferrugineous- or yellowish brown-pubescent. Stipules adnate<br />
to petiole for 30–60 %, with appressed reddish pubescence. Leaves with 18–35 mm<br />
long petiole, not or only slightly dilated at base; blade, except the midrib which may be<br />
hairy, glabrous beneath, narrowly obovate, 10–26 by 4–10 cm; base cuneate or broadly<br />
cuneate; apex acuminate, acumen 15–25 mm; pairs of lateral nerves 15–21, meeting in<br />
an intramarginal vein not close to the margin; reticulation beneath distinct, laxly netted.<br />
Peduncle, especially the pedicel, minutely appressed-puberulous, 10–20(–25) mm long,<br />
stout, 4–5 mm thick, without pedicel 1 node; pedicel present, 1–20(–25) mm long. Flowers<br />
terminal on the twig; erect, fragrant; pink to white; tepals 9–12, subequal; outer tepals<br />
reflexed, 3,4–7 cm long, outside dark purple, inside tinged red or purple, obovate; inner<br />
tepals 6, obovate, 5–7 cm long; creamy (depending on age often tinged pink); stamens<br />
red, 8–12 mm long, connective appendage triangular, 0.8–1.2 mm long, anthers introrse;<br />
gynoecium not stipitate, glabrous, ovoid or ellipsoid, 15–25 mm high; number of ovules<br />
per carpel (3–)4 or more. Fruits ovoid to ellipsoid, 7–12 cm long, fruiting carpels fused<br />
clustered close together, becoming free at dehiscence which is along the dorsal suture.<br />
Thailand.— NORTHERN: Phitsanulok (Phu Hin Rongkla National Park).<br />
Distribution.— SW China, India, Nepal, Assam, Burma, Vietnam.<br />
Ecology.— Hill evergreen forest. Altitude 1,300–1,650 m. Flowering April;<br />
fruiting May–October.<br />
Vernacular.— Mon thi ra (มณฑิรา).<br />
Conservation status.— LC.<br />
127
128<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
16. Magnolia koordersiana (Noot.) Figlar, Proc. Int. Symp. Magnoliac.: 22. 2000;<br />
Blumea 49: 96. 2004; Gardner et al., Thai Forest Bull. (Bot.) 35: 69. 2007.— Michelia<br />
koordersiana Noot., Blumea 31: 111. 1985. Type: Sumatra, Palembang, Lematang ilir,<br />
van der Zwaan voor Thorenaar E 997, (hotoype L; isotypes BM, BO, K).<br />
Tree to 30 m high and 60–100 cm diam. Twigs finely appressedly puberulous (or<br />
only so directly under the terminal bud), often zigzag. Stipules free from the petiole,<br />
puberulous (to nearly glabrous). Leaves distichous; petiole 10–20 mm long; blade<br />
glabrous beneath, elliptic, 6–23 by 3–9 cm; base with 2 ridges decurrent on the petiole,<br />
cuneate or attenuate-cuneate; apex very shortly acuminate (often obliquely folded when<br />
dry), acumen (0–)3–8 mm; pairs of lateral nerves 7–13, meeting in an intramarginal<br />
vein not close to the margin; reticulation beneath distinct, densely netted. Brachyblast<br />
appressed-pubescent, 9–17 mm long, slender, 2 nodes; pedicel present, 0. 5–1 mm.<br />
Flowers pseudoaxillary on a brachyblast, orange yellow; tepals 9, subequal; outer tepals<br />
3, 1.2–2.2 by 0.2–0.3 cm, membranous; inner tepals 6, coriaceous, 1.2–2.2 cm long by up<br />
to 4 mm broad; orange yellowish; stamens 5–7 mm long, connective appendage narrowly<br />
triangular, 0.5 mm long, anthers latrorse or sublatrorse; gynoecium stipitate, greyishpuberulous;<br />
gynophore 4–6 mm long; carpels 8–12, number of ovules per carpel (3-)4 or<br />
more. Fruiting peduncles slender, hairy, puberulous. Fruits cylindrical, fruiting carpels<br />
free, dehiscing along the dorsal suture, glabrous, 1.5–2.5 cm long; gynophore under fruit<br />
present.<br />
Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Chumphon (Nam Tok Ngao National Park), Phangnga<br />
(Sri Phangnga National Park, Ton Pariwat Wildlife Sanctuary), Songkhla (Khao Nam<br />
Khang National Park).<br />
Distribution.— Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia.<br />
Ecology.— Primary evergreen forest, usually in well-drained areas along ridges or<br />
on sloping ground. Altitude: 130–650 m. Flowering November–February; fruiting April.<br />
Vernacular.— Champi thin thai (จำปี ถิ่นไทย).<br />
Conservation status.— NE.<br />
17. Magnolia liliifera (L.) Baill., Hist. Pl. 1:141. 1868.— Liriodendron liliiferum L.,<br />
Sp. Pl. ed. 2: 755. 1762.— Talauma liliifera (L.). Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl.: 6. 1891. Type:<br />
Rumphius, Herb. Amb. t. 69. 1755.—Talauma candollii Blume, Verh. Batav. Genootsch.<br />
Kunsten 9: 147. 1823; H.Keng in T.C. Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 293. 1973; Fl.<br />
Thailand 2(3): 256. 1975. Type: Indonesia, Java, Salak, Blume s.n. (lectotype L, sheet<br />
nr. 908. 126–1939).— Talauma mutabilis Blume, Fl. Javae 19–20: 35: t. 10, 11, 12B.<br />
1829; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 1: 16. 1922. Type: Indonesia, Bantam, Blume, (lectotype<br />
L, sheet nr. 908. 126–1903).— Talauma mutabilis var. longifolia Blume, Fl. Javae 19–20:<br />
37. 1829.— Talauma longifolia (Blume) Ridl., J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 17: 38. 1916;<br />
Fl. Malay Penins. 1: 16. 1922. Type: Indonesia, Java, Blume s.n. (lectotype L., sheet 908.<br />
126–1918).— Talauma kunstleri King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 58(2): 373. 1889; Ridl., Fl.<br />
Malay Penins. 1: 16. 1922. Type: Malaysia, Perak, King’s collector 6383 (holotype BM;<br />
isotype K).— Magnolia craibiana Dandy, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1929: 105. 1929.<br />
Type: Thailand, Khao Luang, Kerr 15537 (holotype BM; isotype K).
THE MAGNOLIACEAE OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND (H.P. NOOTEBOOM & P. CHALERMGLIN)<br />
Usually a small tree, 4–20 m high and 2–60 cm diam. Twigs 3–5(–7) mm thick in<br />
innovations, when young often appressedly long pilose. Stipules adnate to petiole for 100<br />
%. Leaves: Evenly distributed, spirally arranged; petiole 5–30 mm, with same indument as<br />
twigs or glabrous, often conspicuously dilated at base; blade (finely) appressed-pubescent<br />
or glabrous beneath, hairs straight or circular-curved or straight as well as circular-curved<br />
at base, more or less elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 12–22(–27) by 3. 8–7(–9. 5) cm; base<br />
cuneate to attenuate-cuneate; margin running down on petiole until top of stipular scar;<br />
apex shortly acuminate or acuminate (rarely acute), acumen (0–)10–25(–35) mm; midrib<br />
when dry prominent above, at least towards base; pairs of lateral nerves (7–)10–15(–<br />
20); usually meeting in an intramarginal vein close to the margin; reticulation beneath<br />
distinct, laxly netted to densely netted. Peduncle with long brown appressed pubescence<br />
or glabrous, 20–40(–50) mm long, usually slender, at the top 2–6 mm thick, 1–7 nodes<br />
(sometimes a reduced leaf at a node, rarely with a second flower in the axil); pedicel<br />
present, 1–3 mm. Flowers terminal on the twig, white to cream, often red tinged or violet<br />
at base, sometimes light red or purplish; tepals 9, subequal; outer tepals 3, 1.5–3.5 by 1–2<br />
cm, tinged red or purple or greenish, oblong; inner tepals in 2 whorls, 6, shorter than to<br />
as long as outer tepals, linear to spathulate; white; stamens 8–13 mm long, connective<br />
appendage triangular, 1.5–2 mm long, anthers introrse; gynoecium not stipitate, glabrous,<br />
narrowly ellipsoid; carpels 5–15, number of ovules per carpel 2. Fruiting peduncles rather<br />
slender. Fruits ellipsoid, 4–7.5 by 2.5–6 cm, fruiting carpels connate, when mature the<br />
apical parts of the carpels circumcissile and falling, dehiscing partially along the ventral<br />
suture or not, the basal parts remaining adnate to the torus, glabrous, 1.5–2.5 cm long;<br />
scars of perianth and stamens along torus under fruit 3–7 mm long; seeds 6–20 mm<br />
long.<br />
Thailand.— Recorded from all regions.<br />
Distribution.— China (Hainan), India (Andaman Islands), Laos, Cambodia,<br />
Vietnam, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Java, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser<br />
Sunda Islands.<br />
Ecology.— In all kinds of forest and on different types of soil, from 0–1,700 m.<br />
Flowering March–July; fruiting June–September.<br />
Vernacular.— Montha (มณฑา).<br />
Conservation status.— LC.<br />
Notes.— All varieties other than the type variety are now placed in synonymy<br />
with it.<br />
18. Magnolia mediocris (Dandy) Figlar, Proc. Int. Symp. Magnoliac.: 23. 2000.—<br />
Michelia mediocris Dandy, J. Bot. 66: 47. 1928. Type: China, Hainan, Five Finger<br />
Mountains, Mcclure in CCC 8593 (holotype BM).— M. subulifera Dandy, J. Bot. 68:<br />
212, 1930. Type: Vietnam (Annam), Nhathrang, Poilane 6497 (holotype P; isotype K).—<br />
M. rubriflora Y.W.Law & R.Z.Zhou, Pakistan J. Bot. 37: 559 (-562; Fig. 1). 2005. Type:<br />
China, Rhenzhang Zhou 0265 (holotype iBsC).<br />
Tree to 35 m high, and 80–150 cm diam. Twigs with greyish to reddish appressed<br />
pubescence. Stipules free from the petiole, hairs reddish brown, pubescent or silky. Leaves<br />
with petiole 15–30 mm long; blade with very fine reddish brown appressed pubescence<br />
129
130<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
beneath, elliptic, 6–13 by 3–5 cm; base cuneate to broadly cuneate; apex (shortly)<br />
acuminate, acumen 7–20 mm; pairs of lateral nerves 9–15 (inconspicuous), meeting in<br />
an intramarginal vein close to the margin; reticulation beneath distinct, densely netted.<br />
Brachyblast densely finely brownish-yellowish appressedly puberulous, 6–8 mm long,<br />
(2–)3 nodes. Flowers pseudoaxillary on a brachyblast, white; tepals 9, subequal; outer<br />
tepals 3, 1.8–2.2 by 0.5–0.8 cm; inner tepals 6; stamens 10–15 mm long, connective<br />
appendage 3–4 mm long, anthers 8–14 mm long; gynoecium stipitate, greyish silvery<br />
appressed-pubescent (to silky), cylindrical, 9–11 mm high; gynophore 3–5 mm long;<br />
carpels 7–14, number of ovules per carpel (3–)4 or more. Fruiting peduncles hairy, finely<br />
greyish appressedly puberulous. Fruits cylindrical, 2–5 cm long; fruiting carpels free,<br />
dehiscing along the dorsal suture, glabrous, 1–2 cm long; gynophore under fruit present;<br />
seeds 5–8 mm long.<br />
Thailand.— SOUTH-WESTERN: Phetchaburi (Kaeng Krachan National Park).<br />
Distribution.— China, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam.<br />
Ecology.— Evergreen forests. Altitude 400–1000 m. Flowering September–<br />
October; fruiting November–February.<br />
Vernacular.— Champi phet (จำปี เพชร).<br />
Conservation status.— NE.<br />
19. Magnolia philippinensis P.Parm., Bull. Sc. France Belgique 27: 206, 270. 1896.—<br />
Michelia philippinensis (P.Parm.) Dandy, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1927: 263. 1927;<br />
Noot., Blumea 31: 118. 1985.; Fl. Males. ser. I, 10: 604. 1988.— Michelia sp. H.Keng, Fl.<br />
Thailand 2(3): 265. 1975. Type: Philippines, Luzon, San Cristofal, Cuming 783 (holotype<br />
MeL; isotypes a, BM, K, L, ny).<br />
Tree to 20 m high and 20–30 cm diam. Twigs 1–2 mm thick in innovations, silky,<br />
hairs dark ferrugineous. Stipules (nearly) free from the petiole, with dark ferrugineous<br />
appressed silky hairs. Leaves evenly distributed, spirally arranged; petiole 10–25 mm<br />
long; blade appressed-pubescent beneath (glabrescent); above when young often with<br />
same indument as beneath; hairs straight, brown or red, elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 6.5–<br />
11 by 2–4 cm; base cuneate or attenuate; apex acuminate or shortly caudate, acumen<br />
4–11 mm (with blunt tip); pairs of lateral nerves 7–13, meeting in an intramarginal vein<br />
not close to the margin; reticulation beneath distinct, densely netted. Brachyblast dark<br />
ferrugineously silky, 6–7 mm long, stout, ca 2 mm thick, 1 node (near the top). Flowers<br />
pseudoaxillary on a brachyblast, white to yellow or yellowish; tepals (6–)9–17, subequal;<br />
outer tepals 3, 1.5–3 by 0.7–1.2 cm; inner tepals 3–14, narrower than outer ones; stamens<br />
6–10 mm long, connective appendage triangular, 0.5–1 mm long, anthers latrorse or<br />
sublatrorse; gynoecium stipitate, hairs appressed, ferrugineous, silky or pubescent,<br />
narrowly ellipsoid, 5–8 mm high; gynophore 3–5 mm long; carpels 12–16; ca 2 mm<br />
long. Fruiting peduncles stout, hairy, 2–3 mm thick. Fruits cylindrical, 4–6 by 2–2.5<br />
cm, fruiting carpels free, dehiscing along the dorsal suture, glabrous, 1.2–1.5 cm long;<br />
gynophore under fruit present.<br />
Thailand.— NORTHERN: Phitsanulok (Phu Miang Wildlife Sanctuary); NORTH-<br />
EASTERN: Loei (Phu Kradueng National Park, Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary).
THE MAGNOLIACEAE OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND (H.P. NOOTEBOOM & P. CHALERMGLIN)<br />
Distribution.— Philippines.<br />
Ecology.— (Edge of) hill evergreen forest. Altitude 1,200–1,300 m. Flowering<br />
August–September; fruiting October–June.<br />
Vernacular.— Champi nu (จำปี หนู).<br />
Conservation status.— NE.<br />
Notes.— The Thai material is similar to that of the Philippines. The flowers,<br />
however are bigger.<br />
20. Magnolia praecalva (Dandy) Figlar & Noot., Blumea 49: 95. 2004.— Pachylarnax<br />
praecalva Dandy, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1927: 260. 1927; H.Keng in T.C. Whitmore,<br />
Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 291. 1973; Noot., Fl. Males., ser. I, 10: 593. 1988; Gardner et al.,<br />
Thai Forest Bull. (Bot.) 35: 70. 2007. Type: Malaysia, Penang, Haniff 4067 (holotype K;<br />
isotype sinG).<br />
Tree to 50 m high and 100–150 cm diam., glabrous. Twigs 2.5–4 mm thick in<br />
innovations. Stipules free from the petiole. Leaves evenly distributed, spirally arranged;<br />
petiole 15–30 mm, dilated at base; blade glossy above, less so beneath; elliptic or obovate,<br />
7–20 by 3–5.5 cm; base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate; margin recurved; apex rounded<br />
or acute; pairs of lateral nerves 12–15, meeting in an intramarginal vein not close to<br />
the margin; reticulation beneath distinct, laxly netted. Peduncle glabrous, 0.5–20 mm<br />
long (sometimes much longer), stout, 1–3 nodes (rarely many); pedicel present, 1–3 mm.<br />
Flowers terminal on the twig; tepals 9(–10), subequal; 2.5–3 cm long; stamens 17–20<br />
mm long, connective appendage, narrowly triangular, 2–3 mm long, anthers introrse;<br />
receptacle short, the carpels attached at about the same height; gynoecium not stipitate,<br />
elongate obovoid, entirely hidden within androecium; carpels 2–4, number of ovules per<br />
carpel 4–8. Fruiting peduncles stout, glabrous, 4–6 mm thick. Fruits subglobose (before<br />
opening), 3.5–6 by 3.5–6 cm, fruiting carpels connate into a loculicidal fruit, splitting<br />
into 2–4 valves, the carpels more or less separating from each other later; in the centre a<br />
columella persistent with the attached seeds; scars of perianth and stamens along torus<br />
under fruit 3–6 mm long.<br />
Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Phangnga (Ton Pariwat Wildlife Sanctuary), Songkhla,<br />
Satun (Taleban National Park).<br />
Distribution.— Vietnam, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia.<br />
Ecology.— Tropical rain forest. Altitude: 500–650 m. Flowering January–March,<br />
fruiting April–June.<br />
Vernacular.— Cham la (จำลา).<br />
Conservation status.— NE.<br />
21. Magnolia rajaniana (Craib) Figlar, Proc. Int.. Symp. Magnoliac.: 2000: 23.—<br />
Michelia rajaniana Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1922: 225. 1922; Gagnep. in<br />
P.H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo–Chine, Suppl. 1: 52. 1938; H.Keng, Fl. Thailand 2(3): 262. 1975.<br />
Type: Thailand, Chiang Mai, Doi Inthanon, Kerr 5342 (holotype K).<br />
131
132<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
Tree to 35 m high and 100–150 cm diam. Twigs 3–4 mm thick in innovations,<br />
tomentose; hairs brown-ferrugineous. Stipules adnate to petiole for 50–70 %, tomentose.<br />
Leaves evenly distributed, spirally arranged; petiole 20–50 mm long, hairy; blade greyish<br />
tomentose beneath, elliptic to ovate, 17–30 by 11–14 cm; base broadly cuneate to rounded<br />
(sometimes slightly attenuate); apex hardly acuminate (with obtuse tip); pairs of lateral<br />
nerves 15–22, meeting in an intramarginal vein not close to the margin. Brachyblast<br />
appressed reddish silky, 10–15 mm long, 1–2 nodes; pedicel present, 0. 5–1.5 mm. Flowers<br />
pseudoaxillary on a brachyblast, white or yellow or yellowish; tepals 12, outer tepals 3,<br />
2.5–5 by 1.2–1.6 cm, inner tepals 6, much narrower than outer tepals; stamens including<br />
the appendage 7–8 mm long, connective appendage narrowly triangular, 3–4 mm long,<br />
anthers latrorse or sublatrorse; gynoecium stipitate, densely golden yellow silky, 8–12<br />
mm high; gynophore 4–6 mm long; carpels 25–30. Fruiting peduncles stout, hairy, 1.2–2.5<br />
cm long. Fruits cylindrical, 4–10 cm long; fruiting carpels free, dehiscing along the dorsal<br />
suture, lenticelled, glabrous, 1–3 cm long; gynophore under fruit present, 10–30 mm long.<br />
Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao, Doi Non<br />
Long, Pang Bo, Doi Inthanon), Nan (Doi Phukha National Park), Lamphun (Doi Khun<br />
Tan National Park), Lampang (Chae Son National Park), Phrae.<br />
Distribution.— Endemic.<br />
Ecology.— In lower montane forest, or at edge of hill slope. Altitude 1,000–1,300<br />
m. Flowering April–May; fruiting June–August.<br />
Vernacular.— Champi ratchani (จำปี รัชนี).<br />
Conservation status.— NE.<br />
22. Magnolia siamensis (Dandy) H.Keng, Gard. Bull. Singapore 31: 129. 1976. —<br />
Talauma siamensis Dandy, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1929: 105. 1929; H.Keng in T.C.<br />
Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 293. 1973; Fl. Thailand 2(3): 257. 1975. Type: Thailand<br />
(Siam), Put 936 (holotype BM; isotype K).— Magnolia candollii (Blume) H.Keng var.<br />
candollii for the synonym Talauma siamensis, Noot., Blumea 32: 371. 1987.<br />
Small tree to 15 m high and 20–40 cm diam. Twigs 4–8 mm thick in innovations,<br />
glabrous. Stipules adnate to petiole for 100 %. Leaves evenly distributed, spirally arranged;<br />
petiole 23–60 mm, often conspicuously dilated at base; blade glabrous beneath, elliptic or<br />
obovate, 21–33 by 8.5–12 cm; apex acute to rounded or shortly acuminate; midrib when<br />
dry prominent above, at least towards base; pairs of lateral nerves 10–19, meeting in an<br />
intramarginal vein; reticulation beneath distinct. Peduncle pubescent, 30–35 mm long,<br />
stout, 8–12 mm thick, 5–7 nodes; pedicel present. Flowers terminal on the twig, white;<br />
outer tepals 3, 3.5–5 by 1–1.5 cm; inner tepals 6, smaller and narrower; stamens 12–30<br />
mm long, anthers introrse; gynoecium not stipitate, glabrous, ellipsoid; carpels 7–25,<br />
number of ovules per carpel 2. Fruiting peduncles stout. Fruits ellipsoid, 6–10 by 4–5<br />
cm, fruiting carpels connate, when mature the apical parts of the carpels circumcissile and<br />
falling, dehiscing partially along the ventral suture or not, the basal parts remaining adnate<br />
to the torus, glabrous (when ripe), 4–7 com long, 5–10 mm long (recurved) beaked; scars<br />
of perianth and stamens along torus under fruit 4–7 mm long.<br />
Thailand.— SOUTH-EASTERN: Chanthaburi, Trat; SOUTH-WESTERN: Kanchanaburi;<br />
PENINSULAR: Chumphon.
THE MAGNOLIACEAE OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND (H.P. NOOTEBOOM & P. CHALERMGLIN)<br />
Distribution.— Peninsular Malaysia.<br />
Ecology.— Tropical rain forest. Altitude 50–800 m. Flowering August–October;<br />
fruiting November–February.<br />
Vernacular.— Yi hup pli (ยี่หุบปลี).<br />
Conservation status.— NE.<br />
23. Magnolia sirindhorniae Noot. & Chalermglin, Blumea 45: 245. 2000.— Michelia<br />
sirindhorniae (Noot. & Chalermglin) N.H.Xia & X.H.Zhang, J. Trop. Subtrop. Bot. 13:<br />
518. 2005. Type: Thailand, Lop Buri Province 220 Km N of Bangkok, Chalermglin<br />
420621 (holotype BKF; isotype L).<br />
Tree to 25 m high and 70–150 cm diam. Twigs 2–5 mm thick in innovations,<br />
appressedly puberulous (glabrescent). Stipules adnate to petiole for 30–60 %, pubescent<br />
to puberulous. Leaves evenly distributed, spirally arranged; petiole 25–40 mm, yellow to<br />
brown when dry, stipular scars 14–25 mm long; blade minutely (scattered) hairy beneath;<br />
sparsely short hairy, glabrescent above; hairs brown or red, elliptic, 11–26 by 5. 5–10<br />
cm; base cuneate to rounded; margin not recurved; apex rounded to shortly acuminate;<br />
pairs of lateral nerves 10–15, meeting in an intramarginal vein close to the margin;<br />
reticulation beneath distinct, densely netted. Brachyblast appressed-puberulous, 13–22<br />
mm long, slender, 1.5–3 mm thick, 2–3 nodes; pedicel present, 0.5–3(–4) mm. Flowers<br />
pseudoaxillary on a brachyblast, (greenish) white; tepals 12–15, subequal; outer tepals<br />
3–4, 4.5–5 by 1.2–1. 5 cm, thick, fleshy, spathulate; inner tepals 8–12, spathulate; stamens<br />
6–12 mm long, connective appendage triangular, 1 mm long, filaments 3.5–4.5 mm long,<br />
anthers latrorse or sublatrorse; gynoecium stipitate, greyish appressed-puberulous, ovoid<br />
to narrowly ovoid, 10–12 mm high; gynophore 8–10 mm long; carpels 25–35, number<br />
of ovules per carpel (3–)4 or more. Fruiting peduncles slender, 2–2.5 cm long. Fruiting<br />
carpels free, dehiscing along the dorsal suture; glabrous, 1–1.4 cm long; gynophore under<br />
fruit present; scars of perianth and stamens along torus under fruit 3–6 mm long.<br />
Thailand.— NORTH-EASTERN: Loei; EASTERN: Chaiyaphum; CENTRAL: Lop Buri.<br />
Distribution.— Endemic.<br />
Ecology.— Primary rain forest in fresh water swamp. Altitude 60–170 m.<br />
Flowering April–May; fruiting June–September.<br />
Vernacular.— Champi sirindhorn (จำปี สิรินธร).<br />
Conservation status.— NE.<br />
24. Magnolia thailandica Noot. & Chalermglin, Blumea 47: 541. 2002. Type: Thailand,<br />
Phetchabun, Nam Nao, Smitinand 559 (BKF 4848) (holotype BKF; isotypes P, Us).<br />
Fig. 2.<br />
Tree to 30 m high and 40–100 cm diam., glabrous or sparsely minutely hairy<br />
on stipule margins and scars, glabrescent. Twigs 2.5–3.5 mm thick in innovations, on<br />
stipule scars often minutely hairy; hairs yellowish. Stipules adnate to petiole for 95–100<br />
%, hairy at the apex only. Leaves evenly distributed, spirally arranged; petiole 15–25 mm,<br />
stipular scars 14–25 mm long; blade glabrous and glaucous below, elliptic, 10–20 by 3–6<br />
cm; base attenuate-cuneate; apex rounded or shortly acuminate; pairs of lateral nerves<br />
133
134<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
12–15, meeting in an intramarginal vein; reticulation beneath distinct, densely netted.<br />
Peduncle glabrous, 25–32 mm long (in male flowers 20–30 mm long); 1.5–2.5 mm<br />
thick, 1 node; pedicel absent. Flowers terminal on the twig; unisexual; strongly fragrant;<br />
(greenish) white; in female flowers tepals 8–13, very unequal, outer tepals 4–5, 2.5–3.5<br />
by 0.5–1.5 cm, thick, fleshy, obovate; inner tepals 4–8, linear, terete; in male flowers<br />
tepals 5–7, subequal, inner tepals obovate; stamens 15–18 mm long, anthers introrse;<br />
receptacle short, the carpels attached at about the same height; gynoecium not stipitate,<br />
glabrous, 13–15 mm high; carpels 7–10, number of ovules per carpel 2; styles yellow,<br />
2.5–4 mm long. Fruiting peduncles slender. Fruits when young subglobose, 2.5–3.5 com<br />
long; fruiting carpels when young connate, but becoming free, after dehiscence forming 2<br />
lobes like 2 laterally recurved horns, thick, woody, glabrous, 1.7–2.7 cm long; seeds red,<br />
15–17 mm long.<br />
Figure 2. Magnolia thailandica Noot. & Chalermglin: a. habit (Chalermglin 410530); b. female flower<br />
(Chalermglin 450417-2); c. male flower (Chalermglin 450417-2); d. young fruit (P. Chalermglin<br />
410719); e. ripe fruit (Chalermglin 411203).
THE MAGNOLIACEAE OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND (H.P. NOOTEBOOM & P. CHALERMGLIN)<br />
Thailand.— NORTH-EASTERN: Phetchabun; Loei; EASTERN: Chaiyaphum; SOUTH-<br />
WESTERN: Kanchanaburi.<br />
Distribution.— Endemic.<br />
Ecology.— Hill evergreen forest, tropical rain forest. Altitude 600–1,150 m.<br />
Flowering April–May; fruiting June–October.<br />
Vernacular.— Champi si mueang thai (จำปี ศรีเมืองไทย).<br />
Conservation status.— NE.<br />
25. Magnolia utilis (Dandy) V.S.Kumar, Kew Bull. 61: 185. 2006.— Manglietia utilis<br />
Dandy, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1927: 310. 1927. Type: Burma, Southern, Parker 2320<br />
(holotype K).— Manglietia dolichogyna Dandy ex Noot., Blumea 31: 95. 1985.—<br />
Magnolia dolichogyna (Dandy ex Noot.) Figlar & Noot., Blumea 49: 95. 2004. Type:<br />
Malaysia, Sabah, Ranau, Hot Spring, SAN 41051 (holotype L; isotype san).<br />
Tree to 30 m high and 40–150 cm diam. Twigs 3.5–6 mm thick in innovations,<br />
glabrous. Stipules adnate to petiole for 30–60 %. Leaves crowded at the end of the<br />
branchlets; petiole 15–45 mm, stipular scars 10–16 mm long; blade minutely (scattered)<br />
hairy or glabrous, glaucous or not beneath, elliptic or obovate, 15–35 by 5–12 cm; base<br />
cuneate or attenuate-cuneate; apex shortly acuminate, acumen 3–15 mm; pairs of lateral<br />
nerves 10–15; inconspicuously meeting in an intramarginal vein not close to the margin;<br />
reticulation beneath distinct, laxly netted. Peduncle glabrous, 20–40 mm long, stout,<br />
3–4 mm thick, 1–2 nodes; pedicel present or absent, 0–12 mm. Flowers terminal on<br />
the twig; strongly fragrant; yellow or yellowish (when older base of tepals becoming<br />
reddish); tepals 9, subequal (becoming smaller from outer to inner whorl); outer tepals<br />
3, (3–)5–8 by 2–4 cm, greenish, obovate; inner tepals 6, spathulate, 4–6 by 15–20 mm<br />
broad; yellow; stamens including the appendage 12–20 mm long, connective appendage<br />
narrowly triangular, 2.5–4 mm long, anthers introrse; gynoecium not stipitate, glabrous,<br />
cylindrical or conical; carpels 50–70, number of ovules per carpel 4 or more; 1.8–2.2 mm<br />
long. Fruiting peduncles stout, glabrous, 2–4 cm long. Fruits cylindrical, 4–13 by 2–4<br />
cm, fruiting carpels fused, clustered close together, becoming free at dehiscence which<br />
is along the dorsal suture; fruiting carpels glabrous, 1.2–1.8 cm long; scars of perianth<br />
and stamens along torus under fruit 10–20 mm long; seeds 2–11 in each carpel, 4–6 mm<br />
long.<br />
Thailand.— NORTHERN: Mae Hong Son, Tak; SOUTH-WESTERN: Kanchanaburi,<br />
Phetchaburi, Prachuap Khiri Khan; PENINSULAR: Chumphon, Ranong, Phangnga.<br />
Distribution.— Burma, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo.<br />
Ecology.— Tropical lower montane forest. Altitude 600–1,100 m.<br />
Vernacular.— Champa luang (จำปาหลวง).<br />
Conservation status.— NE.<br />
Notes.— In continental Asia the flowers are larger than in Borneo.<br />
135
136<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
Figure 3. Magnolia baillonii x champaca: a. flower; b. fruit; M. floribunda: c. flower; M. garretti: d. flower; M.<br />
henryi: e. flower; M. insignis: f. flower. Photographs H.P. Nooteboom.
THE MAGNOLIACEAE OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND (H.P. NOOTEBOOM & P. CHALERMGLIN)<br />
Figure 4. Magnolia x alba: a. flower; M. hodgsonii: b. flower; M. utilis: c. flower; d. fruit; M. sirindhorniae: e.<br />
flower; f. fruit. Photographs a–d. H.P. Nooteboom; photographs e–f. P. Chalermglin.<br />
137
138<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
aCKnOWLeDGeMenTs<br />
The first author thanks Mr. Thinakorn Komkris for inviting him, together with a<br />
small group of members of the Magnolia Society, to study many species of Magnolia in<br />
the field in many areas of Thailand north of Bangkok. Also the species cultivated by him<br />
and several other Thai amateurs of Magnolia proved to be very useful. Furthermore I<br />
thank the two reviewers for their valuable comments.<br />
reFerenCes<br />
Azuma, H., Thien, L.B. & Kawano, S. (1999). Molecular phylogeny of Magnolia<br />
(Magnoliaceae) inferred from cpDNA sequences and evolutionary divergence of<br />
the floral scents. Journal of Plant Research 112: 291–306.<br />
________. (2000). In: Y. Liu, H. Fan, Z. Chen, Q. Wu & Q. Zeng (eds), Proceedings of<br />
the International Symposium on the Family Magnoliaceae, pp 219–227. Beijing,<br />
China, Science Press,.<br />
Azuma, H., José G. García-Franco, J.G., Rico-Gray, V. & Thien, L.B. (2001). Molecular<br />
phylogeny of the Magnoliaceae: the biogeography of tropical and temperate<br />
disjunctions. American Journal of Botany 88: 2275–2285.<br />
Burkill, I.H. (1966). A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula<br />
(London). ed. 2: 1491. Kuala Lumpur, Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives.<br />
Cicuzza, D., Newton, A. & Oldfield, S. (2007). The Red List of Magnoliaceae. Cambridge,<br />
Fauna and Flora International. Pp52. Available online at http://www.globaltrees.<br />
org/downloads/FFI-Magnolia%20Red%20List%20lo-res.pdf.<br />
Figlar, R.B. (2000). Proleptic branch initiation in Michelia and Magnolia subgenus Yulania<br />
provides basis for combinations in subfamily Magnolioideae. In: Y. Liu, H. Fan,<br />
Z. Chen, Q. Wu & Q. Zeng (eds), Proceedings of the International Symposium on<br />
the Family Magnoliaceae: 14–25. Beijing, China, Science Press.<br />
________. (2002a). Those amazing Magnolia fruits. Journal of the Magnolia Society 37:<br />
7–15.<br />
________. (2002b). Phyllotaxis in Magnolia fruits. Journal of the Magnolia Society 37:<br />
26–28.<br />
Heyne, K. (1950). De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch-Indië, Ed. 3: 622, 625.<br />
‘S-Gravenhage & Bandung, W. van Hoeve.<br />
Keng, H. (1975). Magnoliaceae. In: T. Smitinand & K. Larsen (eds) Flora of Thailand 2:<br />
251–267. Bangkok, Applied Scientific Research Corporation of Thailand.<br />
Kim, S., Park, C.-W., Kim, Y.-D. & Suh. Y. (2001). Phylogenetic relationships in family<br />
Magnoliaceae inferred from ndhF sequences. American Journal of Botany 88:<br />
717–728.<br />
Nie, Z.-L., Wen, J., Azuma, H., Qiu, Y.-L., Sun, H., Meng, Y., Sun, W.-B., & Zimmer, E. A.<br />
(2008). Phylogeny and biogeographic complexity of Magnoliaceae in the Northern<br />
Hemisphere inferred from three nuclear data sets. Molecular Phylogenetics &<br />
Evolution 48: 1027–1040.
<strong>THAI</strong> FOR. BULL. (BOT.) 37: 139. 2009.<br />
Argostemma siamense Puff, a new name for A. monophyllum Sridith (Rubiaceae)<br />
CHRISTIAN PUFF 1<br />
ABSTRACT. A new name, Argostemma siamense, is provided for A. monophyllum Sridith (1999), which is a<br />
later homonym of A. monophyllum Ridley (1927).<br />
KEY WORDS: Flora of Thailand, Rubiaceae, Argostemma siamense, nom. nov.<br />
When publishing Argostemma monophyllum Sridith (1999), the author overlooked<br />
the earlier epithet monophyllum, which had already been used in the genus by Ridley<br />
(1927), making the name used a later homonym. This is formally corrected below.<br />
Argostemma siamense Puff, nom. nov.― Argostemma monophyllum Sridith, Nordic J.<br />
Bot. 19: 171 (1999) [non A. monophyllum Ridl., J. Bot. 65: 27. 1927], nom. illeg. Type:<br />
Thailand, Loei, Phu Luang, Phusomsaeng & Bunchuai 8 (holotype BKF; isotype K).<br />
Argostemma siamense is one of the most attractive species in the genus, often<br />
densely covering stream-side rocks in the Eastern part of Thailand (cf. Puff et al., 2005:<br />
plate 3.4.7. C, Puff & Chayamarit, 2006: fig. B). The species belongs to a group of Asiatic<br />
Argostemma taxa characterized by a reduced stem system with a large, solitary leaf (due<br />
to the drastic reduction of one of the leaves of an opposite pair, making it markedly<br />
anisophyllous). Species names reflect this condition: Argostemma monophyllum<br />
Ridl. (India: Assam), A. unifolium Benn. (Peninsular Malaysia), A. unifolioides King<br />
(Peninsular Thailand to Peninsular Malaysia). While largely sharing a similar vegetative<br />
morphology, these species differ in floral characters, and A. monophyllum Ridley is not<br />
identical with A. siamense (A. monophyllum Sridith).<br />
REFERENCES<br />
Puff, C., Chayamarit, K. & Chamchumroon, V. (2005). Rubiaceae of Thailand. A pictorial<br />
guide to indigenous and cultivated genera. 1–245. The Forest Herbarium, National<br />
Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department, Bangkok.<br />
Puff, C., & Chayamarit, K. (2006). Plants of Khao Yai National Park. National Park,<br />
Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department, Ministry of Natural Resources and<br />
Environment, Bangkok.<br />
Ridley, H.N. (1927). The genus Argostemma. Journal of Botany 65: 24–41.<br />
Sridith, K. (1999). Four new species, a new variety, and a status change in Argostemma<br />
Wall. (Rubiaceae) from Thailand. Nordic Journal of Botany 19: 171–178.<br />
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<br />
1 Faculty Center of Botany (formerly Institute of Botany), University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna,<br />
Austria.
<strong>THAI</strong> FOR. BULL. (BOT.) 37: 140–143. 2009.<br />
A new species record of Argostemma (Rubiaceae) for Thailand<br />
KiTichATe SRidiTh<br />
ABSTRACT. A new species record for Argostemma Wall. (Rubiaceae) in Thailand was discovered during<br />
a taxonomic revision of the genus for the Malay Peninsula (including the most southern part of Peninsular<br />
Thailand).<br />
KEY WORDS: new record, Argostemma, Rubiaceae, Thailand.<br />
iNTROdUcTiON<br />
The genus Argostemma Wall. (Rubiaceae) is distributed widely in tropical and<br />
sub-tropical Asia with two disjunct species in eastern Africa, although, most taxa are<br />
confined to SE Asia (Sridith and Puff, 2000). In Thailand, Craib (1880) produced a list<br />
of species and their the localities, and recorded 41 taxa occurring throughout the country.<br />
More recently, the genus has been revised for Thailand, with 31 taxa recorded (Sridith,<br />
1999b). New information based on the most recent taxonomic revision (Sridith, 1999a)<br />
has been taken into account during the taxonomic revision of the genus for the Malay<br />
Peninsula (including the southern part of Peninsular Thailand). In this latest treatment<br />
(unpubl. data), unseen specimens including types from the herbaria of the Royal Botanic<br />
Gardens, Kew (K) and the National Herbarium of the Netherlands, Leiden Universitybranch<br />
(L) together with new collections from Phangnga, Peninsular Thailand indicated<br />
that there is a new species record for Thailand: Argostemma kurzii C.B.Clarke.<br />
deScRiPTiON<br />
Argostemma kurzii C.B.Clarke in Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 3: 43. 1880. Type: Burma<br />
(Myanmar), Moulmein, Parish 62 (holotype K!). Fig. 1.<br />
Perennial herbs, attached to the substrate with dense, much-branched matted<br />
roots. Stems erect, unbranched, 3–15 cm long, glabrous. Leaves opposite, in 1 or (rarely)<br />
2 pairs (then always a solitary leaf several times larger than the others and internodes<br />
between leaf pairs very short, i.e. pseudoverticillate), strongly anisophyllous, leaf blades<br />
membranaceous, ovate, attenuate, base round or subcordate, apex acute or acuminate,<br />
large leaf (leaves) 50–160 by 50–150 mm, small leaf (leaves) (4–)10–17(–25) by 1–5(–<br />
14) mm, midrib with several pairs of ascending lateral veins both prominent and raised<br />
below, glabrous on both surfaces, petioles 1–4 mm or subobsolete; stipule oblong or<br />
elliptic-ovate, ca 1 by 2–5 mm long, glabrous. Inflorescence terminal, umbel-like,<br />
1–4 inflorescence(s) per each plant, 4–19(–24)-flowered, peduncles 40–120 mm long,<br />
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<br />
1 PSU-Herbarium, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla<br />
90112, Thailand.
A NEW SPECIES RECORD OF ARGOSTEMMA (RUBIACEAE) FOR <strong>THAI</strong>LAND (K. SRIDITH)<br />
glabrous; bracts 4 or 5, of unequal size, fused basally and forming a cup-like involucrum,<br />
oblong or ovate, apex round or acute, 3–5 by 2–3.5 mm, green, venation inconspicuous,<br />
glabrous; pedicels 5–10 mm long, entirely glabrous. Flowers 5-merous, actinomorphic.<br />
Calyx persistent, chartaceous, green; calyx tube very short; calyx lobes triangular, ca 1<br />
by 1 mm, erect, venation inconspicuous, glabrous. Corolla white, star-shaped, glabrous;<br />
corolla tube very short, 1.5–2 by 2.5–3 mm; corolla lobes, triangular, 2–2.5 by 1.5 mm,<br />
spreading, venation conspicuous. Stamens 5, free, inserted at the base of the corolla tube,<br />
filaments 0.4–0.6 mm long, slender; anthers connivent into a cone-like structure, yellow,<br />
subbasifixed, oblong, ca 1 mm long, opening by apical pores. Ovary 2–locular, globose,<br />
ca 1 by 1 mm, glabrous; style filiform, 2.5–5 mm long, long-exserted above (2–4 mm) the<br />
stamens, glabrous; stigma capitate. Fruit capsular, globose, 1.5–2 by 1.5–2 mm, glabrous,<br />
crowned by a persistent calyx, opening by an apical operculum. Seeds numerous.<br />
Thailand.— NORTHERN: Lampang [Doi Khun Tan National Park, Maxwell 94-<br />
816 (L)]; SOUTH-WESTERN: Kanchanaburi [Kwae Noi River basin, Linthin near Sai Yok,<br />
Kostermans 1407 (L), Sangkhlaburi, Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary, Ban Sa-ne<br />
Pong, Maxwell 93-903 (L)]; PENINSULAR: Phangnga [Wat Prachum-yodhi (a monastery),<br />
Mueng Phangnga district, Sridith et al. 998 (PSU)].<br />
Distribution.— Myanmar (Moulmein).<br />
Ecology.— On wet limestone in mixed deciduous forest in shaded areas, 200–400<br />
m altitude. Flowering July to August. Fruiting July to August.<br />
Critical notes.— The mode of anther dehiscence in the original description (Clarke,<br />
1880) was misleading. It stated that the anthers of this species dehisce by their whole<br />
length, indicating that they open by means of a longitudinal slit. The anthers do, in fact,<br />
open by means of apical pore. When considering the vegetative characters, the specimens<br />
from Kanchanaburi and Phangnga provinces have noticeable broad cordate leaves with<br />
distinctly (very) short petioles (subobsolete), while those from Lampang resemble the<br />
type specimen (sessile). It is assumed here that the different leaf shapes, i.e. elliptic vs.<br />
cordate; short/subobsolete petiole vs. sessile petiole, represent within-species variation.<br />
Similar levels of variation are found in many other Argostemma species. Conversely, their<br />
floral characters are not that variable.<br />
This new species record differs from the other Argostemma species in Thailand,<br />
which have opposite leaves in one or (rarely) 2 pairs (then always a solitary leaf several<br />
times larger than the others, internodes between leaf pairs very short, i.e. pseudoverticillate)<br />
and are strongly anisophyllous with star-shaped flowers by having free stamens, and<br />
each flower with a long-exserted style (2–4 mm) (compared with flowers having anthers<br />
coherent and forming an anther-cone, and style barely exerted, < 1 mm).<br />
Concerning the distribution range, the species in question occurs on both sides of<br />
the Tenasserim Range (West side of Tenasserim in Moulmein [Parish 62 (K)], Myanmar;<br />
East side of Tenasserim in Kanchanaburi [Kostermans 1407, Maxwell 93-903 (L)] and<br />
Tak?, Thailand) and continuing along the eastern branch of the Tenasserim Range to<br />
Northern Thailand (in Lampang [Maxwell 94-816 (L)], possibly continuing to Chiang<br />
Mai, Nan, Phitsanulok and Phetchabun). The southernmost range of this species might be<br />
in the locality of the most recent collection in Phangnga province, Peninsular Thailand.<br />
More populations from other localities of the same habitats in Northern Thailand should<br />
be expected, possibly displaying more variation in leaf shape.<br />
141
142<br />
A<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY): 37<br />
Figure 1. Argostemma kurzii C.B.Clarke: A. flower; B: habit. (Scale bars = 1 cm), all from Maxwell 93-903.<br />
Drawn by Monraj Intarasiri.<br />
B
A NEW SPECIES RECORD OF ARGOSTEMMA (RUBIACEAE) FOR <strong>THAI</strong>LAND (K. SRIDITH)<br />
A key is presented below to the taxa of Argostemma Wall. (Rubiaceae) from Thailand<br />
which have leaves opposite, in one or (rarely) 2 pairs (then always a solitary leaf several times<br />
larger than the others and internodes between leaf pairs very short, i.e. pseudoverticillate) and<br />
are strongly anisophyllous with star-shaped flowers (modified from Sridith, 1999b). The use<br />
of A. siamense Puff as a nomen novum for A. monophyllum Sridith follows Puff (2009).<br />
KEY TO ARGOSTEMMA KURZII AND CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES<br />
1. Flowers star-shaped with anthers coherent ; style as long as or slightly longer than stamens (ca 0.5–1 mm<br />
longer than stamens)<br />
2. Leaves broadly ovate; stamens basifixed; style as long as or slightly longer than anther cone (exerted for<br />
< 0.5 mm) (Peninsular Thailand) A. unifolioides King<br />
2. Leaves ± elliptic; stamen semi-medifixed; style much longer than anther cone (exerted for ca 1 mm)<br />
(Northeastern, Eastern, Southeastern and Central Thailand) A. siamense Puff<br />
1. Flowers star-shaped with free stamens; style much longer than stamens (exerted for ca 5 mm)<br />
A. kurzii C.B.Clarke<br />
AcKNOWLedGeMeNTS<br />
The author would like to express his gratitude to the European Commission (EU)<br />
and the former ASEAN Regional Centre for Biodiversity Conservation (ARCBC) at Los<br />
Baňos, the Philippines, for their financial support of the project “The genus Argostemma<br />
Wall. (Rubiaceae) of Malay Peninsula and Peninsular Thailand” (project no. RE-THA-<br />
002). This project made it possible for the author to work in the herbaria of EU countries.<br />
Special thanks are also due to Prof. Dr. Fritz Adema, a former curator of the National<br />
Herbarium of the Netherlands, University of Leiden branch (L), Leiden, the Netherlands<br />
and their kind staff; Dr. Diane Bridson, Dr. Aaron Davis and Miss Sally Dawson, at<br />
the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (K), United Kingdom for their kind<br />
hospitality during the author stay in both herbaria and for their kind help in arranging<br />
specimens on loan (including types) for the author at Prince of Songkla University,<br />
Thailand. Finally, Mr. Monraj Intarasiri is thanked for his illustration.<br />
ReFeReNceS<br />
Clarke, C.B. (1880). In: J.D. Hooker, Flora of British India, Vol. 3, Caprifoliaceae to<br />
Apocynaceae: 45. L. Reeve & Co., London.<br />
Craib, W.G. (1932). Florae Siamensis Enumeratio: A List of Plants Known from Siam:<br />
26–36. The Bangkok Time Press, Ltd., Bangkok.<br />
Puff, C. (2009). Argostemma siamense Puff, a new name for A. monophyllum Sridith<br />
(Rubiaceae). Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 37: 139.<br />
Ridley, H.N. (1927). The genus Argostemma. Journal of Botany 65: 25–41.<br />
Sridith, K. (1999a). Four new species, a new variety and a status change in Argostemma<br />
(Rubiaceae) from Thailand. Nordic Journal of Botany 19: 172–178.<br />
________. (1999b). A synopsis of the genus Argostemma Wall. (Rubiaceae) in Thailand.<br />
Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 27: 86–138.<br />
Sridith, K. & Puff, C. (2000). Distribution of Argostemma Wall. (Rubiaceae), with special<br />
reference to Thailand and surrounding areas. Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 28: 123–137.<br />
143
<strong>THAI</strong> FOR. BULL. (BOT.) 37: 144–146. 2009.<br />
Gastrodia verrucosa (Orchidaceae), a new, but not unexpected, record for Thailand<br />
SOMRAN SUDDEE 1 & BOB HARWOOD 2<br />
ABSTRACT. The discovery of Gastrodia verrucosa in Thailand gives a better picture of the distribution of that species.<br />
KEY WORDS: Gastrodia, Orchidaceae, new record, Thailand.<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
Seidenfaden (1978) estimated there were about 30 species in the genus Gastrodia,<br />
occurring from eastern Sumatra to Japan in the north and New Zealand in the south. He<br />
recorded 2 species in Thailand, G. javanica (Blume) Lindl. and G. siamensis Rolfe ex<br />
Downie (= G. exilis Hook.f.). Recently Suddee (2005) described G. fimbriata, a species<br />
endemic to Kaeng Krachan National Park, Phetchaburi province. As only one population<br />
was found, he stated the need for effective protection of the habitat. Seidenfaden & Wood<br />
(1992) recorded G. verrucosa from Sumatra and Java, and stated that it also occurs in<br />
Japan, on the Bonin Islands and Ryukyu Islands. They then noted that ‘the large gap<br />
between the two distribution areas seems to call for fuller study’. The discovery of this<br />
species in Thailand fills part of that large gap.<br />
NEW RECORD<br />
The recently collected specimen from Thailand was found in the rainforest of the<br />
Soi Dao mountains in Chanthaburi province in the southeast of the country. The single<br />
plant seen was growing at 1200 m altitude. The only access to the area is by a walking<br />
trail that starts at about 300 m altitude. The date was 22 nd October (2008) and October is<br />
the wettest month of the year in the area. Climbing in heavy rain from 300 m to 1200 m on<br />
often steep, slippery tracks is rather discouraging for most botanists and individual plants<br />
of Gastrodia verrucosa are small and relatively difficult to see, so it is likely the plant<br />
is more common than the one collection suggests. It possibly also occurs in Cambodia<br />
because the collection location is less than 30 km from the Cambodian border and there<br />
are similar mountains and habitats on the Cambodian side of the border.<br />
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF GASTRODIA IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
1. Lateral sepals only joined to each other at the base; lip usually >8 mm long G. javanica<br />
1. Lateral sepals joined for most of their length; lip usually
GASTRODIA vERRUCOSA (ORCHIDACEAE), A NEW, BUT NOT UNExPECTED, RECORD FOR <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(S. SUDDEE & B. HARWOOD)<br />
2. Flowers smooth externally, apex of sepals and petals erose<br />
3. Lip with 2 truncate-rounded calli near apex, apex not fimbriate G. exilis<br />
3. Lip with 2 linear-oblong calli near base, apex fimbriate G. fimbriata<br />
2. Flowers warty externally, apex of sepals and petals entire to erose G. verrucosa<br />
Gastrodia verrucosa Blume, Mus. Bot. 2: 175. 1856; Comber, Orch. Java: 85. 1990;<br />
Seidenf. & Wood, Orch. Pen. Malay. Sing.: 140 (Fig. C–F), 141. 1991; Comber, Orch.<br />
Sumatra: 115. 2001.— Gastrodia holtumii Carr, Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 5: 38. 1929.<br />
Fig. 1.<br />
Holomycotrophic rhizomatous geophytes. Rhizome tuberous, horizontal, constricted<br />
at intervals, fleshy, 3 cm long, 8–10 mm in diam., with fibrous roots. Inflorescences erect, to<br />
10 cm long, bearing 2–4 flowers; scape dark brown, fleshy, with 2–3 tubular membranous<br />
sheaths. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, to 10 mm long. Pedicels 0.8–1.2 cm long. Sepals and<br />
petals, except for the free tips, united into a short campanulate tube, slightly gibbous on<br />
anterior part of base. Sepals with the free parts orbicular-ovate, 7–8 mm long, 9–10 mm<br />
wide at base, pale pinkish-brown, warty outside; dorsal sepal emarginate; lateral sepals<br />
slightly larger than dorsal sepal, slightly hooded at apex. Petals orbicular-ovate, 4–5 mm<br />
diam., margin entire near base, erose at apex. Lip and column enclosed by the sepal<br />
tube. Lip attached below sinus between lateral sepals, ovate-lanceolate, 6–7 by 4–5 mm,<br />
apex blunt acute-obtuse, margin irregular dentate, concave, with a thickened emarginate<br />
median band below epichile and two small calli at base. Column 7–8 mm long, with<br />
triangular-acute wing on each side beside anther cap. Stigma at base of column. Pollinia<br />
reddish yellow.<br />
Thailand.— SOUTH-EASTERN: Chanthaburi [Soi Dao Nuea, 22 Oct. 2008, Harwood<br />
2030 (BKF)].<br />
Distribution.— Japan, Taiwan, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Sumatra.<br />
Ecology.— In lower montane rain forest. Altitude 1200 m (in Thailand).<br />
Conservation Status.— Locally threatened. With only one location known in<br />
Thailand, we are obliged to list the species as threatened. However, as discussed above,<br />
it is possibly more common, and the habitat of the one known location is within a large<br />
protected area (Khao Soi Dao Wildlife Sanctuary). Outside Thailand G. verrucosa has a<br />
broad distribution (see above).<br />
Notes.–– Tuyama (1982) described Gastrodia shimizuana Tuyama from the<br />
Ryukyu Islands of Japan, and noted that two other species he had previously described,<br />
Gastrodia confusa Honda & Tuyama and Gastrodia boninensis Tuyama, had been<br />
declared synonymous with G. verrucosa by Garay and Sweet (1974). We have not<br />
had the opportunity to examine specimens of G. shimizuana, but suspect that it is also<br />
synonymous with G. verrucosa, as the characters Tuyama used to distinguish the two<br />
species are quite variable.<br />
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />
We would like to thank David Middleton and Thamarat Phutthai for the beautiful<br />
photographs, and the staff of Khao Soi Dao Wildlife Sanctuary for making us welcome<br />
there.<br />
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146<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
Figure 1. Gastrodia species in Thailand: A. G. exilis Hook.f.; B. G. fimbriata Suddee; C. G. javanica (Blume)<br />
Lindl.; D. G. verrucosa Blume. (A. & D. photographed by Bob Harwood; B. by David Middleton; C. by<br />
Thamarat Phutthai).<br />
REFERENCES<br />
Comber, J. B. (1990). Orchids of Java, pp. 84–85. Kew, Bentham-Moxon Trust, Royal<br />
Botanic Gardens, Kew.<br />
________. (2001). Orchids of Sumatra, pp. 114–115. Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens,<br />
Kew.<br />
Garay, H.A. & Sweet, H.R. (1974). Orchids of Southern Ryukyu Islands. Cambridge,<br />
Mass., Botanical Museum, Harvard University.<br />
Seidenfaden, G. (1978). Orchid Genera in Thailand vI. Neottioideae Lindl. Dansk<br />
Botanisk Arkiv 32: 179–181.<br />
Seidenfaden, G. & Wood, J.J. (1992). The Orchids of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore,<br />
pp.139–141. Fredensborg, Denmark, Olsen & Olsen.<br />
Suddee, S. (2005). A new Gastrodia from Thailand. Harvard Papers in Botany 9: 435.<br />
Tuyama, T. (1982). A new Gastrodia from the Ryukyus. Acta Phytotaxonomica<br />
Geobotanica 33: 380–382.<br />
C<br />
A<br />
B<br />
D
<strong>THAI</strong> FOR. BULL. (BOT.) 37: 147–150. 2009.<br />
The monotypic genus Zippelia Blume (Piperaceae): a new record for Thailand<br />
CHALERMPOL SUWANPHAKDEE 1 & PRANOM CHANTARANO<strong>THAI</strong> 1<br />
ABSTRACT. Zippelia begoniifolia Blume is a new record for Peninsular Thailand from Khao Luang National<br />
Park, Nakhon Si Thammarat. A description, line drawing and photographs are provided.<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
During preparation of a revision of the family Piperaceae for the Flora of Thailand<br />
Project, it has become evident that three specimens from Krung Ching waterfall, Khao<br />
Luang National Park, Nakhon Si Thammarat, represent Zippelia begoniifolia Blume.<br />
Thus this new record is described below.<br />
Generic limits of the poorly known genus Zippelia have long been obscure and<br />
sometimes it has been placed in the family Saururaceae or Piperaceae (Wu & Wang, 1957;<br />
1958). Its floral organization closely resembles that of Saururus (Saururaceae) except for<br />
a syncarpous ovary, a single basal ovule, and a different order of stamen initiation than<br />
that in the rest of Piperaceae (Tucker et al., 1993). Zippelia is sometimes treated under<br />
Piper L., but we retain as a separate taxon (as did Tebbs 1993), because of its unique fruit<br />
with glochidiate hairs and because it has a different basic chromosome number; x = 19 in<br />
Zippelia, but x = 13 in Piper.<br />
Zippelia is a monotypic genus, the smallest in terms of numbers of species in<br />
Piperaceae. It is widely distributed in Southern China and SE Asia (Yongqian et al., 1999).<br />
ZIPPELIA<br />
Blume in Roem. & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 7: 1614. 1830; Benth. & Hook.f., Gen. Pl. 3(1):<br />
128. 1880. Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3: 25. 1924; C.Y.Wu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 7(2): 193.<br />
1958; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1: 167. 1963; Yongqian, Nianhe & M.G.Gilbert, Fl.<br />
China 4: 110. 1999.— Circaeocarpus C.Y. Wu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 6: 253. 1957.<br />
Perennial erect herbs or subshrubs, flowers bisexual, monoecious. Stem glabrous,<br />
node swollen, fleshy, densely pellucid-punctate, with a ring-like stipule scar at each node.<br />
Leaves alternate, membranous, glabrous, caducous, with palmate veins, glabrous or<br />
puberulous. Inflorescence terminal, leaf-opposed, racemose, solitary, erect. Flower lax on<br />
rachis, pedicellate; floral bracts 6, conchiform or ovate-lanceolate; stamens 6, anther on<br />
short filament; ovary globose, muricate; stigmas 3–4. Infructescence terminal or almost<br />
so, erect. Fruit drupaceous, with dense glochidiate hairs.<br />
One species in tropical Asia.<br />
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<br />
1 Applied Taxonomic Research Center, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University,<br />
Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
148<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
Figure 1. Zippelia begoniifolia Blume: A. branch with infructescence; B. glochidiate hairs on fruit. (from<br />
Maxwell 85-1129). Drawn by Pajaree Inthachub.
THE MONOTYPIC GENUS ZIPPELIA BLUME (PIPERACEAE): A NEW RECORD FOR <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(C. SUWANPHAKDEE & P. CHANTARANO<strong>THAI</strong>)<br />
Zippelia begoniifolia Blume in Roem. & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 7: 1651. 1830; C.DC. ex<br />
Winkler, Bot. Jahrb. Syst 49: 352. 1913; Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat Soc. special<br />
number: 209. 1921; Yongqian, Nianhe & M.G.Gilbert, Fl. China 4: 110. 1999. Type:<br />
Indonesia, Borneo, Winkler 2743 (not located).— Z. lappacea Benn., Pl. Jav. Rar.: 76,<br />
t. 16. 1838.— Z. begoniaefolia Blume in Miq., Syst. Piperac. 2: 548. 1844 & in Fl. Ind.<br />
Bat. 1(2): 456. 1859; C.Y.Wu & W.T.Wang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 7: 193. 1958; Backer<br />
& Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1: 167. 1963.— Piper zippelia C.DC. in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr.<br />
16(2): 256. 1869. Type: Indonesia, Zollinger 2847 (G-DC!, K).— P. lappaceum C.DC.<br />
in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 1: 68. 1910; King, J. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 35: 339.<br />
1912.— P. begoniaefolia (Blume) Quisumbing, Philipp. J. Sci. 43: 189. 1930.— Zippelia<br />
lappacea Blume, Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3: 25. 1924.— Circaeocarpus saururoides<br />
C.Y.Wu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 6: 253. 1957.<br />
Perennial herb 40–80 cm high, glabrous. Stem rooting at basal nodes, roughly<br />
striate; petioles 2–5 cm long. Leaves membranous, dark green above and green below,<br />
ovate, cordate or obliquely cordate, symmetric or asymmetric, 5–14 by 7–16 cm, densely<br />
pellucid dotted, apex acuminate or acute, base auriculate, oblique, cordate, glabrous,<br />
venation palmately 5–7-nerved, whitish when dry. Inflorescence 15–30 cm long. Flowers<br />
lax on rachis; peduncle much longer than rachis, floral bract 1.2–1.5 mm wide, stalk as<br />
long as or slightly shorter than bract; stamens white-yellowish; ovary greenish-white,<br />
1–2 mm wide. Infructescence cylindric, 4–8 by 1–2 cm; peduncle 7–11 cm long. Fruit ±<br />
globose ca 5 mm in diam, with glochidiate hairs 2–5 mm long; fruit stalk 1–3 mm long.<br />
Figs.1 & 2.<br />
Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Nakhon Si Thammarat [Krung Ching waterfall, Khao<br />
Luang National Park, 15 Dec. 1985, Maxwell 85-1129 (BKF, PSU); same locality, 1 June<br />
1986, Maxwell 86-324 (BKF, CMU); same locality, 24 March 2008, Suwanphakdee 224<br />
(BK, BKF, KKU)], Yala [Khao Pi Sat, 1 May 1998, Niyomdham & Puudja 5495 (BKF),<br />
Khao Han Kut, 27 March 1998, Niyomdham 5346 (BKF).<br />
Distribution.— China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines.<br />
Vernacular.— Cha plu phon nam (ชะพลูผลหนาม).<br />
Ecology.— Shaded area along streams in primary evergreen forest, limestone<br />
bedrock, alt. ca 325 m; flowering and fruiting May–July.<br />
Notes.— Zippelia begoniifolia has distinct glochidiate hairs on its fruit. The leaves<br />
appear similar to those of Begonia.<br />
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />
We gratefully thank the directors, curators and staff of AAU, BK, BKF, CMU,<br />
DMSC, KKU, PSU and SING for permission to study the specimens and references. We<br />
also would like to thank to Miss Pajaree Inthachub for the line drawing. This work was<br />
supported by Biodiversity Research and Training Program, a joint program supported<br />
by the Thailand Research Fund and National Center for Genetic Engineering and<br />
Biotechnology, grant no. R_149026.<br />
149
150<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
Figure 2. Zippelia begoniifolia Blume: A. branch with inflorescence and infructescences; B. inflorescence;<br />
C. infructescence; D. fruits. (Photograped by C. Suwanphakdee).<br />
REFERENCES<br />
Tebbs, M.C. (1993). Piperaceae. In: K. Kubitzki, J.G. Rohwer & V. Bittrich (eds),<br />
Families and Genera of Vascular Plants: II Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons.<br />
516–520. Berlin, Springer-Verlag.<br />
Tucker, S.C., Douglas, A.W. & Han-Xing, L. (1993). Utility of Ontogenetic and<br />
Conventional Characters in Determinning Phylogenetic Relationships of<br />
Saururaceae and Piperaceae (Piperales). Systematic Botany. 18: 614–641.<br />
Wu, C.Y. & Wang, W.T. (1957). Preliminary study of the flora of subtropical areas of<br />
Yunnan. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 6: 183–254. (in Chinese).<br />
_______. (1958). Preliminary study of the flora of subtropical areas of Yunnan.<br />
Modification. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 7: 193–196. (in Chinese).<br />
Yongqian, C., Nianhe, X. & Gilbert, M.G. (1999). Piperaceae. In: Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H.<br />
(eds) Flora of China, Vol. 4: 110–141. Beijing, Science Press & St. Louis, Missouri<br />
Botanical Garden Press
<strong>THAI</strong> FOR. BULL. (BOT.) 37: 151–155. 2009.<br />
Isodon walkeri (Lamiaceae), a new record for Thailand<br />
PIYACHART TRISARASRI 1 & SOMRAN SUDDEE 1<br />
ABSTRACT. Isodon walkeri, a rheophyte from Phu Langka National Park, is newly recorded for Thailand. The<br />
species is described and illustrated.<br />
KEY WORDS: Isodon, Lamiaceae, rheophyte, Thailand.<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
The recent revision of the tribe Ocimeae (Labiatae/Lamiaceae) for continental<br />
South East Asia (Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam) included 9 genera with<br />
a total of 77 taxa (Suddee et al. 2004a, 2004b & 2005). The genus Isodon belongs in<br />
the Ocimeae and 6 species are currently known from Thailand: I. ternifolius (D. Don)<br />
Kudo, I. coetsa (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Kudo, I. eriocalyx (Dunn) Kudo, I. meeboldii<br />
(W.W.Smith) Suddee, I. hispidus (Benth.) Murata and I. lophanthoides (Buch.-Ham. ex<br />
D.Don) H.Hara. Suddee et al. (2004a) reported the occurrence of the rheophytic species<br />
I. walkeri from Sri Lanka, India, Southern China, Northern Burma, Northern Laos and<br />
Northern Vietnam, but not from Thailand. To quote from Steenis (1981): ‘rheophytes are<br />
plant species which are in nature confined to the beds of swift-running streams and rivers<br />
and grow there up to flood-level, but not beyond the reach of regularly occurring flash<br />
floods’.<br />
From plant collecting trips to northeastern Thailand and from herbarium specimen<br />
studies, the authors found I. walkeri in streams at Phu Langka National Park by the Mae<br />
Khong River, Nakhon Phanom Province. The species is newly recorded for Thailand.<br />
ISODON<br />
(Schrad. ex Benth.) Spach, Hist. Nat. Veg. 9: 162 (1840); Kudo, Mem. Fac. Sci. Taihoku<br />
Imp. Univ. 2(2): 118. 1929; H.W.Li, J. Arnold Arbor. 69(4): 291. 1988; H.W.Li & Hedge<br />
in Z.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. China 17: 269. 1994; A.J.Paton & Ryding, Kew Bull. 53(3):<br />
723–731. 1998. Lectotype: Isodon rugosus (Wall. ex Benth.) Codd (chosen by Codd,<br />
1986) (basionym: Plectranthus rugosus Wall. ex Benth.).<br />
Annual or perennial herbs or undershrubs. Stems quadrangular or roundquadrangular,<br />
glabrous or pubescent and usually hollow inside. Leaves membranous to<br />
chartaceous, usually serrate or sometimes serrate-crenate, lower pairs petiolate, upper pairs<br />
usually sessile. Inflorescence terminal and axillary, usually branched, forming a small or<br />
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<br />
1 Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Chatuchak, Bangkok<br />
10900, Thailand.
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<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
large panicle; cymes sessile or pedunculate, lax or dense, few to many-flowered; lower<br />
pairs of bracts similar to leaves, gradually reduced in size upwards, persistent; bracteoles<br />
present, short, caducous or persistent. Calyx campanulate or tubular-campanulate, straight<br />
or declinate, subequally 5-toothed or bilabiate with posterior lip 3-lobed and anterior lip<br />
2-lobed; tube 10-nerved, usually twice or more as long as teeth, without spur at anterior<br />
base. Corolla with posterior lip subequally 4-lobed, usually pubescent with sessile glands<br />
on back; anterior lip concave or flattened, glabrous inside, usually pubescent with sessile<br />
glands outside; tube tubular, straight or declinate, usually gibbous on posterior side<br />
near base. Stamens exserted or included in anterior corolla lip; insertion of anterior pair<br />
varying from above the middle of corolla tube to the base of anterior corolla lip, glabrous<br />
or only slightly pubescent at base; posterior pair inserted near the base of corolla tube,<br />
sparsely or densely villous at base. Style shortly bifid with subequal branches, shorter or<br />
longer than stamens. Ovary glabrous. Disc with anterior side well or slightly developed.<br />
Nutlets oblong, ovoid or ellipsoid, smooth or minutely tuberculate, producing mucilage<br />
when wet or not.<br />
About 95 species in Africa, Southern China, Indochina, Sumatra and Peninsular<br />
Malaysia. Seven species in Thailand.<br />
Isodon walkeri (Arn.) H.Hara, J. Jap. Bot. 60: 237. 1985; H.W. Li, J. Arnold Arbor.<br />
69(4): 323, f. 5K. 1988; H.W.Li & Hedge in Z.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. China 17: 278.<br />
1994; Phuong, J. Biol. 17 (4, special vol.): 37. 1995; Phuong, Fl. Vietnam 2: 49. 2000.—<br />
Plectranthus walkeri Arn., Nova Acta Car. Nat. Cur. 18: 354. 1836; Arn. in A.DC., Prodr.<br />
12: 58. 1848; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 4: 617. 1885; Gamble, Fl. Madras: 1120. 1924;<br />
Mukerjee, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 14: 41. 1940.— Rabdosia walkeri (Arn.) H.Hara, J. Jap.<br />
Bot. 47: 202. 1972. Type: Sri Lanka, Hb. Hort. Soc. 1839, Mackenzie s.n. (neotype K,<br />
chosen by Suddee, 2004a).— Plectranthus stracheyi Benth. ex Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 4:<br />
618. 1885; Dunn, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 6 (28): 139. 1915; Doan in H.Lecomte,<br />
Fl. Indo-Chine 4: 948. 1936; Mukerjee, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 14 (1): 44.1940.— Isodon<br />
stracheyi (Benth. ex Hook. f.) Kudo, Mem. Fac. Sci. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 2(2): 136.<br />
1929.— Rabdosia stracheyi (Benth. ex Hook.f.) H.Hara, J. Jap. Bot. 47: 201. 1972;<br />
H.W.Li in Z.Wu & H.W.Li, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 66: 483, f. 103, 11. 1977; Phuong,<br />
Novit. Syst. Pl. Vasc. 19: 154. 1982. Type: India, Kumaon, Surja valley, Strachey &<br />
Winterbottom 9 (holotype K!; isotype BM!).— Plectranthus veronicifolius Hance, J. Bot.<br />
23: 327. 1885.— Isodon stracheyi (Benth. ex Hook.f.) Kudo var. veronicifolius (Hance)<br />
Kudo, Mem. Fac. Sci. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 2(2): 136. 1929. Type: China, Hainan, 21<br />
Nov. 1882, Henry Herb. propr. 22298 (holotype BM!).— Plectranthus brandisii Prain, J.<br />
Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 59 (4): 296. 1890; Mukerjee, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 14:<br />
44. 1940. Type: Burma, Pegu, Brandis 813 (K!, lectotype chosen here). Figs. 1 & 2.<br />
Erect or ascending annual herb to 50 cm tall. Stems sometimes rooting at<br />
nodes below, quadrangular, puberulous below, puberulous or glabrous above. Leaves<br />
chartaceous, narrowly lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, 12–115 by 12–25 mm, apex acute<br />
or acuminate, base cuneate or attenuate and decurrent onto petiole, margin serrate above<br />
the middle, entire below, scaberulous on veins above and beneath, otherwise glabrous or<br />
glabrescent, dotted with minute sessile glands beneath or on both sides, veins prominent<br />
beneath; petioles subsessile to 20 mm long, puberulous or pubescent; crushed leaves<br />
slightly smell of mint. Inflorescence terminal, forming a narrow panicle, 5–25 cm long;
ISODON WALKERI (LAMIACEAE), A NEW RECORD FOR <strong>THAI</strong>LAND (P. TRISARASRI & S. SUDDEE)<br />
axis with indumentum similar to stem but less dense; verticils 5–35 mm apart; cymes lax,<br />
few to many-flowered, lateral branches short, not conspicuously cincinnate; bracts elliptic<br />
or lanceolate; bracteoles oblong or linear, 0.5–2 mm long, obtuse, ciliate, pubescent,<br />
caducous or persistent; pedicels slender, 2–4 mm long at anthesis, 2–5 mm long in fruit,<br />
pubescent. Calyx green or greenish-purple, tubular-campanulate, conspicuously 2-lipped,<br />
ca 2 mm long at anthesis, 2–4 mm long in fruit; posterior lip shortly 3-lobed, ovate,<br />
acute at apex, median lobe broadest; anterior lip 2-lobed, ovate-oblong, acute or obtuse at<br />
apex, subequal in length to posterior or longer; tube declinate, 10-nerved, twice as long<br />
as calyx teeth, puberulous on nerves, with sessile glands, not gibbous at anterior base.<br />
Corolla white, straight, 6–7 mm long, pointing downward; posterior lip deeply 4-lobed,<br />
lobes obovate-oblong, obtuse or rounded at apex, slightly pubescent, with sessile glands<br />
on back, two median lobes slightly larger than lateral lobes, with scattered dark purple<br />
dots inside; anterior lip orbicular, 2–3 mm long, equal or slightly longer than posterior,<br />
flattened, glabrous; tube straight, 3–4 mm long, only slightly gibbous above posterior<br />
base, slightly dilated at throat, pubescent on anterior side inside, glabrous or glabrescent<br />
outside. Stamens long-exserted from anterior corolla lip, villous at base, posterior pair<br />
inserted near the base of corolla tube, anterior pair inserted around the middle of corolla<br />
tube; anthers dark purple. Style subequal to anterior stamens. Disc obscurely lobed. Nutlets<br />
brown, ovoid or oblong, 1–2 mm long, smooth or minutely tuberculate, producing a small<br />
amount of mucilage when wet.<br />
Thailand.— NORTH-EASTERN: Nakhon Phanom [Ban Phaeng District, Phu Langka<br />
National Park, in stream above Tat Pho waterfall, 19 Jan. 2003, Suddee, Puudjaa &<br />
Chatrupamai 1746 (BKF); idem., 27 Feb. 2007, Suddee, Trisarasri, Tanaros & Ritphet<br />
3055 (BKF); Ban Phaeng District, Phu Langka National Park, Tat Kham waterfall, in wet<br />
places by the running stream, 24 Feb. 2003, Wongprasert et al. 032-19 (BKF)].<br />
Ecology.— In sandy soil in sandstone river beds in dry evergreen forest, on rocks<br />
beside stream; altitude 150–200 m in Thailand, to much greater altitudes elsewhere.<br />
Flowering & fruiting November – February.<br />
Distribution.— India, Sri Lanka, South China, Burma, Laos, Vietnam.<br />
Conservation.— The species is considered to be rare in Thailand. Two small<br />
populations have been found in two waterfalls in the same National Park, separated by<br />
about 4 km. The National Park needs to ensure these populations are protected.<br />
Notes.— The main characters which distinguish I. walkeri from other related<br />
species are the narrow lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate leaves shapes, the leaf base being<br />
decurrent onto petiole, and the rheophytic habit. The specimens Kurz 575 (K!) and Kurz<br />
2405 (K!) are paralectotypes of Plectranthus brandisii Prain. Brandis 813 (K) was<br />
chosen as the lectotype because it is the most representative of the three former syntype<br />
specimens.<br />
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />
We would like to thank Thawatchai Wongprasert for his specimens, and David<br />
Middleton and Bob Harwood for useful suggestions. We would also like to thank Arthit<br />
Kamgamnerd for the illustrations, Pachok Puudjaa, Montri Tanaros, Chandee Hemrat,<br />
Surin Chatrupamai, Nikhom Ritphet and Suwat Suwanachat for their assistance in the field.<br />
153
154<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
Figure 1. Isodon walkeri (Arn.) H.Hara: A. habit; B. inflorescence; C. flower; D. fruiting calyx; E. nutlet when<br />
wet (all from Wongprasert et al. 032-19 (BKF). Drawn by Arthit Kamgamnerd.
ISODON WALKERI (LAMIACEAE), A NEW RECORD FOR <strong>THAI</strong>LAND (P. TRISARASRI & S. SUDDEE)<br />
Figure 2. Isodon walkeri (Arn.) H.Hara: A. habitat; B. habit; C. & D. inflorescences. Photographed by Somran<br />
Suddee (A–B.); Montri Tanaros (C); Piyachart Trisarasri (D).<br />
REFERENCES<br />
Codd, L.E. (1986). The Validity and Typification of Isodon (Schrader ex Bentham) Spach<br />
(Lamiaceae). Taxon 35: 717–718.<br />
Suddee, S. & Paton, A.J. & Parnell, A.J.N. (2004a). A taxonomic revision of tribe Ocimeae<br />
Dumort. (Lamiaceae) in continental South East Asia. I. Introduction, Hyptidinae<br />
& Hanceolinae. Kew Bulletin 59: 337–378.<br />
________. (2004b). A taxonomic revision of tribe Ocimeae Dumort. (Lamiaceae) in<br />
continental South East Asia. II. Plectranthinae. Kew Bulletin 59: 379–414.<br />
________. (2005). A taxonomic revision of tribe Ocimeae Dumort. (Lamiaceae) in<br />
continental South East Asia. III. Ociminae. Kew Bulletin 60: 3–75.<br />
Van Steenis, C.G.G.J. (1981). Rheophytes of the world. Sijthoff & Noordhoff, Alphen aan<br />
den Rijn, The Netherlands.<br />
A<br />
C<br />
B<br />
D<br />
155
<strong>THAI</strong> FOR. BULL. (BOT.) 37: 156–160. 2009.<br />
Xerochloa R.Br. (Gramineae, Paniceae) in Thailand<br />
Jan FRiTs VELDKaMP 1<br />
ABSTRACT. The Australian/Malesian species Xerochloa imberbis R.Br. (Gramineae) has been found in the<br />
Gulf of Thailand from Prachuap Khiri Khan to Chonburi and represents a very much neglected generic record<br />
for SE Asia. The synonym Kerinozoma Steud. is lectotypified. Descriptions of the genus and its only SE Asian<br />
species are given.<br />
KEY WORDS: Australia, Gramineae, Kerinozoma, Malesia, Paniceae, Xerochloa, Thailand.<br />
Xerochloa R.Br. (Gramineae) is a much-overlooked genus with three rare, but<br />
locally common halotolerant species and mainly occurs in Australia. Clayton & Renvoize<br />
(1986) only mentioned Australia, but in the generic synonymy they included Kerinozoma<br />
suraboja Steud. (“suraboja” = Surabaya, the major marine harbour in E Java). It belongs<br />
to the mainly Australian subtribe Spinificinae Ohwi (1924) of the Paniceae R. Br. whose<br />
members are adapted to very arid habitats and so have a predisposition for distribution<br />
along sea shores. Because the rachis of the inflorescence does not end in a spikelet, but in a<br />
point, it is part of the so-called “bristle grass clade” discussed in a morphological cladistic<br />
analysis by Zuloaga et al. (2000). This monophyletic group includes all panicoid taxa in<br />
which at least some terminal inflorescence branch meristems are converted into setae or<br />
bristles. Within this clade the subtribe seems to be exceptional for the combination of<br />
spatheate inflorescences and disarticulation at the base of the inflorescence (at least in the<br />
female ones). However, no species of Xerochloa appears to have been included in any<br />
molecular analysis to date (see e.g. Doust et al., 2007).<br />
Another remarkable feature is that at least X. imberbis is monoecious: the spikelets<br />
have a male lower floret and a female upper one.<br />
For Thailand it was listed by Nanakorn & Norsangsri (2001), but without any data<br />
on its distribution there. Recently, two collections from Prachuap Khiri Khan made in<br />
2005 and 2007 were received in Leiden (L) and prompted my curiosity. Further inquiries<br />
on what Nanakorn & Norsangsri had based their earlier report showed that two collections<br />
are present in BKF, one made in the same province (1966), the other in Samut Songkhram<br />
(1957), where it was already common then (Pooma, in litt.). Surprisingly, Cope (in litt.)<br />
reported the presence of no less than 4 collections by Kerr between 1920 and 1928 from<br />
Chonburi and Samut Sakhon indicating that the species has been in Thailand for many years.<br />
This is a generally overlooked genus for Continental Asia. Admittedly, Clayton et<br />
al. (2006+) reported it for “Tropical Asia”, but this included Malesia as well, from where<br />
it was already long known, and (Clayton et al., 2002+) mentioned the current species for<br />
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<br />
1 National Herbarium of The Netherlands, Leiden University, PO Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
XEROCHLOA R.BR. (GRAMINEAE, PANICEAE) IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND (J.F. VELDKAMP)<br />
“Indochina and Malesia”, but this represents very low resolution distribution data.<br />
The type species, X. imberbis R.Br., occurs in W Australia to Queensland (Webster,<br />
1987), but is also found in Indonesia: Java and Madura in mangroves, salt pans, shrimp<br />
farms, and other saline places near the coast, which generally are not enticing to collectors<br />
(Monod de Froideville,1968).<br />
Its presence in Thailand represents a far disjunct distribution, but as Kerr already<br />
collected in 1920, it appears to be a natural one and thus it may be expected to occur<br />
in similar inhospitable places on the East coast of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and<br />
Bangka.<br />
XERochLoa<br />
R.Br., Prodr.: 196. 1810. Type: Xerochloa imberbis R.Br.— Kerinozoma Steud., Syn. Pl.<br />
Glumac. 1: 358. 1854.— (Cerinozoma Zoll. ex Kuntze in T.Post & Kuntze, Lex. Gen.<br />
Phan.: 112, 618. 1903, orth. var.). Lectotype: Kerinozoma suraboja Steud. (= Xerochloa<br />
imberbis R. Br.), here designated (suggested by Clayton & Renvoize).<br />
Monoecious perennials, branching intravaginally at base, tufted or decumbent<br />
and rooting from the nodes. Culms solid. Ligule collar-shaped, membranous, ciliolate.<br />
Panicle composed of fascicles of 2–6 spikes in the axil of a spathe, each with a spatheole<br />
at base; racemes deciduous, with few spikelets, rachis ending in a point. Spikelets solitary,<br />
abaxial, sessile, in 2 rows in cavities of the rachis, laterally compressed. Glumes very<br />
unequal; first glume small, 0–3-nerved; second glume shorter than the spikelet, 5-nerved.<br />
Lemmas chartaceous; first one paleate, male or neuter, with a dorsal groove; stamens or<br />
staminodes 2 or 3, filaments connate; second lemma female with staminodes, or bisexual,<br />
fusiform, 2-nerved, germination flap absent, margins laying flat on the palea, muticous.<br />
Staminodes 2 or 3. Styles more or less connate, stigmas free. Hilum ovate; embryo more<br />
than half as long as the caryopsis.<br />
Distribution.— Australia with three halotolerant species, of which one in Malesia<br />
and possibly introduced in Thailand.<br />
Etymology.— Xerochloa from Gr. xeros (ξερος, dry) and chloa (actually chloë,<br />
χλοη, grass)(Backer, 1936: 631), alluding to its biotope<br />
Kerinozoma from Gr. kèrinos (κηρινος, wax-like) and zooma (ζωμα, girdle),<br />
referring to the white waxy spathe (Backer, 1936: 301).<br />
Xerochloa imberbis R.Br., Prodr.: 97. 1810. Type: Brown 6143 (holotype BM; isotype<br />
K, E).— Kerinozoma cheribon Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 358. 1854.— Kerinozoma<br />
littoralis Zoll. (Syst. Verz.: 57. 1854, nom. nud.) ex Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 3: 404. 1857,<br />
nom. superfl.— Xerochloa littoralis (Zoll. ex Miq.) Baill., Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn., Paris<br />
2: 1019. 1829, nom. superfl.— Xerochloa cheribon (Steud.) Ohwi, Bull. Tokyo Sci. Mus.<br />
18: 4. 1947. Type: Zollinger 3238 (holotype P; isotype G).— Kerinozoma suraboja<br />
Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 358. 1854. Kerinozoma collina Zoll. (Syst. Verz.: 57. 1854,<br />
nom. nud.) ex Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 3: 404. 1857, nom. superfl. Type: Zollinger 2968 (holotype<br />
P; isotype G).<br />
157
158<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
Culms wiry, floating, ascending to tufted and erect, 0.1–0.6 m tall, glabrous.<br />
Ligule truncate, 0.15–0.5 mm long. Blades linear, involute to nearly subulate, 2–12 cm<br />
by 1–3 mm, acute. Inflorescence branches 1–1.5 cm long. Rachis smooth to scaberulous,<br />
terminal point 3–4 mm long. Spikelets 3–5 per spike, ovate-oblong, 5.5–9 mm long,<br />
glabrous. First glume ovate, 1–2.75 mm long, obtuse; second glume 4–5.5 mm long,<br />
5-nerved, margin broadly scarious, acute. Lower lemma 3-nerved; upper lemma ovatelanceolate,<br />
apex falcate. Anthers 3–4 mm long.<br />
Figure 1. The distribution of Xerochloa imberbis in Thailand along the Gulf of Thailand coast.
XEROCHLOA R.BR. (GRAMINEAE, PANICEAE) IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND (J.F. VELDKAMP)<br />
Thailand.— CENTRAL: Samut Sakhon [Tachin = Ta Chin, 13˚32’N 100˚14’ E,<br />
31 March 1926, Kerr 10664 (K), 24 Oct. 1926, Kerr 11052 (K)], Samut Songkhram<br />
(formerly part of Bangkok) [ca 13˚22’N 100˚E, Pak Nam, 9 Jan. 1957, Smitinand 3696<br />
(BKF)]; SOUTH-EASTERN: Chonburi [Bang Pla Soi, 27 Jan. 1920, Kerr 3967 (K), 13˚23’N,<br />
100˚59’E]; SOUTH-WESTERN: Prachuap Khiri Khan [Sam Roi Yot (not Rachaburi!), ca<br />
12˚13’7”N 99˚58’21”E, 7 Aug. 1966, Larsen, Smitinand & Warncke 1213 (aaU, BKF,<br />
K), Kuiburi, KM 37 on road no. 1020 near Khao Daeng, 12˚7.54’N 99˚37.56’ E (and not<br />
as on the label 12˚7’54”N 99˚37’56”E), 26 April 2005, Pooma et al. 5289 (BKF, E, L!),<br />
(ibid., 12˚8.858’N 99˚57.829’ E, not 12˚88’58”N 99˚57’83”E, 30 April 2007, Pooma et<br />
al. 6710 (a, aaU, BKF, E, GZU, K, KEP, L!, sinG), Hua Hin, Khao Tao, 12˚34’ N<br />
99˚57’ E, 8 Nov. 1928, Kerr 16118 (K)].<br />
Said to be very common along the Gulf of Thailand coast from mid Prachuap<br />
Khiri Khan to Chonburi, especially near shrimp and salt farms (Fig. 1).<br />
Distribution.— Malesia: Java (N coast: Jakarta, Ceribon, Pekalongan, Semarang,<br />
Rembang, Surabaya), Madura, W Australia to Queensland.<br />
Ecology.— Littoral in mangroves, on beaches, along fish ponds, roadsides, on<br />
heavy loam, occasionally inundated, also inland along salt creeks and lakes, up to 100 m alt.<br />
Collector’s notes.— Erect grass, tufted, nodes pale green. Spikelets purplish<br />
brown. Glumes greenish. Stigma purple and white. Anthers whitish.<br />
acKnoWLEDGEMEnTs<br />
Dr. Rachun Pooma (BKF) is very much thanked for sending scans of specimens<br />
present in BKF, for correcting localities, and information about the distribution of the<br />
species in Thailand, and Dr. T.A. Cope for the holdings in K. Ms. A.V.M. Walsmit Sachs-<br />
Jansen (L) after having seen my amateurish attempts volunteered to make the distribution<br />
map.<br />
REFEREncEs<br />
Backer, C.A. (1936). Verklarend woordenboek van wetenschappelijke plantennamen:<br />
301, 631. Noordhoff, Groningen.<br />
Clayton, W.D. & Renvoize, S.A. (1986). Genera graminum: 307. Her Majesty’s Stationery<br />
Office,<br />
Clayton, W.D., K.T. Harman & H. Williamson. (2002 onwards). World grass species:<br />
descriptions, identification, and information retrieval (accessed 27 September<br />
2009).<br />
________. (2006 onwards). GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. Both sites: http://<br />
www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html (accessed 27 September 2009).<br />
Doust, A.N., Peenly, A.M., Jacobs, S.W.L. & Kellogg, A.A. (2007). Congruence,<br />
conflict, and polyploidization shown by nuclear and chloroplast markers in the<br />
monophyletic “bristle clade” (Paniceae, Panicoideae, Poaceae). Systematic Botany<br />
32: 531–544.<br />
159
160<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
Monod de Froideville, C. (1968). In C.A. Backer & R.C. Bakhuizen v.d. Brink f. (1968).<br />
Flora of Java 3: 577. Wolters-Noordhoff, Groningen.<br />
Nanakorn, W. & Norsangsri, M. (2001). Species enumeration of Thai Gramineae: 60.<br />
Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, Chiang Mai.<br />
Ohwi, J. (1942). Gramina japonica IV. Acta Phytotaxonomica Geobotanica 11: 56.<br />
Webster, R.D. (1987). The Australian Paniceae (Poaceae): 261–264. Cramer, Stuttgart.<br />
Zuloaga, F.O., Morrone, O. & Giussani, L.M. (2000). A cladistic analysis of the Paniceae:<br />
a preliminary approach, in Jacobs, W.L. & Everett, J., Grasses: systematics and<br />
evolution: 123–135. CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia.<br />
iDEnTiFicaTion LisT oF asian coLLEcTions<br />
Backer Mar 1903; 4681; 7572; 15292; 19331; 24151; 26624; 26809; 37548; 37571; -<br />
Bakhuizen v.d. Brink 2120; - Balansa 30-11-1886; - Beumée A 9.<br />
Clason-Laarman D 102; - Coert 163; 1091; 1132.<br />
Danser 24-10-1925; 5504, 8266; - De la Savinière 1161; - Dorgelo 732; 953; 1933.<br />
Hallier f. 61; 82.<br />
Koorders 42644.<br />
Kuntze 5482.<br />
Larsen, Smitinand & Warncke 1213.<br />
Pooma et al. 5289; 6710.<br />
Smitinand 3696.<br />
Van der Meer & Den Hoed 2004; 1933; 2045; 2083.<br />
Van Ooststroom 13032.<br />
Van Steenis 7213; 17432.<br />
Vorderman 13.<br />
Zollinger 2968 (T); 3238 (T)
<strong>THAI</strong> FOR. BULL. (BOT.) 37: 9–14. 2009<br />
Ariopsis (Araceae: Colocasieae) a new generic record for Thailand & preliminary<br />
observations on trans-Himalayan biogeography in Araceae<br />
PETER C. BOYCE 1<br />
ABSTRACT. Ariopsis Nimmo (Araceae: Colocasieae) is reported as a new generic record for Thailand with a<br />
single species (A. protanthera N.E.Br.). The genus and species are described and illustrated. A key to the genera<br />
of the Colocasieae and Caladieae in Thailand and a brief overview of trans-Himalayan biogeography in the<br />
Araceae are presented.<br />
KEY WORDS: Araceae, Ariopsis, new record, key, Flora of Thailand, biogeography.<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
While based at the Forest Herbarium as part of a BRT-funded project to complete<br />
the Araceae account for the Flora of Thailand, the author was passed a specimen of an<br />
unidentified aroid from northeastern Thailand, and a photograph of clearly the same<br />
species, from a different locality, to determine. By its unique vegetative appearance the<br />
specimen was readily identified to the genus Ariopsis, hitherto unrecorded in Thailand.<br />
The single collection comprises three plants all in fruit. The combination of almost<br />
ripe fruits associated with still slightly immature leaves, plus the diminutive habit and<br />
trans-Himalayan distribution convincingly identifies the specimen as A. protanthera<br />
N.E.Br., a species hitherto recorded from Assam in northeastern India) and northern<br />
Burma (Mayo et al., 1997).<br />
Ariopsis is a diminutive ephemeral plant easily overlooked, even when fertile, as<br />
‘just an Alocasia seedling’ and it is thus no great surprise that it has remained undetected<br />
in Thailand for so long, especially since Araceae usually receive scant attention from<br />
fieldworkers who often regard aroids as too difficult to collect.<br />
TAXONOMIC TREATMENT<br />
Ariopsis is a genus of two species in the Colocasieae probably most closely related<br />
to Remusatia Schott and Steudnera K.Koch (Cabrera et al., 2008). The generic type, A.<br />
peltata Nimmo, is restricted to the Western Ghats of India (Mayo, et al., 1997) while the<br />
other species, A. protanthera N.E.Br. is distributed from the tropical eastern Himalaya<br />
(Assam) through northern Burma and in this paper is shown to occur in northeastern<br />
Thailand.<br />
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<br />
1 phymatarum@googlemail.com
10<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
In vegetative form Ariopsis is somewhat intermediate between Remusatia (with<br />
which it shares globose tuberous stems) and Steudnera (also with a wholly peltate leaf<br />
lamina that is often glaucous abaxially). From either genus Ariopsis is readily differentiated<br />
by the inflorescences in which the synandria are connate apically, forming a continuous<br />
surface punctured by cavities (‘pits’) with somewhat prominent margins and with the<br />
thecae of adjacent synandria encircling the pits and shedding pollen into them, each pair<br />
of thecae belonging to a different synandrium.<br />
For much of its history, Ariopsis has been treated as monospecific, with A.<br />
protanthera N.E.Br. considered merely a diminutive morph of A. peltata Nimmo. During<br />
the preparation of plates for The Genera of Araceae (Mayo et al., 1997) the opportunity<br />
arose to study living collections of Ariopsis from the Western Ghats (the region from<br />
which A. peltata was described) and northeastern India (the original collecting locality of<br />
A. protanthera), with the result that the species proved to be readily separable. The salient<br />
identification points are outlined in the key below. Also included is Hapaline Schott<br />
(Araceae: Caladieae) a genus that is often encountered in the wild and can be confused<br />
with Colocasia Schott.<br />
KEY TO ARiopSiS SpECIES AND THE GENERA OF THE COLOCASIEAE & CALADIEAE IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
1. Spathe differentiated into an upper limb and lower part separated by one or sometimes two pronounced<br />
constrictions<br />
2. plant with conspicuous erect aerial stolons bearing along their distal portion numerous barbed bulbils<br />
Remusatia<br />
2. plant without conspicuous erect aerial stolons; if stolons present then these decumbent and bearing<br />
tubercules at the tips<br />
3. Mature infructescences declinate to pendent; berries small (4 mm), red when ripe, odourless; seeds large, few<br />
per fruit Alocasia<br />
1. Spathe not differentiated into an upper limb and lower part by constrictions<br />
4. Synandria connate, thecae of adjacent synandria encircling pits in the spadix, each pit with a somewhat<br />
prominent upper margin; leaf peltate<br />
4. Synandria not so; leaf peltate or hastate<br />
5. plants diminutive, not exceeding 12 cm; petioles very slender, 6–14 cm long, lamina 5–10 by 4–10 cm.<br />
Plants flowering before leaf emergence, fruits well developed when leaf expansion occurs. Transhimalaya,<br />
including North and Northeastern Thailand Ariopsis protanthera<br />
5. Plants robust, to 40 cm tall; petioles stout, 18–30 cm, lamina up to 15 by 40 cm. Plants flowering after leaf<br />
emergence, fruits ripening as leaves begin to yellow prior to shedding. Western Ghats, India Ariopsis peltata<br />
6. Spathes brightly coloured (internally commonly yellow or purple-red);female flowers with staminodes;<br />
stem a repent or suberect epigeal rhizome Steudnera<br />
6. Spathe white; female flowers without staminodes; stem a hypogeal tuber or stolon Hapaline<br />
ARIOPSIS<br />
Nimmo in J.Graham, Cat. pl. Bombay: 252. 1839; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 519. 1893;<br />
Mayo et al., Gen. Araceae 275, pl. 99 & 129B, 1997.<br />
Very small to medium-sized slender seasonally dormant lithophytic herbs with<br />
milky latex. Stem a ± subglobose tuber. Leaves usually solitary, rarely few together.<br />
petiole very slender. petiolar sheath fairly short. Lamina peltate, cordate-ovate or only<br />
emarginate basally, thin, often glaucous below, posterior lobes very short; primary lateral
ARIOpSIS (ARACEAE: COLOCASIEAE) A NEW GENERIC RECORD FOR <strong>THAI</strong>LAND & pRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS<br />
ON TRANS-HIMALAYAN BIOGEOGRApHY IN ARACEAE (p.C. BOYCE)<br />
veins pinnate, radiating from petiole insertion, forming submarginal collective vein,<br />
marginal vein also present, higher order venation reticulate. Inflorescence 1–3 in each<br />
floral sympodium, appearing before or with leaves. peduncle very slender, equalling to<br />
much longer than spathe, erect to spreading. Spathe ovate, boat-shaped, fornicate, not<br />
constricted, gaping widely, not convolute at base, marcescent. Spadix shorter than spathe;<br />
female flower zone adnate to spathe, very short and few-flowered, sometimes separated<br />
from male zone by short, free, naked axis; male flower zone fertile to apex, relatively<br />
thick, cylindric-conoid, many-flowered. Flowers unisexual, perigone absent. Female<br />
flower an ovoid to ovoid-oblong ovary, 1-locular, ovules many, orthotropous, placentae<br />
4–6, parietal, extending from base to apex of locule, stylar region absent, stigma stellate<br />
with 4- to 6-laciniate lobes, lobes initially erect, later spreading and reflexed. Male flower<br />
a peltate synandrium, connate filaments forming a stipe longer and narrower than dilated<br />
common connective, thecae subglobose to ellipsoid, dehiscing by oval pore, synandria<br />
all connate apically, forming a continuous surface punctured by cavities with somewhat<br />
prominent margins into which pollen is shed from the 6(–8) surrounding thecae (each pair<br />
of thecae belonging to a different synandrium). Fruit a 4–6-angled berry, stigma persistent,<br />
many-seeded. Seed oblong, apically narrowed and obtuse, with indistinct strophiole, testa<br />
thickish, longitudinally costate, embryo axile, small, endosperm copious.<br />
Distribution.— 2 species distributed with one in Western India (A. peltata) and the<br />
other (A. protanthera) in the tropical & subtropical eastern Himalayas through northern<br />
Burma to northern Thailand. Fig. 1.<br />
Ariopsis protanthera N.E.Br., Rep. Roy. Bot. Gard. Kew 1877: 51. 1877. Hook.f., Fl.<br />
Brit. India 6: 519. 1893; Mayo et al., Gen. Araceae 275, pl. 99 & 129B, 1997.— Ariopsis<br />
peltata f. protanthera (N.E.Br.) Engl. & K.Krause in H.G.A.Engler, Pflanzenr. 4. 23E:<br />
130. 1920. Fig. 2.<br />
Very small, slender, seasonally dormant, lithophytic herbs with milky latex, to 12<br />
cm tall. Stem a ± subglobose tuber, ca 2 cm diam., mostly clustered, covered with fibrous<br />
cataphyll remains. Leaves solitary. petiole very slender, 6–14 cm, sheath very short; lamina<br />
peltate, cordate-ovate, 5–10 by 4–10 cm, membranaceous, pale green above, glaucous<br />
below, posterior lobes short, fully fused; primary lateral veins pinnate radiating from<br />
petiole insertion, forming submarginal collective vein; higher order venation reticulate.<br />
Inflorescence 1–3 in each floral sympodium, appearing before the leaves. peduncle very<br />
slender, 4–5 cm, much longer than spathe, erect to spreading. Spathe ovate, boat-shaped,<br />
2–2.5 by 1 cm, not constricted, fornicate, gaping widely at anthesis, not convolute at base,<br />
marcescent, dull yellow. Spadix shorter than spathe, ca 1.5 by 0.4 cm; female flower zone<br />
adnate to spathe, ca 4 mm long, few-flowered; ovaries rhombic-ovoid to rhombic-ovoidoblong,<br />
ca 3 by 4 mm, pale green speckled purple, stylar region very short, stigma stellate<br />
with 4–6 lobes, lobes initially erect, later spreading and reflexed, whitish green; sterile<br />
interstice free, naked, ca 3 mm long; male flower zone fertile to apex, cylindric-conoid,<br />
ca 1 cm by 4 mm, many-flowered, dirty very pale yellow; synandria peltate, the connate<br />
filaments forming a stipe longer and narrower than dilated common connective, synandria<br />
all connate apically, forming continuous surface punctured by cavities with somewhat<br />
prominent margins into which pollen is shed from the 6(–8) surrounding thecae of which<br />
each pair of thecae belongs to a different synandrium. Fruit a 4–6-angled berry, ca 5 by 5<br />
mm, pale green, stigma persistent.<br />
11
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12<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
276<br />
F<br />
E<br />
D<br />
THE GENERA OF ARACEAE<br />
C H<br />
L K<br />
A B G J<br />
Figure 1. Ariopsis: A. habit × 1; B. spadix × 6; C. gynoecium × 15; D. gynoecium, longitudinal section × 15;<br />
E. section through male portion of spadix to show synandrium arrangement × 10; F. infructescence<br />
Plate 99. Ariopsis. A, habit × 1; B, spadix × 6; C, gynoecium × 15; D, gynoecium, longitudinal section × 15; E, section through male por-<br />
× 6; G. habit in flower, showing branching of tubers × 1; H. leaf × 1; J. spadix × 6; K. berry × 6;<br />
tion of spadix to show synandrium arrangement × 10; F, infructescence × 6; G, habit in flower, showing branching of tubers × 1; H, leaf ×<br />
1; J, spadix L. × seed 6; K, × berry 12. × Ariopsis 6; L, seed × peltata: 12. Ariopsis A. peltata: Talbot A, Talbot 496 (K); 496 (K); B–E. B–E, Bogner 1922 1922 (Kew (RBG, spirit collection Kew spirit 56425); collection<br />
F, Barnes<br />
1087 (K); 56425); A. protanthera: F. Barnes G–H, Cult. 1087 Kew.1851 (K); A. (K); protanthera: J, Kurz s.n. (K); G–H. K–L, Cult. Cult. Kew. Kew.1851 1851 (Kew spirit (K); collection J. Kurz 58040). s.n. (K); K–L. Cult.<br />
Kew. 1851 (Kew spirit collection 58040). plate © Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Used<br />
with permission. Original artwork by Eleanor Catherine.
ARIOpSIS (ARACEAE: COLOCASIEAE) A NEW GENERIC RECORD FOR <strong>THAI</strong>LAND & pRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS<br />
ON TRANS-HIMALAYAN BIOGEOGRApHY IN ARACEAE (p.C. BOYCE)<br />
Figure 2. Ariopsis protanthera: plants in habitat in Nong Khai. photographed by Rachun pooma, Forest<br />
Herbarium. Used with permission.<br />
Thailand.— NORTHERN: Tak [Thi Mo Bo Falls, Tha Song Yang, 29 May 2008,<br />
pooma et al., 7071A-B (BKF)]; NORTH-EASTERN: Nong Khai [phu Wua Wildlife<br />
Sanctuary, 21 May 2004, pooma et al., 4203 (BKF!)].<br />
Distribution.— From NE India (Assam) through N Burma.<br />
Ecology.— Dry seasonal evergreen forest, on rocks by stream; altitude 300 m.<br />
Vernacular.— None recorded.<br />
Uses.— None recorded.<br />
TRANS-HIMALAYAN BIOGEOGRAPHY<br />
The extension in the known distribution of Ariopsis protanthera fits well a trans-<br />
Himalayan distribution pattern that is shared with many other aroid species occurring<br />
through the forested hills and mountains of the southern North-East Himalayan foothills<br />
south and east into northern parts of Thailand. Quite a number of other aroids have a<br />
similar distribution and continue into southwestern China and further south into the Lao<br />
pDR and Vietnam (Boyce, in prep.).<br />
Aroid species in Thailand that have a partial to complete trans-Himalayan<br />
distribution include:<br />
Amorphophallus (A. paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson).<br />
Arisaema (A. consanguineum Schott, A. roxburghii Kunth).<br />
13
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<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
Alocasia (A. acuminata Schott, A. cucullata (Lour.) G.Don, A. navicularis (K.Koch &<br />
C.D.Bouché) K.Koch & C.D.Bouché, A. odora (Lindl.) K.Koch).<br />
Colocasia (C. fallax Schott).<br />
Pothos (p. chinensis (Raf.) Merr., p. scandens L.).<br />
Remusatia (R. pumila (D.Don) H.Li & A.Hay & R. vivipara (Roxb.) Schott).<br />
Rhaphidophora (R. decursiva (Roxb.) Schott, R. glauca (Wall.) Schott, R. hookeri Schott,<br />
R. megaphylla H.Li, R. peepla (Roxb.) Schott, R. pertusa (Roxb.) Schott).<br />
Scindapsus (S. maclurei (Merr.) Merr. & F.p.Metcalf, S. officinalis (Roxb.) Schott).<br />
Steudnera (S. discolor N.E.Br.).<br />
REFERENCES<br />
Boyce, p.C. (in prep.) The biogeography of trans-Himalayan aroids and implications for<br />
aroid taxagenesis in Thailand and Indochina.<br />
Cabrera, L.I., Salazar, G.A., Chase, M.W., Mayo, S.J., Bogner, J. & Dávila, p. (2008).<br />
phylogenetic relationships of aroids and duckweeds (Araceae) inferred from<br />
coding and noncoding plastid DNA. American Journal of Botany 95: 1153–1165.<br />
Mayo, S.J., Bogner, J. & Boyce, p.C. (1997). The Genera of Araceae. Kew, Royal Botanic<br />
Gardens, Kew. xii + 370 pp.
<strong>THAI</strong> FOR. BULL. (BOT.) 37: 15–26. 2009.<br />
A review of Pothos L. (Araceae: Pothoideae: Pothoeae) for Thailand<br />
PETER C. BOYCE 1<br />
ABSTRACT. An account of Pothos for Thailand is presented as a precursor of the forthcoming Flora of<br />
Thailand treatment. Eight species are recognized of which two (P. wallichii Hook.f. and P. neoroxburghii<br />
P.C.Boyce) represent new records for Thailand; the latter name is a nomen novum for long-overlooked and<br />
much obfuscated P. roxburghii de Vriese, nom. illeg. (non P. roxburghii Schott).<br />
KEY WORDS: Araceae, Pothos, taxonomy, key, Flora of Thailand.<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
Pothos L. is a genus of ca 65 species of subtropical and tropical, predominantly<br />
forest-dwelling, root-climbing hemiepiphytes distributed from Madagascar to Western<br />
Oceania (east to Vanuatu) and China (north to Hubei) to Australia (south to Queensland,<br />
New South Wales). Recent revisions have established an alpha-taxonomy for Malesia<br />
(Hay, 1995; Boyce & Hay, 2001), Thailand, and Indochina (Boyce, 2000).<br />
Boyce (2000) published a precursory account for the Flora of Thailand but then,<br />
for a variety of reasons, final collation of the Thai Araceae account was delayed until<br />
last year. While undertaking updating and final compilation of the aroids, the author<br />
discovered two new Thai records for Pothos, including a necessary nomen novum. Given<br />
that these two additional species represent a more than 30% increase in the number of<br />
Pothos for Thailand an updated precursor account is provided here.<br />
POTHOS<br />
L., Sp. Pl. 968. 1753; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 551. 1893; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 5:<br />
127. 1925; Gagnep. in H.Lecomte (ed.), Fl. Indo-Chine 6: 1082. 1942; Mayo et al., Gen.<br />
Araceae, 98–99, Pl. 5 & 108A, 1997; P.C.Boyce, Blumea 45: 147–204. 2000; P.C.Boyce<br />
& A.Hay, Telopea 9: 449–571. 2001.— Tapanava Adanson, Fam. Pl. 2: 470. 1763.—<br />
Batis Blanco, Fl. Filip. 791. 1837.— Goniurus Presl, Epimel. Bot. 244. 1851, ‘1849’.—<br />
Potha Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 742. 1891, orth. var.<br />
Small to very large, slender to rather robust hemiepiphytes. Stems rather woody,<br />
lower branches rooting, upper ones free and hanging in most species, nodes rarely bearing<br />
short, clustered spines, buds of lateral shoots sometimes perforating the leaf sheath or ±<br />
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<br />
1 phymatarum@googlemail.com
16<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
infra-axillary. Leaves distichous, juvenile plants of some species with a shingle form.<br />
Petiole pulvinate apically, either broad, completely flattened and usually auriculate<br />
apically, or morphology normal with a long sheath, sometimes sheath reduced to a pair of<br />
hyaline ridges. Lamina linear-lanceolate to ovate or elliptic, mostly sometimes oblique;<br />
primary lateral veins either mostly arising near base of blade, long arcuate, and running<br />
into marginal vein near apex, or pinnate, weakly differentiated, forming submarginal<br />
collective vein, 1–2 marginal veins also present and these crossing the primary lateral<br />
veins to produce a distinctive ‘pothoid’ venation; higher order venation reticulate.<br />
Inflorescence morphologically axillary or infra-axillary, solitary or forming short free,<br />
very rarely elongating and rooting, synflorescences of several inflorescences, bearing<br />
4–6, or more rigid, coriaceous cataphylls at the base. Peduncle very short to very long,<br />
sometimes reflexed. Spathe ovate to linear, rarely very long, persistent into fruiting.<br />
Spadix globose, ovoid, cylindric, ellipsoid or obovoid, sessile to long-stipitate, densely<br />
or laxly flowered. Flowers bisexual, perigoniate; tepals 4–6, usually fornicate, free or<br />
partially to completely connate. Stamens 4–6, free, filaments oblong, flattened, connective<br />
slender, thecae ellipsoid, dehiscing by a slit. Gynoecium with ovary ovoid-oblong or<br />
depressed, (2?–)3-locular; ovules 1 per locule, anatropous, funicle short, placenta axile at<br />
base of septum, stylar region sometimes as broad as ovary, stigma discoid-hemispheric to<br />
umbonate. Fruit an ellipsoid to ovoid, berry 1(–3)-seeded, usually red or rarely whitish or<br />
dull purple when ripe. Seed ellipsoid, testa smooth, embryo large, endosperm absent.<br />
Distribution.— Ca 75 species distributed from Madagascar through to India, the<br />
subtropical eastern Himalayas, throughout subtropical and tropical Asia into the tropical<br />
western Pacific and tropical eastern Australia. Eight species in Thailand, none endemic.<br />
KEY TO THE SPECIES<br />
1. Leaf with petiole expanded and flattened, the leaf resembling that of many Citrus species<br />
2. Stipe of spadix sharply bent at anthesis, fertile portion of spadix held adjacent to peduncle; inflorescences<br />
generally arising in many leaf axils along a flowering branch 7. P. scandens<br />
2. Stipe of spadix ± straight at anthesis; inflorescences either few at shoot tips, or arising singly in most axils<br />
of a flowering branch<br />
3. Peduncle not more than 2.5 cm long, green or purple; spathe green or purple; spadix stipe never exceeding<br />
1.5 cm long; fertile portion ovoid, ca 3.5–13 by 3–11 mm, white to cream at anthesis<br />
4. Inflorescences few per flowering shoot, mostly at the tips; spathe green 1. P. chinensis<br />
4. Inflorescences many per flowering shoot; arranged along the entire distal portion; spathe purple<br />
6. P. roxburghii<br />
3. Peduncle 4–10 cm long, dull orange-yellow; spathe white; spadix stipe 2.75–4 cm long; fertile portion<br />
clavate, 12.5–15 by 10–12 mm, mid-yellow 5. P. macrocephalus<br />
1. Leaf with petiole slender, canaliculate<br />
5. Spadix with flowers densely clustered, the whole appearing uniformly cylindrical<br />
6. Spathe deeply cucullate, deep purple; inflorescence carried below the flowering shoot on a sharply deflexed<br />
peduncle 3. P. kingii<br />
6. Spathe lorate or lanceolate; inflorescence erect or spreading, peduncle not sharply deflexed<br />
7. Peduncle less than 1 mm diam., arching, inflorescence spreading; spathe 4–5 cm long, lanceolate<br />
8. P. wallichii<br />
7. Peduncle 2–3 mm diam., erect or curving and ultimately ascending, inflorescence held erect, spathe<br />
2.5–10 cm long, lorate 4. P. leptostachyus<br />
5. Spadix with flowers scattered along a slender axis 2. P. curtisii
A REVIEW OF POTHOS L. (ARACEAE: POTHOIDEAE: POTHOEAE) FOR <strong>THAI</strong>LAND (P.C. BOYCE)<br />
1. Pothos chinensis (Raf.) Merr., J. Arnold Arbor. 24: 210. 1948; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India<br />
6: 552 (sub. P. cathcartii). 1893; Gagnep. in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine, 6: 1086–1087<br />
(sub. P. cathcartii, yunnanensis & balansae). 1942; P.C.Boyce, Blumea 45: 155. 2000.—<br />
Tapanava chinensis Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 14. 1837.— Pothos seemannii Schott, Aroid. 22,<br />
t. 43. 1856–7; Schott, Bonplandia (Hannover) 5: 45. 1857.— P. cathcartii Schott, Aroid.<br />
22, t. 44–45. 1858 (as ‘cathcarti’).— P. warburgii Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25: 2. 1898.—<br />
P. balansae Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25: 3. 1898.— P. yunnanensis Engl., Pflanzenr.<br />
21(IV.23B): 28. 1905.— P. chinensis (Raf.) Merr. var. lotienensis C.Y.Wu & H.Li, Acta<br />
Phytotax. Sin. 15: 101. 1977. Fig 1 A–B.<br />
Small to very large, slender to robust, homeophyllous root-climbing hemiepiphyte<br />
to 10 m. Stem weakly four-angled, slightly compressed or terete in cross section, midgreen,<br />
becoming greyish brown with age; fertile shoot often branching to three or<br />
more orders. Leaves many. Petiole broadly winged, obovate-oblong to linear-oblong or<br />
elongate-triangular, 5–14 by 0.5–2 cm, with 2–3 secondary veins and numerous veinlets<br />
per side, base decurrent to clawed, apex truncate, rounded or auriculate; lamina ovate<br />
to elliptic or lanceolate, 3–21 by 1.5–25 cm, leathery, drying chartaceous. Flowering<br />
shoot much abbreviated, arising from most of the mid- to distal leaf axils of fertile<br />
shoots, bearing a minute prophyll and a few 3–15 mm sequentially longer cataphylls.<br />
Inflorescence 1–2. Peduncle rather stout, 3–25 by 1.5–2.5 mm, erect to variously curved,<br />
green to brown-tinged; spathe 4–12 by 4–10 mm, ovate, concave, margins in-rolled,<br />
base cordate, clasping and slightly decurrent on the peduncle, apex fornicate to recurved,<br />
acute to subacute with a rather stout mucro, greenish white to green, occasionally faintly<br />
purple-tinged, somewhat waxy; spadix stipitate; stipe , terete in cross section, 5–10 by<br />
1–1.25 mm, erect, straight, green; fertile portion globose to ovoid, 3.5–13 by 3–10 mm,<br />
pale green to white. Flowers ca 1–2 mm diam. Infructescence with 1–5 berries; fruit<br />
obclavate to ovoid or ellipsoid, 1–1.8 by 1–1.4 mm, mid-green ripening to scarlet, often<br />
with basal chartaceous tepal remains.<br />
Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Nan, Lampang, Phrae, Tak, Phitsanulok,<br />
Phetchabun; NORTH-EASTERN: Loei; EASTERN: Nakhon Ratchasima; SOUTH-WESTERN:<br />
Kanchanaburi; CENTRAL: Saraburi; SOUTH-EASTERN: Prachin Buri, Chanthaburi;<br />
PENINSULAR: Phangnga.<br />
Distribution.— Nepal through NE India and Bhutan, Bangladesh, Burma to SW<br />
China, including Hong Kong (type), Cambodia, Lao P.D.R., Vietnam, Taiwan.<br />
Ecology.— On rocks and trees and in clearings in tropical or subtropical primary<br />
or disturbed lowland wet or dry evergreen forest, rainforest, sandstone, limestone, granite,<br />
clay, loam or sandy soil; altitude: 250–1970 m.<br />
Vernacular.— Kho kio yan (คอกิ่วย่าน)<br />
(Surin); tong ngum (ตองงุม), cak khep (คักเข็บ),<br />
tun wa (ตุนวา), wai takhep (หวายตะเข็บ) (Chiang Mai); wai tamoi (หวายตะมอย) (Nakhon<br />
Ratchasima); ta khap khio (ตะขาบเขียว) (Loei); phlu chang (พลูช้าง) (Peninsular); Hmab<br />
Ntsua Nees (Hmong dialect, Nan).<br />
Uses.— Used fresh and applied topically on insect and animal bites [Brun et al.<br />
502]; decoction from entire plant used in bath to treat tumours [Brun et al. 704] and<br />
drinking for anti-cough [Anderson 5572].<br />
17
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<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
Notes.— Confusion between P. chinensis and P. scandens is possible. In flower<br />
P. chinensis is immediately recognizable by the straight, not bent, stipe and the generally<br />
larger, paler, fewer, more scattered inflorescences. Additionally, P. scandens produces<br />
solitary inflorescences whereas P. chinensis frequently produces inflorescences in<br />
pairs. Generally P. scandens has flowering shoots arising at many of the leaf axils of<br />
long pendent fertile shoots, thus there are often numerous inflorescences. By contrast,<br />
P. chinensis tends to produce flowering shoots only in the most distal leaf axils of short<br />
spreading fertile shoots, thus inflorescences are rather few. Inflorescence colours also<br />
differ; purple spathe and cream fertile spadix in P. scandens, green spathe and white to<br />
yellow fertile spadix in P. chinensis. Field observations have detected a faint sweet odour<br />
from inflorescences of P. chinensis but no detectable odour from P. scandens.<br />
Sterile material of P. chinensis can be difficult to differentiate from P. scandens.<br />
Generally the petioles are less than half as long as the lamina, and the lamina is twice or<br />
more as broad as the petiole, narrower and with an attenuate apex. However, variation<br />
is such that intermediates are common. A feature noted in P. chinensis, but yet to be<br />
recorded for P. scandens, is the occurrence of flagelliform foraging shoots.<br />
2. Pothos curtisii Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 554. 1893; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 5: 1279<br />
(sub P. latofolius). 1925; P.C.Boyce, Blumea 45: 186. 2000; P.C.Boyce & A.Hay, Telopea<br />
9: 547. 2001.— P. peninsularis Alderw., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 3, 1: 381. 1920.—<br />
P. latifolius Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 554. 1893, nom. illeg., non P. latifolius L.— P.<br />
kunstleri Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 554. 1893.— P. maingayi Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 6:<br />
554. 1893.<br />
Slender, heterophyllous, root-climbing hemiepiphyte to 3 m. Stem (juvenile) ca 1.5<br />
mm diam., terete to slightly angled in cross section, shingle-leaved; stem (mature) ca 6 mm<br />
diam., terete in cross-section. Leaves scattered, spreading. Petiole slender, canaliculate,<br />
rounded abaxially, 2–10.5 cm by 1–6 mm, base decurrent, apex prominently pulvinate;<br />
petiolar sheath distinct, prominent, erect, apically ligulate in young growth, ligule later<br />
disintegrating, base amplexicaul or decurrent to almost free; lamina broadly to narrowly<br />
oblong-elliptic, 8–26 by 1.6–9.5 cm. Flowering shoot much abbreviated to rarely rather<br />
elongated through reiteration, leafless or occasionally bearing developed but undersize<br />
foliage leaves. Inflorescence solitary on each reiterating flowering shoot but many such<br />
shoots arising sequentially; peduncle somewhat robust, strongly curving or straight, the<br />
inflorescence held erect, 2.5–6.5 cm by 1–4 mm, mid green; spathe linear-triangular to<br />
narrowly oblong, 3.4–6.7 by ca 1 cm, base rounded, annulately inserted onto peduncle,<br />
apex acuminate, slightly rough to smooth, pale brown tinged reddish pink; spadix stipitate;<br />
stipe 3–19 by 1–2 mm, terete; fertile portion 3.5–13.5 cm by 0.5–3 mm, very slendercylindric,<br />
occasionally sterile at the tip, pale greyish pink, older inflorescences blackish<br />
red. Flowers 3 by 2.1 by 1.6 mm diam., widely scattered, arranged in a lax spiral along<br />
the spadix. Infructescence not observed.<br />
Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Narathiwat.<br />
Distribution.— Peninsular Malaysia (type), Singapore, Indonesia (Sumatra).<br />
Ecology.— Wet hill and lowland evergreen forest; altitudes 60–600 m.
A REVIEW OF POTHOS L. (ARACEAE: POTHOIDEAE: POTHOEAE) FOR <strong>THAI</strong>LAND (P.C. BOYCE)<br />
Vernacular.— None recorded.<br />
Uses.— None recorded.<br />
Notes.— Pothos curtisii is the only species of the luzonensis group (see Boyce<br />
& Hay 1998) occurring in Thailand. Fertile material is unmistakable by the slender<br />
spadix and scattered flowers. Sterile specimens may be confused with other species of<br />
the Allopothos supergroup, especially those occurring in the same region of peninsular<br />
Thailand (e.g. P. kingii and P. leptostachyus). Pothos leptostachyus and P. kingii have<br />
thinly chartaceous leaves, while P. curtisii has more coriaceous leaves.<br />
3. Pothos kingii Hook.f, Fl. Brit. India 6: 553. 1893; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 5: 131.<br />
1925; P.C.Boyce, Blumea 45: 189. 2000; P.C.Boyce & A.Hay, Telopea 9: 515. 2001.— P.<br />
grandispathus Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 41: 48. 1904 (‘grandispatha’).—<br />
P. ridleyanus Furtado, Gard. Bull. Singapore 8: 150. 1935.— P. ellipticus Ridl., J. Straits<br />
Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 41: 48. 1904, nom. illeg., non P. ellipticus Moon ex Miq. Fig. 1C.<br />
Moderate, slender, heterophyllous, root-climbing hemiepiphyte to 7 m. Stem<br />
(juvenile) ca 3 mm diam., terete in cross section, shingle-leaved; stem (mature) to 8<br />
mm diam., terete in cross section. Leaves dense. Petiole slender, 4–12 cm by 2–2.5 mm;<br />
petiolar sheath extending to pulvinus, clasping basally on juvenile and mature sterile<br />
shoots, prominent and sheathing to 4/5 of its length on fertile shoots; lamina ovate to<br />
elliptic or lanceolate, 5–25 by 2.5–9 cm, stiffly chartaceous, air drying dull green with<br />
the midrib pale yellow and prominently raised. Flowering shoot elongated, leafy, arising<br />
from most of the mid to distal leaf axils of fertile shoots. Inflorescence solitary; peduncle<br />
reflexed by ca 90° at the base, the inflorescence held inverted beneath the shoot, 2–5 cm<br />
by 1.5– 2.5 mm, stout, yellow to orange-brown; spathe ovate, deeply cucullate, 4–10 by<br />
2.5–6 cm, base slightly decurrent on the peduncle, apex acute, deep purple inside and out,<br />
softlyleathery and rather prominently net-veined; spadix sessile, cylindrical, 2.5–7 cm by<br />
3–8 mm, deep purple-brown. Flowers ca 1 mm diam. Infructescence not observed.<br />
Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Ranong, Surat Thani, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Songkhla,<br />
Narathiwat.<br />
Distribution.— Peninsular Malaysia (type).<br />
Ecology.— Shady to open areas in wet primary evergreen forest, often on steep<br />
slopes. Frequently, but not exclusively, associated with limestone; altitudes 50–450m.<br />
Vernacular.— None recorded.<br />
Uses.— None recorded.<br />
Notes.— Unique due to its deeply cucullate, softly leathery, deep purple spathe,<br />
P. kingii is restricted to southern Peninsular Thailand and a few localities in Peninsular<br />
Malaysia where it occurs in wet forest. Fertile specimens are instantly recognizable but<br />
sterile material could be confused with vegetatively similar P. lorispathus (to which P.<br />
kingii is allopatric), and P. curtisii. The last is known from one locality in Peninsular<br />
Thailand but is widespread and locally common in Peninsular Malaysia.<br />
19
20<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
4. Pothos leptostachyus Schott, Prodr. Syst. Aroid.: 71. 1860; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 5:<br />
130 (sub. P. lorispathus (‘lorispatha’). 1925; P.C.Boyce, Blumea 45: 195 (sub. lorispatha).<br />
2000; P.C.Boyce & A.Hay, Telopea 9: 498. 2001.— P. lorispathus Ridl., J. Straits Branch<br />
Roy. Asiat. Soc. 86: 310. 1922 (‘lorispatha’). Fig. 1D.<br />
Moderate, robust, (heterophyllous?), root-climbing hemiepiphyte to 8 m. Stem<br />
(mature) to 6 mm diam., terete in cross-section; fertile shoots seldom branching, stem<br />
of fertile shoot to 4 mm diam., densely clothed with leaves. Leaves dense. Petiole<br />
slender, 3–7 m long; petiolar sheath somewhat prominent, extending to just below apical<br />
pulvinus, basally clasping, apically briefly auriculate to slightly ligulate; lamina oblongelliptic,<br />
often falcate, unequal, occasionally quite strongly so, 10–34 by 2.5–10 cm, base<br />
rounded, apex acute to acuminate, very briefly tabulate, stiffly but thinly chartaceous,<br />
air drying dull greenish. Flowering shoot arising from below the leaf axils of fertile<br />
shoots, abbreviated, usually leafless but with 1–several well-developed cataphylls, very<br />
occasionally with one or more fully developed but reduced leaves. Inflorescence solitary<br />
but flowering shoots almost always reiterating and thus several inflorescences at varying<br />
degrees of developmental maturity often present; peduncle moderately stout, 3–5 cm by<br />
2–3 mm, erect or curving and ultimately ascending and the inflorescence held erect, dull<br />
green; spathe lorate, 2.5–10 cm by 5–15 mm, spreading, base auriculate, auricle margins<br />
inrolled, barely decurrent on the peduncle, apex obtuse, acuminate, mid green; spadix<br />
stipitate; stipe 8–15 by ca 2 mm, slender, terete, lime green; fertile portion 5–6.5 cm<br />
by 3–4 mm, cylindrical to tapering slender–cylindrical, straight to slightly curved, base<br />
unequal, slightly cochleate, creamy yellow. Flowers ca 1.5 mm diam. Infructescence with<br />
numerous berries; fruit 1–1.5 cm by 5–8 mm, obclavate to ellipsoid, ripening deep scarlet,<br />
with basal chartaceous tepal remains.<br />
Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Yala.<br />
Distribution.— Peninsular Malaysia (type), Indonesia (Sumatra, Aceh), Borneo.<br />
Ecology.— Damp to rather dry evergreen hill forest on limestone; altitude 50–100 m.<br />
Vernacular.— None recorded.<br />
Uses.— None recorded.<br />
Notes.— Confusion with P. wallichii is possible although the stout (2–3 mm diam.)<br />
erect peduncles and longer, lorate spathe readily distinguishes P. leptostachyus.<br />
5. Pothos macrocephalus Scort. ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 553. 1893; Ridl., Fl. Malay<br />
Penins. 5: 128. 1925; P.C.Boyce, Blumea 45: 172. 2000; P.C.Boyce & A.Hay, Telopea 9:<br />
476. 2001. Fig. 2A.<br />
Large, robust, homeophyllous, root-climbing hemiepiphyte to 15 m. Stem<br />
(juvenile) to 8 mm diam., weakly angled or subterete in cross section; stem (mature) 12<br />
mm diam. Leaves dense. Petiole broadly winged, oblong to obovate-oblong, 5–14 cm by<br />
5–15 mm, with 4–5 secondary veins per side, base decurrent to clawed, apex truncate,<br />
rounded or auriculate; lamina ovate to elliptic or lanceolate, 3–18 by 1.5–20.5 cm, with<br />
2–4 intramarginal veins per side, base rounded to acute, apex attenuate-mucronate to<br />
acute or attenuate, minutely tabulate, leathery. Flowering shoot much abbreviated,
A REVIEW OF POTHOS L. (ARACEAE: POTHOIDEAE: POTHOEAE) FOR <strong>THAI</strong>LAND (P.C. BOYCE)<br />
arising from mostly the middle to distal leaf axils of fertile shoots, sometimes arising on<br />
older leafless parts, bearing a minute prophyll and a few 5–35 mm, sequentially longer<br />
cataphylls. Inflorescence solitary; peduncle rather stout, 4–10 cm by 1.5–2 mm, erect, dull<br />
orange-yellow; spathe ovate, 2.5-3 by 2–2.5 cm, flat to convex, base cordate, clasping<br />
the peduncle, apex slightly raised, acute to subacute with a stout mucro, white, somewhat<br />
waxy; spadix stipitate; stipe terete in cross section, 2.5–4 cm by 2–2.5 mm, erect, straight,<br />
pale green; fertile portion ovoid-clavate, 1.25–1.5 by 1–1.5 cm, mid-yellow. Flowers<br />
ca 1–2 mm diam. Infructescence with 1–5 berries; fruit obclavate to ovoid or ellipsoid,<br />
1–1.75 by 1–1.4 cm, deep green ripening to scarlet, epidermis of upper part of ovary<br />
roughened in sub-mature fruits, more or less smooth when ripe.<br />
Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Yala, Narathiwat.<br />
Distribution.— Peninsular Malaysia (type), Indonesia (Sumatra).<br />
Ecology.— Rainforest on rock along streams, moist evergreen forest on moderate<br />
slopes. Frequently associated with limestone or granite; altitude 50–300 m.<br />
Vernacular.— Thao phan dong (เถาพันดง) (Peninsular).<br />
Uses.— None recorded.<br />
Notes.— A large distinctive hemiepiphyte which, for the area under review, has<br />
so far been collected only in Yala and Narathiwat provinces of peninsular Thailand where<br />
its occurrence is sporadic. The large yellow and white inflorescences are most similar in<br />
appearance to those of P. gigantipes (S. Vietnam & Cambodia). However, the form of the<br />
mature and juvenile leaves of these species is quite different. Sterile P. macrocephalus<br />
can be confused with P. scandens although in the latter the petiole is generally shorter<br />
than the lamina and overall P. macrocephalus is a more massive plant.<br />
6. Pothos neoroxburghii P.C.Boyce, nom. nov.— P. roxburghii de Vriese in F.A.W.Miquel,<br />
Pl. Jungh.: 103 (1851), non Schott, Aroideae: 22 (1856).— P. longipedunculatus Engl.,<br />
Pflanzenr., IV, 23B: 27 (1905), nom. illeg., non. Ridl., Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1925: 93<br />
(1925), nom. illeg. Lectotype (selected here): Malaysia, Penang, Porter s.n., sub Wallich<br />
E.I. Cat. No. 4435D (K-WAL!) This is the only physical specimen cited by de Vriese. The<br />
other syntype is: Wight Icones III: 776. Fig. 2B.<br />
Large moderately robust, homeophyllous, root-climbing hemiepiphyte to 15 m.<br />
Stem to 15 mm diam., four-angled or slightly compressed-terete in cross section; fertile<br />
shoot branching to ca two orders, stem to 10 mm diam. Leaves dense. Petiole 2–20 cm by<br />
5–20 mm, broadly winged, obovate-oblong to linear-oblong, with 2–3 secondary veins<br />
and numerous veinlets per side, base decurrent, apex truncate, rounded or auriculate;<br />
lamina 2–10 by 1–4 cm, ovate to elliptic or lanceolate with 2 intramarginal veins per<br />
side, base rounded to acute, apex attenuate-mucronate, leathery. Flowering shoot much<br />
abbreviated, arising from most of the mid- to distal leaf axils of fertile shoots, bearing<br />
a minute prophyll and a few 3–10 mm, sequentially longer, cataphylls. Inflorescence<br />
solitary; peduncle slender, 3–15 by 0.5–2 mm, erect to spreading, green to purple-tinged;<br />
spathe 4–10 by 4–10 mm, ovate, concave, margins flate to slightly concave, base short,<br />
apex rounded to acute with a tiny, rather stout mucro, maroon; spadix long-stipitate; stipe<br />
terete in cross section, 10–15 by ca 1 mm, erect, white; fertile portion globose or ovoid<br />
21
22<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
to subclavate, 9–12 by 3.5–10 mm, white. Flowers ca 1–2 mm diam. Infructescence with<br />
1–5 berries; fruit obclavate, 1–1.75 by 1–1.5 cm, mid-green ripening to deep scarlet.<br />
Thailand.— SOUTH-WESTERN: Kanchanaburi, Phetchaburi; SOUTH-EASTERN:<br />
Prachin Buri, Chachoengsao, Chon Buri, Rayong, Chanthaburi, Trat; PENINSULAR: Surat<br />
Thani, Phangnga, Phuket, Krabi, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Trang, Songkhla, Pattani.<br />
Distribution.— NW India through Burma.<br />
Ecology.— On trees and rocks in primary and secondary wet lowland to hill<br />
evergreen tropical forest; altitude 150–450 m.<br />
Vernacular.— Thao phan dong (เถาพันดง) (Peninsular).<br />
Uses.— None recorded.<br />
Notes.— de Vriese erected Pothos roxburghii seemingly unaware that the name<br />
was preoccupied for a Sumatra species now known as Pothos junghuhnii de Vriese.<br />
Later uncritical synonymization of de Vriese’s epithet into P. scandens, along with the<br />
illegitimacy of Engler’s attempt at renaming de Vriese’s concept (as P. longipedunculatus)<br />
but based upon a new type (thus rendering Engler’s epithet illegitimate) has long<br />
obfuscated the status of plants that while resembling P. scandens, differ markedly in the<br />
larger inflorescences with the stipe not reflexing. The new epithet is chosen to continue<br />
in some way to reflect that Roxburgh, as so often, actually got the taxonomy correct but<br />
simply failed to get the name published in accordance with modern rules.<br />
7. Pothos scandens L., Sp. Pl.: 698. 1753; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 551. 1893; Ridl.,<br />
Fl. Malay Penins. 5: 127. 1925; Gagnep. in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 6: 1083. 1942;<br />
P.C.Boyce, Blumea 45: 180. 2000; P.C.Boyce & A.Hay, Telopea 9: 461. 2001.— Batis<br />
hermaphrodita Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 1: 791. 1837.— Pothos hermaphroditus (Blanco)<br />
Merr., Sp. Blancoanae: 90. 1918.— P. angustifolius C.Presl, Epimel. Bot.: 243. 1849.— P.<br />
chapelieri Schott, Aroideae: 22, t. 35. 1856–1857.— P. exiguiflorus Schott, Aroideae: 21,<br />
t. 41. 1856–1857.— P. cognatus Schott, Aroideae: 22, t. 42. 1856–1857.— P. scandens L.<br />
var. cognatus (Schott) Engl. in A.L.P de Candolle & A.C.P. de Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 2:<br />
84. 1879.— P. zollingerianus Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 5: 19. 1855.— P. horsfieldii<br />
Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 3: 178. 1856.— P. decipiens Schott, Bonplandia (Hannover) 7: 165.<br />
1859.— P. fallax Schott, Prodr. Syst. Aroid.: 560. 1860. Fig. 2 C.<br />
Moderate to rather large, slender to moderately robust, homeophyllous, rootclimbing<br />
hemiepiphyte to 6 m. Stem 10 mm diam., weakly four-angled or slightly<br />
compressed-terete in cross section; fertile shoot often branching to four or more orders,<br />
stem to 5 mm diam. Leaves dense. Petiole 2–14 cm by 5–20 mm, broadly winged,<br />
obovate-oblong to linear-oblong, with 2–3 secondary veins and numerous veinlets per<br />
side, base decurrent, apex truncate, rounded or auriculate; lamina 2–10 by 1–4 cm, ovate<br />
to elliptic or lanceolate with 2 intramarginal veins per side, base rounded to acute, apex<br />
attenuate-mucronate, leathery. Flowering shoot much abbreviated, arising from most of<br />
the mid- to distal leaf axils of fertile shoots, bearing a minute prophyll and a few 3–10 mm,<br />
sequentially longer, cataphylls. Inflorescence solitary; peduncle slender, 3–15 by 0.5–2<br />
mm, erect to spreading, green to purple-tinged; spathe 4–8 by 4–7 mm, ovate, concave,
A REVIEW OF POTHOS L. (ARACEAE: POTHOIDEAE: POTHOEAE) FOR <strong>THAI</strong>LAND (P.C. BOYCE)<br />
margins variously inrolled, base short or somewhat long-clawed, apex rounded to acute<br />
with a tiny rather stout mucro, greenish to maroon; spadix stipitate; stipe terete in cross<br />
section, 5–10 by ca 1 mm, erect, the distal part erect to bent through 270°, greenish to<br />
maroon; fertile portion globose or ovoid to subclavate, 4–10 by 3.5–10 mm, yellow green<br />
to off white. Flowers ca 1–2 mm diam. Infructescence with 1–5 berries; fruit obclavate,<br />
1–1.75 by 1–1.5 cm, mid-green ripening to deep scarlet.<br />
Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Nan, Lampang, Phrae,<br />
Sukhothai, Phitsanulok; NORTH-EASTERN: Phetchabun, Loei, Nakhon Phanom; EASTERN:<br />
Chaiyaphum; SOUTH-WESTERN: Kanchanaburi, Phetchaburi; CENTRAL: Nakhon Nayok;<br />
SOUTH-EASTERN: Prachin Buri, Chachoengsao, Chon Buri, Rayong, Chanthaburi, Trat;<br />
PENINSULAR: Surat Thani, Phangnga, Phuket, Krabi, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Trang,<br />
Songkhla, Pattani.<br />
Distribution.— Madagascar to India and Sri Lanka (type), through Bangladesh to<br />
SW China, south Indonesia through Peninsular Malaysia to Borneo and the Philippines.<br />
Ecology.— On trees and rocks in primary and secondary wet to dry lowland to<br />
hill evergreen tropical to subtropical forest, occasionally on sea cliffs, on a variety of<br />
substrates including clay, limestone or granite; altitude 0–2100 m.<br />
Vernacular.— Kho kio (คอกิ่ว)<br />
(Surat Thani, Yala); cha khep (จะเข็บ) (Central, Lao),<br />
ta khep (ตะเข็บ) (Central); kao kin bai-lek, kao kin bai noi (Trang), ta khap (Chon Buri),<br />
wai mai (Myanmar: Shan, Shan dialect), wai so toi (Chon Buri), wai tamoi (หวายตะมอย)<br />
(Trat, Uttaradit); wai saloi (หวายสะลอย) (Nong Khai); wai nu (หวายหนู) (Chiang Rai); namae-ka-ting<br />
(นะแมะกะติง) (Malay–Pattani).<br />
Uses.— In China the plants are used as blood coagulant, principally for wounds.<br />
Fruits and leaves made into a compress [Keenan et al. 3281 (GH)].<br />
Notes.— Pothos scandens is unmistakable in its typical aspect, carrying rather<br />
small inflorescences on bent peduncles. However, the species is highly variable. Some<br />
populations comprise high-climbing plants bearing tiny inflorescences (Beusekom<br />
& Smitinand 2150, Geesink et al. 7250, Larsen et al. 44267 and Smitinand 2959 are<br />
representative of this element). Other populations (collections include e.g. Phusomsaeng<br />
188, Larsen 9524, Kasin 366) produce rather large inflorescences not exhibiting the bent<br />
peduncle until very late anthesis or during early infructescence development.<br />
8. Pothos wallichii Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 553. 1893; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 5: 129<br />
(sub. P. barberianus var. wallichii). 1925; P.C.Boyce & A.Hay, Telopea 9: 521. 2001.—<br />
Pothos barberianus Schott var. wallichii (Hook.f.) Ridl., Mat. Fl. Malay Penins. 3: 49.<br />
1907 & Fl. Malay Penins. 5: 129. 1925. Fig. 2 D–E.<br />
Slender, (heterophyllous?), root-climbing hemiepiphyte. Stem ca 6 mm diam., subterete.<br />
Leaves dense. Petiole slender, 6–9 cm long; petiolar sheath margins inrolled and<br />
thus sheath not prominent, extending to just below pulvinus, basally clasping, apically<br />
briefly ligulate; lamina lanceolate to lanceolate-elliptic, 6–16 by 2–5 cm, base acute to<br />
obtuse, apex acute to acuminate, very briefly apiculate; primary lateral veins arising at ca<br />
80°, very fine, stiffly but thinly chartaceous, drying dull greenish. Flowering shoot leafy,<br />
23
24<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
arising from the distalmost portions of fertile shoots. Inflorescence solitary. Peduncle<br />
very slender, 4–11 cm by ca 0.75 mm, arching, very rarely reflexed. Spathe lanceolate,<br />
4–5 by 0.5–1 cm, spreading to weakly reflexing, base auriculate, auricle margins inrolled,<br />
barely decurrent on the peduncle, apex acute to acuminate, dull reddish purple<br />
with paler longitudinal streaks. Spadix briefly stipitate; stipe ca 2 mm long; fertile portion<br />
slender, cylindrical, 5–7.5 cm by ca 2 mm, straight to slightly curved, base unequal,<br />
slightly cochleate, creamy yellow. Flowers ca 1.2 mm diam. Infructescence with rather<br />
few berries, these mostly carried on the basal half of spadix. Fruit ellipsoid, 1–1.2 cm by<br />
4–5 mm, with a prominent stigmatic remnant, ripening deep scarlet.<br />
Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Phatthalung.<br />
Distribution.— Peninsular Malaysia (type), Java.<br />
Ecology.— Evergreen forest; altitudes 100–200 m.<br />
Vernacular.— None recorded.<br />
Uses.— None recorded.<br />
Notes.— A new record for Thailand. Pothos wallichii is immediately recognizable<br />
by the inflorescences pendent from leafy shoot tips and the slender (less than 1 mm diam.)<br />
peduncle. It is similar to P. leptostachyus but readily separated by the much more slender<br />
arching, not erect, peduncles and the generally shorter lanceolate spathe and the glossy<br />
reddish purple with paler longitudinal streaks, not green, spathe limb.<br />
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />
This work was supported by the TRF/BIOTEC Special Program for Biodiversity<br />
Research and Training grant BRT R-151008.<br />
REFERENCES<br />
Boyce, P.C. (2000). The genus Pothos (Araceae: Pothoideae: Potheae) of Thailand and<br />
Indochina. Blumea 45: 147–204.<br />
Boyce, P.C. & A. Hay. (1998). Current advances in the taxonomy of Pothos. In: H. Li et al.<br />
(eds), Current Advances in Araceae Studies. Acta Botanica Yunnanica Supplement<br />
X: 43–47.<br />
________. (2001). A taxonomic revision of Araceae tribe Potheae (Pothos, Pothoidium<br />
and Pedicellarum) for Malesia, Australia and the tropical Western Pacific. Telopea<br />
9: 449–571.<br />
Hay, A. (1995). The genus Pothos L. (Araceae-Potheae) in New Guinea, Solomon Islands<br />
and Australia. Blumea 40: 397–419.
A<br />
C<br />
A REVIEW OF POTHOS L. (ARACEAE: POTHOIDEAE: POTHOEAE) FOR <strong>THAI</strong>LAND (P.C. BOYCE)<br />
Figure 1. Pothos chinensis: A-B. note the inflorescence situated at the tip of the flowering shoot; P. kingii:<br />
C. showing the diagnostic hooded deep purple spathe; P. leptostachyus: D. the erect inflorescences<br />
and green, lorate spathe distinguish this from the somewhat similar P. wallichii. Images: A–B:<br />
© Rachun Pooma; C: © Dept. Plant Sciences, Faculty of Research Science and Technology, Unimas;<br />
D: © Peter Boyce. Used with permission.<br />
D<br />
B<br />
25
26<br />
A<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
B C<br />
D E<br />
Figure 2. Pothos macrocephalus: A. the most spectacular Pothos in Thailand; the large white and yellow<br />
inflorescences are immediately diagnostic; P. neoroxburghii: B. long confused with P. scandens, but<br />
immediately separable by the straight, not reflexed stipe; P. scandens: C. note the inflorescences in<br />
each of the leaf axils and the reflexed stipe; Pothos wallichii: D-E. the deflexed peduncle and reddish<br />
purple, white-striped spathe readily separate this from P. leptostachyus. Images: A–B: © Rachun<br />
Pooma; C: © David Scherberich; D–E: © Peter Boyce. Used with permission.
<strong>THAI</strong> FOR. BULL. (BOT.) 37: 27–31. 2009.<br />
Thismia clavigera (Thismiaceae), a new record for Thailand<br />
SAHUT CHANTANAORRAPINT 1 & AMONRAT CHANTANAORRAPINT 2<br />
ABSTRACT. Thismia clavigera (Becc.) F.Muell., a species newly recorded for Thailand, is described and<br />
illustrated. A key to the species of Thismia in Thailand is provided.<br />
KEY WORDS: new record, Thailand, Thismia clavigera, Thismiaceae.<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
The family Burmanniaceae consists of two different tribes, Burmannieae and<br />
Thismieae, according to several authors (e.g. APG II, 2003; Jonker, 1938; Maas-van de<br />
Kamer, 1998; Govaerts et al., 2007). However, in some classifications Thismieae are<br />
considered as a separate family, the Thismiaceae (e.g. APG, 1998; Larsen, 1987; Merckx,<br />
2008). According to the World Checklist of Dioscoreales (Govaerts et al., 2007) seven<br />
genera are recognized in the Thismieae (Thismiaceae): Afrothismia Schltr., Geomitra<br />
Becc., Haplothismia Airy Shaw, Oxygyne Schltr., Scaphiophora Schltr., Thismia Griff.<br />
and Tiputinia P.E.Berry & C.L.Woodw. Of these, Geomitra was reduced to synonymy<br />
under Thismia by Mueller (1891), and this status was accepted by Stone (1980), Maasvan<br />
de Kamer (1998) and Merckx (2008). In the monograph of Jonker (1938), Geomitra<br />
was regarded as closely related to Thismia sect. Sarcosiphon (Blume) Jonker , which has<br />
coralliform roots, small outer perianth lobes and inner lobes which are connate to form an<br />
erect mitre with three holes. They are different only in the character of the mitre, which<br />
in Geomitra has three appendages on the top, but absent in Thismia sect. Sarcosiphon.<br />
The distinctive character seems to be rather of specific level than of generic level. Hence,<br />
Geomitra should be regarded as synonymous with Thismia following Mueller (1891),<br />
Stone (1980), Maas-van de Kamer (1998) and the latest phylogenetic systematic research<br />
in Merckx (2008).<br />
The account of the Thismiaceae for the Flora of Thailand has already been<br />
published (Larsen, 1987), including two species of Thismia Griff. In addition, Thismia<br />
alba Holttum ex Jonker was recently reported from Ton Nga Chang Waterfall, Songkhla<br />
(Chantanaorrapint & Sridith, 2007) and T. angustimitra Chantanaorr. has been described<br />
from Phu Wua, Nong Khai (Chantanaorrapint, 2008). During a field trip to Tarutao Island,<br />
Satun Province, in May 2008, T. clavigera (Becc.) F.Muell. was discovered as a new record<br />
for Thailand. Thismia clavigera had been previously collected from Borneo, Sumatra,<br />
and Langkawi (Beccari, 1977; Jonker, 1938, 1948; Stone, 1980). The description and<br />
illustration below are based on the Thai specimens cited below.<br />
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<br />
1 PSU-Herbarium, Centre for Biodiversity of Peninsular Thailand (CBiPT), Department of Biology, Faculty of<br />
Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand.<br />
2 Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
28<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
Figure 1. Thismia clavigera (Becc.) F.Muell.: A. plant habit with mature flower; B. perianth; C. longitudinal<br />
section of perianth; D. outer (abaxial) view of three pendulous stamens; E. inner (adaxial) view of<br />
three pendulous stamens, F. ovary. Scale bars = 1 cm. Drawn by S. Chantanaorrapint.
THISMIA CLAvIGERA (THISMIACEAE), A NEW RECORD FOR <strong>THAI</strong>LAND (S. CHANTANAORRAPINT & A. CHANTANAORRAPINT) 29<br />
DESCRIPTION<br />
Thismia clavigera (Becc.) F.Muell., Pap. & Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania 1890: 235. 1891;<br />
Blumea 26: 420. fig. 1. 1980.— Geomitra clavigera Becc., Malesia 1: 251. 1877; Monogr.<br />
Burmann.: 255. 1938; Fl. Males. I, 4: 25. 1948.— Sarcosiphon clavigerus (Becc.) Schltr.,<br />
Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 8: 39. 1921. Type: Malaysia, Sarawak, Mt. Gadin near<br />
Lundu, Beccari 2642 (holotype FI). Figs. 1–2.<br />
Terrestrial, achlorophyllous, mycoheterotrophic herb. Roots short dichotomously<br />
branched, forming coralliform, hairy, brownish-white apices. Stems erect, simple, to 15<br />
cm tall including 1–2(–3) flowers. Leaves scale-like, appressed, 3–8 mm long, triangularovate<br />
to lanceolate, translucent, apex acute or acuminate. Involucral bracts 3, white, ca<br />
1.2 cm long, ovate-lanceolate, apex acute to acuminate, slightly hooked. Flowers to 6 cm<br />
long (including appendages); perianth tube urceolate, 1.5–1.9 by 0.6–1.2 cm, narrowed<br />
just above the ovary, widest in the upper third, bright pink-red, translucent, with 12<br />
longitudinal ribs, transverse bars inside present; outer tepals 3, white, minute, ca 1 mm<br />
long, broadly triangular; inner tepals 3, thick, cuneate, broadly fused apically by their<br />
epidermis to form a mitriform hood above the mouth of the perianth-tube with three<br />
lateral apertures, aperture 6.5–8.5 mm in diam., top of mitre with three slender claviform<br />
appendages 1.9–3.2 cm long, all yellow-orange; stamens 6, pendulous from the thickened<br />
margin of the perianth tube; filaments short, ribbon-shaped, free, yellowish; connective<br />
broad with a quadrangular wing, apex acute, hairy, indigo blue, translucent, connate to<br />
form a tube around the style; each with two shallow thecae in adaxial view; theca oblong,<br />
ca 2 mm long; nectariferous gland present towards apex on the line of fusion between<br />
each connective; styles short, ca 1 mm long; stigmas ca 2.5 mm long, elliptic-oblong,<br />
papillae, 3-lobed, lobes slightly folded, apex truncate; ovary inferior, ca 5 mm long, cupshaped,<br />
blackish. Fruit not seen.<br />
Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Satun [Tarutao Island, 6°37’23’’N 99°38’10.6’’E, 3<br />
May 2008, Chantanaorrapint 2022 (PSU)]<br />
Distribution.— Malaysia (Sarawak, Langawi), Indonesia (Sumatra).<br />
Ecology.— In primary lowland forest on sandy soil covered by leaf litter over<br />
sandstone rock at ca 90 m altitude. Flowering in May.<br />
Notes.— The distinctive characters of this species are: 1) the minute outer tepals,<br />
2) the mitriform inner tepals with three slender claviform appendages, 3) the distal part of<br />
stamens acute with transparent hairs, and 4) coralliform underground part.<br />
Five species of Thismia are known from Thailand. A revised key to the species is<br />
provided below.<br />
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THISmIA IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
1. Inner perianth lobes free, spreading or erect<br />
2. Perianth lobes all equal in size, ± triangular, all 6 with long thread-like appendages 1. T. alba<br />
2. Outer 3 perianth lobes larger than inner 3, broadly ovate, only inner perianth lobes with long thread-like<br />
appendages 2. T. javanica<br />
1. Inner perianth lobes connate at the apex to form a mitre
30<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
3. Top of the mitre with three slender claviform appendages, underground part coralliform 3. T. clavigera<br />
3. Top of the mitre with three fovea, underground part vermiform<br />
4. Mitre broader than perianth tube, annulus erect 4. T. mirabilis<br />
4. Mitre narrower than perianth tube, annulus curved 5. T. angustimitra<br />
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />
The authors would like to thank Assoc. Prof. Dr Obchant Thaithong, Department<br />
of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand and Assoc.<br />
Prof. Dr Kitichate Sridith, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla<br />
University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand for their valuable comments on the first draft of<br />
the manuscript. Thanks also due to the Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Prince<br />
of Songkla University for the laboratory facilities.<br />
Figure 2. Thismia clavigera (Becc.) F.Muell.: A. habit; B. longitudinal section of perianth, C. inner (adaxial)<br />
view of three pendulous stamens; D. ovary showing stigma; E. underground part. Scale bars: A, B, E<br />
= 1 cm; C, D = 5 mm. Photographed by S. Chantanaorrapint.
THISMIA CLAvIGERA (THISMIACEAE), A NEW RECORD FOR <strong>THAI</strong>LAND (S. CHANTANAORRAPINT & A. CHANTANAORRAPINT) 31<br />
REFERENCES<br />
APG. (1998). An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants. Annals of the<br />
Missouri Botanical Garden 85: 531–553.<br />
APG II. (2003). An update of the angiosperm phylogeny group classification for the<br />
orders and families of flowering plants: APG II. Botanical Journal of the Linnean<br />
Society 141: 399–436.<br />
Beccari, O. (1877). Burmanniaceae. Malesia 1: 240–254.<br />
Chantanaorrapint, S. (2008). Thismia angustimitra (Thismiaceae), a new species from<br />
Thailand. Blumea 53: 524–526.<br />
Chantanaorrapint, S. & Sridith, K. (2007). Thismia alba (Thismiaceae), a new record for<br />
Thailand. Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 35: 34–37.<br />
Govaerts, R., Wilkin, P. & Saunders, R.M.K. (2007). World Checklist of Dioscoreales.<br />
Yams and their allies. Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.<br />
Jonker, F.P. (1938). A monograph of the Burmanniaceae. Mededeelingen van het<br />
Botanisch Museum en Herbarium van de Rijks Universiteit de Utrecht 51:<br />
1–279.<br />
________. (1948). Burmanniaceae. In: van Steenis, C.G.G.J. (ed), Flora Malesiana ser.<br />
I. 4: 13–26.<br />
Larsen, K. (1987). Thismiaceae. In: T. Smitinand & K. Larsen (eds), Flora of Thailand<br />
5(1): 124–126.<br />
Maas-van de Kamer, H. (1998). Burmanniaceae. In: Kubitzki, K. (ed.) Families and<br />
genera of vascular plants, Monocotyledons, Lilianae (except Orchidaceae), pp.<br />
154–164. Springer, Berlin.<br />
Merckx, v. (2008). Myco-heterotrophy in Dioscoreales: Systematics and Evolution.<br />
Unpubl. Ph.D. dissertation, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.<br />
Mueller, F.v. (1891). Notes on a new Tasmanian plant of the Order Burmanniaceae.<br />
Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 1890: 232–235.<br />
Stone, B.C. (1980). Rediscovery of Thismia clavigera (Becc.) F.v.M. (Burmanniaceae).<br />
Blumea 26: 419–425.
<strong>THAI</strong> FOR. BULL. (BOT.) 37: 32–35. 2009.<br />
A new record and a new synonym in Amomum Roxb. (Zingiberaceae) in Thailand<br />
WITTAYA KAEWSRI 1 , YINGYONG PAISOOKSANTIVATANA 2 & UAMPORN VEESOMMAI 2<br />
ABSTRACT. The new record Amomum micranthum Ridl. is reported for Thailand. Amomum inthanonense<br />
Chaveer. & Tanee is reduced to a synonym of A. coriandriodorum S.Q.Tong & Y.M.Xia.<br />
KEY WORDS: Amomum, Zingiberaceae, Thailand, new records.<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
The genus Amomum Roxb. comprises 150–180 species. They are widely distributed<br />
in Southeast Asia from the Himalayas to Northern Australia and extend into the central<br />
Pacific (Kam, 1982; Smith, 1985). Larsen (1996) listed 14 species of Amomum in his<br />
preliminary checklist of Zingiberaceae of Thailand. Sirirugsa (2001) estimated that there<br />
are around 15–20 Amomum species in Thailand. Larsen & Larsen (2006) in Gingers of<br />
Thailand, listed 16 species of Amomum. In the most recent account (Kaewsri, 2006),<br />
31 species of Thai Amomum were enumerated but only 13 of these were previously<br />
recognised species, the rest being proposed as new species. Whilst examining herbarium<br />
collections of this genus for the Flora of Thailand, we found the recently described<br />
Amomum inthanonense Chaveer. & Tanee (Chaveerach et al., 2008) is a synonym of A.<br />
coriandriodorum S.Q.Tong & Y.M.Xia (Tong & Xia, 1988), and that A. micranthum Ridl.<br />
is newly recorded for Thailand.<br />
1. Amomum micranthum Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32: 138. 1899; Ridl.,<br />
Fl. Malay Penins. 4: 267. 1924. Type: Curtis 2884 (lectotype SING, designated by<br />
Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13: 202 (1950)). Fig. 1C, D.<br />
Rhizome elongate. Leafy shoot slender, 0.9–1.2 m tall. Leaves 19–25; sheath<br />
glabrous, margin ciliate; ligule entire, apex round, margin ciliate, papery, 1–2 mm<br />
long; petiole absent; lamina oblong to narrowly oblong, 15–22 by 2–3 cm, glabrous,<br />
base attenuate, apex acuminate, tip caudate, 1–2.5 cm. Inflorescence densely obovate<br />
or conical, 3–4 by 2–2.5 cm, dark red; peduncle 8–11 cm long; peduncular bracts ovate,<br />
ca 0.8–1.4 by 0.8–1 cm, reddish brown, apex hooded, mucronate. Bract oblong to<br />
obovate-oblong, 1.3–1.7 by 0.7–0.9 cm, brownish red, base pubescent, apex acuminate.<br />
Bracteole tubular, ca 8 mm long including ovary, apex unequally bifid, creamy white,<br />
base pubescent. Calyx 1.5–1.8 cm long including ovary, apex 3-fid, outer surface slightly<br />
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<br />
1 Corresponding author: Agricultural Science Program, Mahidol University, Kanchanaburi Campus, 71150,<br />
Thailand.<br />
2 Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
A NEW RECORD AND A NEW SYNONYM IN AMOMUM ROXB. (ZINGIBERACEAE) IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(W. KAEWSRI, Y. PAISOOKSANTIVATANA & U. VEESOMMAI)<br />
pubescent at base, creamy white. Corolla creamy white, tube glabrous, ca 1.8 cm long<br />
including ovary, dorsal lobe oblong, ca 8 by 4 mm, apex acuminate, hooded, lateral lobes<br />
narrower. Staminodes linear, ca 1–2 mm long, base swollen, apex truncate, with sparse<br />
hair. Labellum obovoid, spreading, 10–12 by 6–7 mm, base attenuate, apex truncate,<br />
slightly revolute, creamy white with pinkish red dots at base and radiating upward.<br />
Stamen glabrous, creamy white; filament ca 5 mm long, linear; anther 3–4 by 2–3 mm,<br />
dehiscing lengthwise; anther crest 3-lobed, ca 4 by 2 mm, creamy white, central lobe ca<br />
3.5 by 1.0 mm, round, recurved, lateral lobes ca 2 by 1 mm, auriculate, apex acute, erect.<br />
Ovary cylindrical, ca 3.0 by 1.5 mm; stigma capitate, the aperture narrowly transverse,<br />
margin hairy; style pubescent; stylodes blunt, ca 2.5 mm long. Fruit subglobose, ca<br />
1.0–1.6 cm diameter, sparsely covered with fleshy, curved spines, brownish green when<br />
young, turning dark red when ripe, with persistent calyx and stigma, 1.2–1.4 cm long at<br />
apex, fruitlets 1–6; seeds angular, ca 7 by 4 mm, aril white.<br />
Thailand.— SOUTH-EASTERN: Chanthaburi [Khlong Khruea Wai, 25 March 2004,<br />
Kaewsri 63 (BK, BKF)]; PENINSULAR: Ranong [Krom Luang Chumphon Wildlife<br />
Sanctuary, 7 April 2004, Kaewsri 84 (BK, BKF)].<br />
Distribution.— Peninsular Malaysia: Penang, Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan.<br />
Ecology.— Tropical rain forest, dry evergreen forest or bamboo forest, altitude ca<br />
250 m. Flowering and fruiting April–July.<br />
Note.— The specimens collected in Thailand are more robust than the type<br />
specimen.<br />
2. Amomum coriandriodorum S.Q.Tong & Y.M.Xia, Acta Bot. Yunnan., 10: 208. 1988.<br />
Wu & Larsen, Fl. China 24: 350. 2000. Type: Tong, S.Q. & Liao, W.D. 24839 (holotype<br />
HITBC).— Amomum inthanonense Chaveer. & Tanee, Taiwania 53: 7. 2008, synon. nov.<br />
Type: Thailand: Northern, Chiang Mai, Chom Thong District, Doi Inthanon National<br />
Park, 17 May 2006, Mokkamul & Chaveerach 316 (holotype BKF, isotype BK). Fig.<br />
1A, B.<br />
Rhizome short. Leafy shoot stout, 1.2–3.0 m tall. Leaves 12–14; sheath green,<br />
reddish-tinged at base; ligule entire, apex drying papery, 0.6–2.0 cm long; petiole<br />
0.3–1.0 cm long; lamina oblong, ovate-oblong or elliptic-oblong, 20–68 by 3–18 cm,<br />
base attenuate or cuneate, apex acuminate. Inflorescence ovoid, cylindrical or conical,<br />
emerging near base of pseudostem, 5.0–11.0 by 3.5–4.0 cm, purplish red; peduncle stout,<br />
4–6 cm long; peduncular bract broadly ovate or orbicular, red, apex acuminate, 1.0–1.5<br />
by 1.0–2.0 cm. Bract ovate to broadly ovate, 3.5–7.5 by 1.0–2.0 cm, apex acuminate,<br />
red. Bracteole tubular, 3.6–4.0 cm long, apex 2-lobed, shallowly split ca 2 cm on one<br />
side, outer surface pubescent, pinkish white. Calyx ca 4 cm long including ovary, apex<br />
shallowly bifid, split on one side, pinkish white, glabrous. Corolla pinkish white, tube ca.<br />
4 cm long including ovary, dorsal lobe hooded, oblong, ca 2.5 by 1.0 cm, apex acuminate,<br />
lateral lobes narrower. Staminodes absent. Labellum elliptic or broadly ovate, spreading,<br />
ca 3.7 by 1.5 cm, base attenuate, apex round, margin wrinkled, pale yellow, darker<br />
towards apex, pale red band from base to middle, lateral crimson lines along the band<br />
from base to middle, with crimson streaks at both sides of base, base white pubescent.<br />
33
34<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
Stamen glabrous, pale yellow; filament ca 6–9 mm long; anther ca 1.3 by 0.3 cm, pale<br />
yellow, dehiscing lengthwise; anther crest entire, truncate-emarginate or slightly 3-lobed,<br />
lateral lobes distinct, reflexed, the middle lobe usually disintegrating, spreading, 5 by 3<br />
mm, pale yellow. Ovary cylindrical, ca 13 by 6 mm, smooth; stigma triangular, aperture<br />
narrowly transverse, margin hairy; stylodes blunt, ca 8 mm long. Fruit narrowly ovate<br />
or elliptic, smooth, 4.5–5 by 2.0–3.0 cm, pale green when young, fruit stalk 1.0–1.5 cm<br />
long; seeds many, angular, ca 5 by 4 mm, brown.<br />
Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai [Doi Inthanon, 28 July 1988, Phengklai et al.<br />
7183 (BKF); 18 May 2004, Kaewsri 111 (BK, BKF); Doi Suthep, 8 May 1988, Maxwell<br />
88-604 (CMU); 15 Sept. 1988, Maxwell 88-1081 (CMU, BKF); 21 May 1990, Maxwell<br />
90-541 (CMU); Chom Thong, 7 May 1991, Maxwell 91-410 (CMU); 16 June 1991,<br />
Maxwell 91-557 (CMU); Pang Sa Det, 21 May 2004, Kaewsri 114 (BK, BKF); Doi<br />
Lon, 16 July 2005, Maxwell 05-451 (CMU)], Kamphaeng Phet [Mae Wong, 8 July 2001,<br />
Watthana 1395 (QBG)], Nan [Tham Pha Toop, 2 Sept. 1999, Middleton 155 (BKF); Doi<br />
Phu Kha, 5 July 2004, Kaewsri 137 (BK, BKF); Doi Phu Kha, 22 Aug. 2001, Srisanga<br />
& Maknoi 2057 (QBG)], Lampang [Chae Son, 24 June 1996, Maxwell 96-876 (CMU,<br />
BKF)]; NORTH-EASTERN: Loei [Na Haeo, 25 April 1994, Nanakorn s.n. (QBG)].<br />
Distribution.— China: Yunnan.<br />
Ecology.— Hill evergreen and pine forest, under shady of trees or shrubs, moist<br />
areas along streams, granite bedrock, altitude 850–2300 m. Flowering and fruiting May–<br />
September<br />
A B<br />
C D<br />
Figure 1. Amomum coriandriodorum S.Q.Tong & Y.M.Xia: A. inflorescence; B. infructescence; A. micranthum<br />
Ridl.: C. inflorescence; D. infructescence. (Photographed by W. Kaewsri).
A NEW RECORD AND A NEW SYNONYM IN AMOMUM ROXB. (ZINGIBERACEAE) IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(W. KAEWSRI, Y. PAISOOKSANTIVATANA & U. VEESOMMAI)<br />
Note.— This species is found only at high altitude in Northern and Northeastern<br />
Thailand. The species differs from the original description in its entire labellum (not<br />
lobed or auriculate) and the fruit lacks the coriander smell. These characters, however,<br />
are not sufficient to recognise Amomum inthanonese as a species distinct from A.<br />
coriandriodorum. Amomum coriandriodorum is similar to A. tsaoko Crevost & Lemarie<br />
in its fruit shape and yellow labellum, but differs in the anther crest lateral lobes of A.<br />
coriandriodorum being narrower and distinctly reflexed (versus broader and spreading),<br />
and the labellum base of A. coriandriodorum with clearly crimson streaks (versus obscure<br />
or absent in A. tsaoko). Although we have not seen the type of Amomum coriandriodorum<br />
the identity of the Thai plant has been confirmed by Y.M. Xia.<br />
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />
The authors are very grateful to Prof. Y.M. Xia for her helpful suggestions. We<br />
should like to thank the curators and staff of BK, BKF, PSU, CMU, QBG and SING<br />
for their kind permission to access their herbaria and for suggestions made during this<br />
study. This work was supported by the TRF/BIOTEC Special Program for Biodiversity<br />
Research and Training, grant BRT T_14009.<br />
REFERENCES<br />
Chaveerach, A., Mokkamul, P., Sudmoon, R. & Tanee, T. (2008). A New Species of<br />
Amomum Roxb. (Zingiberaceae) from Northern Thailand. Taiwania 53: 6–10.<br />
Kam, Y. K. (1982). The genus Elettariopsis (Zingiberaceae) in Malaya. Notes from the<br />
Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh 40: 139–152.<br />
Kaewsri, K. (2006). Systematic Studies of the Genus Amomum Roxb. (Zingiberaceae) in<br />
Thailand. Ph.D. Thesis, Kasetsart University.<br />
Larsen, K. (1996). A preliminary checklist of the Zingiberaceae of Thailand. Thai Forest<br />
Bulletin (Botany) 24: 35–49.<br />
Larsen, K. & Larsen, S. S. (2006). Gingers of Thailand. Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden.<br />
Sirirugsa, P. (2001). Zingiberaceae of Thailand, pp. 63–77. In: V. Baimai and R. Kumhom.<br />
BRT Research Reports 2001. Biodiversity Research and Training Program. Jirawat<br />
Express Co., Ltd., Bangkok (in Thai).<br />
Smith, R.M. (1985). A review of Bornean Zingiberaceae: 1 (Alpineae p.p.). Notes from<br />
the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh 42: 261–314.<br />
Tong, S.Q. & Xia, Y.M. (1988). Some New Taxa of Amomum from Yunnan. Acta Botanica<br />
Yunnanica 10: 205–211.<br />
35
<strong>THAI</strong> FOR. BULL. (BOT.) 37: 36–58. 2009.<br />
A synopsis of the genus Callicarpa L. (Lamiaceae) in Thailand<br />
CHARAN LEERATIWONG 1 , PRANOM CHANTARANO<strong>THAI</strong> 2 & ALAN J. PATON 3<br />
ABSTRACT: A synopsis of the genus Callicarpa L. in Thailand is presented, including a key to the species, notes<br />
on distribution, ecology, vernacular names and descriptions for new taxa. Twelve species are recognized, including<br />
two new species, C. kerrii C.Leeratiwong & A.J.Paton and C. phuluangensis C.Leeratiwong & A.J.Paton. C.<br />
glandulosa H.R.Fletcher is placed as a new synonym of C. bodinieri H.Lév. Lectotypes of C. bodinieri, C.<br />
lanceolaria Roxb. and C. rubella Lindl. are also designated.<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
The genus Callicarpa L. (Lamiaceae) with ca 140 species is mainly distributed<br />
in temperate, subtropical and tropical Asia, America, Australia and the Pacific Islands<br />
(Harley et al., 2004). Callicarpa was first described by Linnaeus (1753), based on C.<br />
americana L. For this study, the genus Geunsia Blume was regarded as synonymous with<br />
Callicarpa following Cantino et al. (1992), Harley et al. (2004) and Bramley et al. (2009).<br />
Clarke (1904) was the first botanist who recorded a species of Callicarpa (C. longifolia<br />
Lam.) from Thailand (Chang Island, Trat). The first preliminary revision of the genus in<br />
Thailand was undertaken by Fletcher (1938). He enumerated 12 species and two varieties<br />
and also made a key to species. Later, Moldenke (1980), The Forest Herbarium, Royal<br />
Forest Department (2001) and Govaerts et al. (2007) published checklists of Callicarpa in<br />
Thailand with 18, 11 and 14 taxa respectively. Recently, Leeratiwong et al. (2007) reported<br />
C. furfuracea Ridl., as a new record for Thailand. In addition, they placed C. villosissima<br />
Ridl. and C. poilanei Dop in synonymy with C. arborea Roxb. and C. angustifolia King &<br />
Gamble respectively, and five names were typified, namely C. angustifolia, C. furfuracea,<br />
C. maingayi King & Gamble, C. poilanei and C. villosissima.<br />
In the process of revising the Thai Callicarpa two new species, C. kerrii<br />
C.Leeratiwong & A.J.Paton and C. phuluangensis C.Leeratiwong & A.J.Paton are<br />
described and illustrated here. C. glandulosa H.R.Fletcher is placed as a new synonym of<br />
C. bodinieri H.Lév. Three taxa, C. bodinieri, C. lanceolaria Roxb. C. rubella Lindl. are<br />
also lectotypified.<br />
MATERIALS & METHODS<br />
The account of Callicarpa is presented as a precursor for the Thai Lamiaceae<br />
account for the Flora of Thailand Project. Each taxon was investigated and compared<br />
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<br />
1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.<br />
2 Applied Taxonomic Research Center, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University,<br />
Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.<br />
3 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK.
A SynOPSIS OF THE GEnUS CALLICARPA L. (LAMIACEAE) In <strong>THAI</strong>LAnD<br />
(C. LEERATIWOnG, P. CHAnTARAnO<strong>THAI</strong> & A.J. PATOn)<br />
with available literature, field collections and herbarium specimens at the following<br />
herbaria: AAU, ABD, BCU, BK, BKF, BM, C, CMU, E, Hn, K, KKU, ny, PSU, QBG,<br />
P, SInG, TEX, TCD, US and Department of Biology Herbarium, Chiang Mai University<br />
(abbreviations according to Holmgren et al. 1990).<br />
TAXONOMIC TREATMENT<br />
CALLICARPA<br />
L., Sp. Pl.: 111. 1753 & Gen. Pl. ed. 5: 127. 1754; Lam., Encycl. Meth. Bot. 1: 562. 1783;<br />
Juss., Gen. Pl.: 107. 1789; Blume, Bijdr. Fl. ned. Ind.: 817. 1826; Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. 2,<br />
1: 390. 1832. Type: C. americana L.— Tomex L., nov. Pl. Gen. Diss. Dassow: 5. 1747.<br />
Type: T. tomentosa L.— Spondylococcos Mitch., Acta Phys.-Med. Acad. Caes. Leop.-<br />
Carol. nat. Cur. 8: 218. 1748.–Type: not located.— Johnsonia T. Dale ex Mill., Gard.<br />
Dict. Abr. ed. 7. 1754, nom. rej.— Burchardia Heist ex Duhamel, Traité Arb. Arbust.<br />
1: 111, t. 44. 1755, nom. rej.— Illa Adans., Fam. Pl. 2: 446. 1763. Type: not located.—<br />
Porphyra Lour., Fl. Cochinch. ed. 1, 1: 69. 1790. Type: P. dichotoma Lour.— Rodschiedia<br />
Dennst., Schlüssel Hortus Malab.: 31. 1818. Type: R. serrata Dennst.— Aganon Raf.,<br />
Sylv. Tellur.: 161. 1838. Type: A. umbellata (Lour.) Raf.— Amictonis Raf., Sylv. Tellur.:<br />
161. 1838. Type: A. japonica (Thunb.) Raf.— Geunsia Blume, Catalogus: 11. 1823 &<br />
Bijdr.: 819. 1826. Type: G. farinosa Blume.<br />
Shrubs, scandent shrubs or trees, rarely woody climbers, branches usually obtusely<br />
4-angled or terete with lenticels; hairs stellate, dendroid, floccose or simple sometimes<br />
glabrous or subglabrous. Leaves simple, petiolate or subsessile, opposite-decussate<br />
or apparently alternate in C. pentandra (see notes below), possessing indumentum to<br />
glabrous and with yellow, brown or red subsessile glands; lateral veins usually curved<br />
and joined near margin. Inflorescence an indeterminate thyrse with opposite dichasial<br />
cymes (Fig. 1), except alternate dichasial cymes in C. pentandra; dichasial cymes axillary<br />
or supra-axillary, pedunculate, subtended by a leaf-like bract (see notes below). Calyx<br />
campanulate or cupular, actinomorphic, apices 4 or (4–)5(–6) in C. pentandra, lobed<br />
or subentire, persistent in fruit. Corolla pink, violet or pinkish-violet, rarely white,<br />
campanulate or tubular, 4-lobed, (4–)5(–6)-lobed in C. pentandra, actinomorphic.<br />
Stamens 4(–5), equal, epipetalous, long or shortly exserted, filament usually slender,<br />
glabrous, inserted near the base of the corolla tube; anther elliptic, oblong or ovate,<br />
dorsifixed, 2-locular, locules parallel, dehiscing by longitudinal slit, except dehiscing by<br />
apical slit in C. pentandra. Ovary superior, mostly 2-carpellate or rarely 4–5-carpellate in<br />
C. pentandra, syncarpous, obovoid, ovoid, subglobose or globose, 2 (–4–5)-locular with<br />
2 ovules per locule, glabrous to hairy, with subsessile glands; style terminal, glabrous,<br />
mostly slender, long exserted; stigma capitate or peltate, mostly obscurely bifid or rarely<br />
4–5-fid. Fruit drupaceous, undivided, exocarp thin, mesocarp fleshy and juicy, endocarp<br />
strongly hard (bony), ripening fruits black, violet or pink, rarely white or red. Seeds 2–4,<br />
rarely 5–10, exalbuminous.<br />
Distribution.— About 140 species, widespread in temperate, subtropical and<br />
tropical Asia, America, Australia and the Pacific Islands. Twelve species in Thailand.<br />
notes.— The alternate ‘leaves’ of C. pentandra, since they are subtending cymes,<br />
37
38<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> BULLETIn (BOTAny) 37<br />
are strictly bracts, not leaves, but are included here to avoid confusion, since they are<br />
identical in structure to the leaves, and are likely to be understood as such.<br />
Since the leaf-like bracts (Fig. 1) are identical in form to the leaves, their description<br />
is covered under ‘leaves’.<br />
Stalk of leaf-like<br />
bracts<br />
Dichasial cyme<br />
Figure 1. Inflorescence structure in Callicarpa.<br />
KEy TO THE SPECIES OF CALLICARPA In <strong>THAI</strong>LAnD<br />
Leaf-like<br />
bracts<br />
Indeterminate thyrse<br />
Peduncle<br />
1. Corolla (4–)5(–6)-lobed; stamens 5, anthers dehiscing through a pore-like opening at the apex, which splits<br />
longitudinally towards the base as the anther matures; cymes alternate, more rarely opposite<br />
10. C. pentandra<br />
1. Corolla 4-lobed; stamens 4, anthers dehiscing by a longitudinal slit; cymes opposite<br />
2. Leaf surfaces covered with red subsessile glands 3. C. bodinieri<br />
2. Leaf surfaces covered with yellow to brown subsessile glands<br />
3. Subsessile glands on abaxial surface of leaves hidden by dense overlapping hairs<br />
4. Outer surface of corolla lobes glabrous or sparsely hairy; anthers and ripening fruit pink or violet<br />
2. C. arborea<br />
4. Outer surface of corolla lobes densely hairy; anthers yellow or pale yellow; fruits red or black<br />
5. Stem nodes without an interpetiolar woody ridge; ripening fruits red 9. C. maingayi<br />
5. Stem nodes with an interpetiolar woody ridge; ripening fruits black<br />
6. Leaves usually elliptic, oblong or lanceolate; flowers 3–4 mm long, corolla whitish-pink to pink;<br />
ovary 2-locular, usually glabrous or rarely with sparse, stellate hairs 1. C. angustifolia<br />
6. Leaves usually ovate, obovate or broadly elliptic; flowers 4–6 mm long; corolla creamy white to<br />
white; ovary 4-locular, with dense, stellate hairs 5. C. furfuracea<br />
3. Subsessile glands on abaxial surface of leaves conspicuous, not hidden by hairs<br />
7. Adaxial surface of leaves covered with more simple hairs than stellate or dendroid hairs<br />
8. Leaf base cordate or oblique-cordate, simple hairs on adaxial surface of leaves pilose 12. C. rubella<br />
8. Leaf base cuneate, attenuate or rounded, simple hairs on adaxial surface of leaves scabrid<br />
9. Abaxial leaf surface with dense, whitish-grey or grey stellate hairs; anthers violet; ovary hairless<br />
8. C. macrophylla<br />
9. Abaxial leaf surface with moderate to sparse, brown stellate hairs; anthers yellow; ovary sparsely hairy<br />
11. C. phuluangensis
A SynOPSIS OF THE GEnUS CALLICARPA L. (LAMIACEAE) In <strong>THAI</strong>LAnD<br />
(C. LEERATIWOnG, P. CHAnTARAnO<strong>THAI</strong> & A.J. PATOn)<br />
7. Adaxial surface of leaves glabrous or covered with more stellate or dendroid than simple hairs<br />
10. Outer surface of corolla lobes hairy; ripening fruits white 7. C. longifolia<br />
10. Outer surface of corolla lobes glabrous; ripening fruits black<br />
11. Abaxial surface of leaves covered with whitish-grey or greyish hairs; leaf base attenuate; corolla<br />
pink, violet or pinkish-violet 4. C. candicans<br />
11. Abaxial surface of leaves covered with brownish hairs; leaf base cuneate or rounded; corolla white<br />
6. C. kerrii<br />
1. Callicarpa angustifolia King & Gamble, Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1908: 106. 1908<br />
& J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 74: 804. 1908 & Mat. Fl. Malay. Penins.: 1014. 1909; H.J.Lam,<br />
Verben. Malay Archip.: 66. 1919; Bakh. in H.J.Lam & Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg,<br />
ser. 3, 3: 19. 1921; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 2: 616. 1923; H.R.Fletcher, Bull. Misc. Inform.,<br />
Kew 1938: 413. 1938; Moldenke, Fifth Summary Verbenac. 1: 294. 1971 & Phytologia<br />
Mem. II: 284. 1980; Kochummen in ng, Tree Fl. Malaya 3: 301. 1978; C.Leeratiwong,<br />
Chantar. & A.J.Paton, Thai. Forest Bull., (Bot.) 35: 75. 2007. Type: Malaysia, Perak, Jan.<br />
1885, King’s Collector 7036 (lectotype K!; lectotypified by Leeratiwong et al., 2007).—<br />
C. poilanei Dop, Bull. Soc. Hist. nat. Toulouse 64: 502. 1932 & in M.H.Lecomte, Fl.<br />
Indo-Chine 4(7): 816. 1935; H.R.Fletcher, Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1938: 413. 1938;<br />
Moldenke, Fifth Summary Verbenac. 1: 294. 1971 & Phytologia Mem. 2: 284. 1980; Chen<br />
& M.G.Gilbert in Z.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. China 17: 8. 1994. Type: Cambodia, Kampot,<br />
Pum a rong, 13 June 1930, Poilane 17611 (lectotype P!; isolectotype US!; lectotypified<br />
by Leeratiwong et al., 2007). Fig. 2.<br />
Thailand.— nORTH-EASTERn: Loei (Phu Kradueng), nong Khai (Phu Wua),<br />
Sakon nakhon (Phu Phan); EASTERn: nakhon Ratchasima (Pak Thongchai, Sakaerat),<br />
Buri Ram, Si Sa Ket (Phanom Dongrak Wildlife Sanctuary), Surin; SOUTH-EASTERn:<br />
Prachin Buri (Krabinburi), Chonburi (Ko Chan), Chanthaburi (Makham, Khao Sabap,<br />
Pong namron), Rayong (Khao Chamao), Trat (Ko Kut, Ko Chang, Ban Saphan Hin, Huai<br />
Rang); PEnInSULAR: Chumphon (Kapoe, Tha Sae), Surat Thani (nasan), Krabi (Ao Luek),<br />
nakhon Si Thammarat (Khao Luang), Songkhla (Rattaphum), Satun (Ko Kabeng).<br />
Distribution.— China, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia.<br />
Ecology.— Mostly in both shady and open evergreen, dry evergreen, limestone or<br />
secondary forest, rarely in mangroves, mixed deciduous or dipterocarp forest; alt. 0–1,300<br />
m; flowering: November to April; fruiting: January to October.<br />
Vernacular.— Kalatang (กาละตัง) (Chanthaburi).<br />
notes.— Callicarpa angustifolia is characterized by a prominently interpetiolar<br />
woody ridge at the stem nodes, grey to brownish-grey on the abaxial surface of leaves<br />
and glabrous or with sparsely hairy ovary. The present study found that the ovary is either<br />
glabrous or hairy, not only hairy as described by King and Gamble (1908).<br />
2. Callicarpa arborea Roxb., [Hort. Beng: 10. 1814, nom. nud.] Fl. Ind. 1: 405. 1820;<br />
Walp., Repert. Bot. Syst. 4: 125. 1845; Schauer in A.P. de Candolle , Prodr. 11: 641.<br />
1847; Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 2: 274. 1877; C.B.Clarke in J.D.Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4:<br />
567. 1885; Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 503. 1891; Brandis, Indian Trees: 511. 1906; King<br />
& Gamble, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 74: 803. 1908 & Mat. Fl. Malay. Penins.: 1013. 1909;<br />
H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. Archip. 21. 1919; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 2: 614. 1923; P’ei, Mem.<br />
39
40<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> BULLETIn (BOTAny) 37<br />
Figure 2. Callicarpa angustifolia: A. flowering branch; B. stem node with an interpetiolar woody ridge; C1.–D1.<br />
hairs on the abaxial surface of leaves: C1.–C2. stellate hairs, D1. dendroid hair; E. flower; F. pistil<br />
with glabrous ovary; G. ovary with stellate hairs; H. fruit. All from Leeratiwong 06-275 (PSU).<br />
Drawn by C. Leeratiwong.
A SynOPSIS OF THE GEnUS CALLICARPA L. (LAMIACEAE) In <strong>THAI</strong>LAnD<br />
(C. LEERATIWOnG, P. CHAnTARAnO<strong>THAI</strong> & A.J. PATOn)<br />
Sci. Soc. China 1(3): 21. 1932; Dop, Bull. Soc. Hist. nat. Toulouse 64: 503. 1932 &<br />
in M.H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 4(7): 792. 1935; H.R.Fletcher, Bull. Misc. Inform.,<br />
Kew 1938: 412. 1938; Chang, Acta Phytotax. 1: 282. 1951; Moldenke, Fifth Summary<br />
Verbenac. 1: 294. 1971 & Phytologia Mem. 2: 284. 1980; Chen & M.G.Gilbert in<br />
Z.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. China 17: 6. 1994; Kochummen in ng, Tree Fl. Malaya 3: 301.<br />
1978; A.Rajendran & P.Daniel, Ind. Verbenaceae: 35. 2002; C.Leeratiwong, Chantar. &<br />
A.J.Paton, Thai Forest Bull., (Bot.) 35: 76. 2007. Type: The illustration in Icon. Roxb.<br />
t. 2033 (lectotype K!; lectotypified by Rajendran and Daniel, 2002).— C. villosa Roxb.,<br />
Hort. Beng.: 10. 1814, nom. nud.— C. magna Schauer in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 11: 641.<br />
1847; Merr., Enum. Philip. Fl. Pl. 3: 386. 1923. Type: The Philippines, 1841, Cuming<br />
1266 (holotype B; isotypes BM! K!-2 sheets).— C. arborea var. villosa (Roxb.) King<br />
& Gamble, Mat. Fl. Malay. Penins.: 1013. 1909; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 2: 615. 1923;<br />
H.R.Fletcher in Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1938: 413. 1938. Type: as C. villosa Roxb.— C.<br />
villosissima Ridl., J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 10: 110. 1920; Moldenke, Fifth Summary<br />
Verbenac. 1: 294. 1971 & Phytologia Mem. 2: 284. 1980. Type: Thailand, Surat Thani,<br />
Tasan, Jan.-Feb. 1919, Kloss 6851 (lectotype K!; isolectotype SING!; lectotypified by<br />
Leeratiwong et al., 2007).— C. tectonifolia Wall., Cat. no. 1827, nom. nud.<br />
Thailand.— nORTHERn: Mae Hong Son (Muang, Pai, Pang Ma Pha), Chiang Mai<br />
(Chiang Dao, Chom Thong, Doi Inthanon, Doi Suthep, Fang, Mae Chaem, Mae Rim,<br />
Mae Taeng, Muang, Om Koi, Pha Hom Pok, Sameung), Chiang Rai (Doi Tung, Huai<br />
Chomphu, Khun Korn, Mae Fa Luang, Wiang Papao), nan (Doi Phukha), Lamphun, (Doi<br />
Khun Tan), Lampang (Chae Son, Khun Tan, ngao, Pan), Phrae (Mae Sai, Pakhui), Tak<br />
(Doi Hua Mot, Doi Musor), Sukhothai (Khao Luang), Kamphaeng Phet (Mae Wong);<br />
nORTH-EASTERn: Phetchabun (Phu Miang), Loei (Dan Sai, Phu Kradueng, Phu Luang,<br />
Phu Ruea, Wang Saphung), nong Khai (Phonphisai), Sakon nakhon (Phu Phan), nakhon<br />
Phanom; SOUTH-WESTERn: Kanchanaburi (Kin Sayo, Sangkhaburi, Srisawat, Wangka),<br />
Prachuap Khiri Khan (Bang Saphan, Bang Saphanyai); CEnTRAL: Saraburi (Phukhae);<br />
SOUTH-EASTERn: Chonburi (Khao Chalak, Sriracha), Chanthaburi (Khao Soidao);<br />
PEnInSULAR: Chumphon (Ban Son, Khao Kapao), Ranong (Kapoe, Khlong nakha, Kraburi<br />
(Lam Liang, La-Un), Surat Thani (Kanthuli, Kao Tum, Khao Sok, Tasan), Phangnga<br />
(Khuraburi, Takua Pa, Khao Tham Thong Lang, Thap Put), Trang (Khao Banthat, Khao<br />
Chong), Satun (Thung Wa, Thaleban), Songkhla (Ton nga Chang), Pattani (Ban Kaung,<br />
Tomo), yala (Bannang Sta, Betong, Kauloung), narathiwat (Waeng).<br />
Distribution.— nepal, Bhutan, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, China,<br />
Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Indonesia (Sumatra), Philippines, new<br />
Guinea.<br />
Ecology.— In open lowland evergreen to dry or hill evergreen forest; disturbed<br />
areas in mixed deciduous, dipterocarp or secondary forest, rarely occurs in limestone,<br />
pine, beach or savannah forest; alt. 0–1,800 m; flowering and fruiting: all year round.<br />
Vernacular.— Katok chang (กะตอกช้าง), ta mong pasi (ตาโมงปะสี) (yala); khlui<br />
(ขลุ่ย) (Karen-Chiang Mai); cha paen (ช้าแป้ น), thap paeng (ทับแป้ ง) (Saraburi); due da da<br />
pu (ดือดะดาปู) (Malay-narathiwat); ten (เตน) (Loei); poe-khwui (เปอควุย), lae-thung (และทุ่ง)<br />
(Karen-Mae Hong Son); pha (ผ้า) (Central, Chiang Mai); fa (ฝ้ า), fa khao (ฝ้ าขาว), pha khao<br />
41
42<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> BULLETIn (BOTAny) 37<br />
Figure 3. Callicarpa bodinieri: A. flowering branch; B. cyme; C. calyx; D. pistil; E. fruits; F1.–F3. hairs on the<br />
adaxial surface of leaves: F1. simple hairs, F2. stellate hairs, F3. dendroid hair; G1–G2. hairs on the<br />
abaxial surface of leaves: G1. stellate hairs, G2. dendroid hair. A–D., F1–F3. & G1–G2. from<br />
Leeratiwong 04-17 (PSU), E. from Leeratiwong 04-150 (PSU). Drawn by C. Leeratiwong.
A SynOPSIS OF THE GEnUS CALLICARPA L. (LAMIACEAE) In <strong>THAI</strong>LAnD<br />
(C. LEERATIWOnG, P. CHAnTARAnO<strong>THAI</strong> & A.J. PATOn)<br />
(พ่าขาว) (northern); pha lai (ผ้าลาย) (Peninsular); pha (พ่า) (Central); ma pha (มะผ้า) (Mae<br />
Hong Son); sak khi kai (สักขี ้ไก่) (Lampang); siam (เสียม) (Chanthaburi); hu khwai (หูควาย)<br />
(northern, Trang); hu khwai khao (หูควายขาว) (Surat Thani); hu khwai yai (หูควายใหญ่)<br />
(Chumphon).<br />
notes.— Callicarpa arborea is the most common species of the genus in Thailand.<br />
It is distinct in having mostly a tree habit, with dense, greyish-white to white dendriticstellate<br />
or stellate hairs on the abaxial surface of leaves which obscure the subsessile<br />
glands, peduncle (>2.5 cm long) usually longer than the stalk of leaf-like bract, violet<br />
anthers, pubescent ovary and violet fruits.<br />
3. Callicarpa bodinieri H.Lév. in Fedde, Repert. Spec. nov. Regni Veg. 9: 456. 1911;<br />
Chang, Acta Phytotax. 1: 288. 1951; Chen & M.G.Gilbert in Z.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl.<br />
China 17: 11. 1994. Type: China, Guizhou, Pin Fa, 23 June 1903, Cavalerie 1095<br />
(lectotype E!; isolectotype K!, designated here).— C. seguinii H.Lév. in Fedde, Repert.<br />
Spec. nov. Regni Veg. 9: 455. 1911. Type: China, Guizhou, Tou Chan, Cavalerie 2341<br />
(holotype E!).— C. feddei H.Lév. in Fedde, Repert. Spec. nov. Regni Veg. 10: 439.<br />
1912. Type: China, Guizhou, June 1905, Esquirol 468 (holotype E!).— C. giraldiana<br />
Hesse, Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 1912: 366. 1912; P’ei, Mem. Sci. Soc. China 1(3):<br />
31. 1932. Type: not located.— C. tsiangii Moldenke, Phytologia 3: 109. 1949. Type:<br />
China, Kiangsi, Tunghuashan, Ihwang, 30 June 1932, Tsiang 10081 (holotype NY!).— C.<br />
glandulosa H.R.Fletcher, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1938: 199 & 414. 1938; Moldenke,<br />
Fifth Summary Verbenac. 1: 294. 1971, syn. nov.–Type: Thailand, Chumphon, Ta ngao,<br />
16 Jan. 1927, Kerr 11469 (holotype E!; isotypes BK!, BM!, K!, SING!). Fig. 3.<br />
Thailand.— nORTHERn: Chiang Mai (Doi Saket, Mae Klang), Chiang Rai (Ban<br />
Lang Lat), Lampang (Chae Son), Uttaradit (Phu Soi Dao), Sukhothai (Sok Pra Ruang),<br />
Phitsanulok (Thung Salaeng Luang); nORTH-EASTERn: Phetchabun (nam nao, Lom Sak),<br />
Loei (Phu Ruea, Wang Saphung), Sakon nakhon (Phu Phan); EASTERn: Chaiyaphum<br />
(Ban nam Phrom, Chulaphorn Dam, Phu Khieo), nakhon Ratchasima (Khao yai, Pak<br />
Thong Chai); SOUTH-WESTERn: Kanchanaburi (Srisawat, Thung yai naresuan, Thong<br />
Phaphum), Phetchaburi (Kaeng Krachan), Prachuap Khiri Khan (Kui Buri); PEnInSULAR:<br />
Chumporn (Ta ngao).<br />
Distribution.— China, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam.<br />
Ecology.— In open and streamside areas in evergreen, dry evergreen, mixed<br />
deciduous or secondary forest, rarely in hill evergreen or dipterocarp forest; alt. 50–1,500<br />
m; flowering: April to October; fruiting: May to January.<br />
notes.— Callicarpa bodinieri is distinguished by its red subsessile glands on<br />
stem, leaves and flowers, glabrous ovary and violet fruit. We have examined both type<br />
specimens of C. bodinieri and C. glandulosa and found that they are conspecific, therefore<br />
C. glandulosa is reduced as a synonym under C. bodinieri. The original description of C.<br />
bodinieri was based on Cavalerie 1095 (E, K), Martin & Bodinier 2365 (E) and Martin &<br />
Bodinier 1996 (E). Cavalerie 1095 deposited at E is designated as the lectotype, because<br />
it is the best preserved specimen.<br />
43
44<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> BULLETIn (BOTAny) 37<br />
4. Callicarpa candicans (Burm.f.) Hochr., Candollea 5: 190. 1934; Backer & Bakh., Fl.<br />
Java 2: 601. 1965; Moldenke, Fifth Summary Verbenac. 1: 294. 1971 & Phytologia Mem.<br />
2: 284. 1980; Kochummen in ng, Tree Fl. Malaya 3: 301. 1978; Munir, J. Adelaide Bot.<br />
Gard. 6(1): 19. 1982; Chen & M.G.Gilbert in Z.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. China 17: 6. 1994.<br />
Type: as Urtica candicans Burm.f.— Urtica candicans Burm.f., Fl. Ind.: 197. 1768.<br />
Type: Indonesia, Java (holotype G).— Callicarpa cana L., Mant. 2: 198. 1771; Willd.,<br />
Sp. Pl. 1 (2): 620. 1798; Blume, Bijdr. Fl. ned. Ind.: 817. 1826; Walp., Repert. Bot. Syst.<br />
4: 127. 1845; Schauer in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 11: 643. 1847; Miq., Fl. ned. Ind. 2:<br />
885. 1858; Benth., Fl. Aust. 5: 56. 1870; C.B.Clarke in J.D.Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4: 568.<br />
1885; King & Gamble, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 74: 806. 1908 & Mat. Fl. Malay. Penins.:<br />
1016. 1909; H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. Archip.: 68. 1919; Bakh. in H.J.Lam & Bakh., Bull.<br />
Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 3, 3: 20. 1921; Merr., Enum. Philip. Fl. Pl. 3: 382. 1923; Ridl.,<br />
Fl. Malay Penins. 2: 616. 1923; P’ei, Mem. Sci. Soc. China 1(3): 25. 1932; Dop, Bull.<br />
Soc. Hist. nat. Toulouse 64: 504. 1932 & in M.H.Lecomte., Fl. Indo-Chine 4(7): 793.<br />
1935; H.R.Fletcher, Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1938: 413. 1938; Chang, Acta Phytotax.<br />
1: 285. 1951. Type: Indonesia, Java, East Indies, Köenig s.n. (holotype LINN).— C.<br />
tomentosa (L.) Lam., Encycl. 1: 562. 1783, nom. illeg., non L., 1774.— C. macrocarpa<br />
Raeusch., nomencl. Bot.: 37. 1797, nom. nud.— C. bicolor Juss., Ann. Mus. Hist. nat.<br />
7: 77. 1806; Schauer in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 11: 642. 1847; Miq., Fl. ned. Ind. 2:<br />
889. 1858. Type: not designated.— C. adenanthera R.Br., Prodr. Fl. nov. Holl. 1: 513.<br />
1810; Walp., Repert. Bot. Syst. 4: 129. 1845. Type: Australia, Queensland, Brown s.n.<br />
(syntypes BM!, K!).— C. heynii Roth, nov. Pl. Sp.: 82 1821. Type: India, Heyne s.n.—<br />
C. rheedii Kostel., Alleg. Med.-Pharm. Fl. 3: 829. 1834. Type: India, Malabar, Rheede<br />
s.n.— C. sumatrana Miq., Fl. ned. Ind. 2: 888. 1858. Type: Indonesia, Sumatra, Padang,<br />
Teysman s.n. (holotype BOG, microfiche!; isotype U!).— C. cana var. dentata H.J.Lam,<br />
Verben. Malay. Archip.: 73. 1919. Type: not designated.— C. cana var. sumatrana (Miq.)<br />
H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. Archip.: 71. 1919.— C. cana var. sumatrana (Miq.) H.J.Lam,<br />
Verben. Malay. Archip.: 71. 1919; Bakh. in H.J.Lam & Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg,<br />
ser. 3, 3: 20. 1921. Type: as C. sumatrana Miq.<br />
Thailand.— nORTHERn: Chiang Mai (Doi Suthep), Uttaradit; nORTH-EASTERn:<br />
Loei (Phu Kradueng); EASTERn: Chaiyaphum (Ban nam Phrom, Phu Khieo, Thung<br />
Ka Mang); SOUTH-WESTERn: Uthai Thani (Ban Rai), Kanchanaburi (Hin Dat, Sai yok,<br />
Srisawat), Prachuap Khiri Khan (Bang Saphan, Pranburi); CEnTRAL: Chai nat, Saraburi<br />
(Sam Lan), Bangkok; SOUTH-EASTERn: Prachin Buri, Chonburi (Sriracha), Chanthaburi<br />
(Ta Mai), Trat (Ko Chang); PEnInSULAR: Surat Thani (Kanthuli, Ko Samui), Krabi (Ao<br />
Luek), nakhon Si Thammarat (Thung Song, Walailak University), Trang (Khao Chong),<br />
Phatthalung (Khao Pu Khao ya), Songkhla (Kao Seng), yala (Betong).<br />
Distribution.— India, Bangladesh, China, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular<br />
Malaysia, Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Sumbawa, Sulawesi (Celebes)), East Timor,<br />
Philippines, new Guinea, Australia.<br />
Ecology.— Along streams in evergreen and dry evergreen forests and in open<br />
secondary, dry evergreen, beach and mixed deciduous forests; 0–1,100 m; flowering:<br />
June to September; fruiting: October to April.
A SynOPSIS OF THE GEnUS CALLICARPA L. (LAMIACEAE) In <strong>THAI</strong>LAnD<br />
(C. LEERATIWOnG, P. CHAnTARAnO<strong>THAI</strong> & A.J. PATOn)<br />
Vernacular.— Kato (กะเตาะ) (Surat Thani); kha pia (ขาเปี ย), pha khi rio ho kham<br />
(ผ้าขี ้ริ้วห่อคำ), pha hai (ผ้าห้าย), pha hai ho kham (ผ้าห้ายห่อคำ) (Loei); khi on don (ขี ้อ้นดอน)<br />
(Phitsanulok); chap paeng lek (จับแปงเล็ก) (Chai nat); tok dam (ตอกดำ) (Pattani); ma tue<br />
khrueang (มะตือเครื่อง)<br />
(Chiang Mai); ram nat (รำหนาด) (yala); siap sai (เสียบไส้) (nakhon Si<br />
Thammarat).<br />
notes.— Callicarpa cana is characterised by the ovate to broadly elliptic leaf<br />
shape, attenuate leaf base, violet corolla, glabrous ovary and with dense, greyish-white<br />
stellate hairs on the abaxial surface of leaves and on the outer calyx.<br />
5. Callicarpa furfuracea Ridl., J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 10(2): 150. 1920 & Fl. Malay<br />
Penins. 2: 615. 1923; Kochummen in ng, Tree Fl. Malaya 3: 301. 1978; C.Leeratiwong,<br />
Chantar. & A.J.Paton, Thai Forest Bull, (Bot.) 35: 73. 2007. Type: Malaysia, Pahang,<br />
Gunong Senyum, June 1917, Evans s.n. (lectotype K!; isolectotypes K!, SING!;<br />
lectotypified by Leeratiwong et al., 2007).— C. maingayi sensu H.R.Fletcher, Bull. Misc.<br />
Inform., Kew 1938: 413. 1938, non King & Gamble, 1908.<br />
Thailand.— PEnInSULAR: Chumphon (Lang Suan, Tha Sae), Ranong (Khlong Kam<br />
Phuan), Surat Thani (Chaiya, Khao Sok, Phanom), Phangnga (Thap Put), Krabi, nakhon<br />
Si Thammarat (Krung Ching Waterfall, Chawang, Khao Luang, Tapchang, Thung Song),<br />
Krabi (Phanom Bencha), Phuket (Thalang), Trang (Khao Chong), Phatthalung (Khao Pu<br />
Khao ya), Songkhla (Ton nga Chang), yala (Banang Sta, Thanto), narathiwat (Bacho,<br />
Sisakhorn, Waeng).<br />
Distribution.— Peninsular Malaysia.<br />
Ecology.— In shaded and open areas or edge of evergreen, limestone or secondary<br />
forests; alt. 50–350 m; flowering: December to May; fruiting: March to October.<br />
Vernacular.— To (เตาะ) (Krabi); plao khon (เปล้าขน), hu khwai khao (หูควายขาว)<br />
(nakhon Si Thammarat), yan hu khwai (ยานหูควาย), i-ngop (อีโงบ) (Trang).<br />
notes.— Callicarpa furfuracea differs from other Callicarpa species in having<br />
an interpetiolar woody ridge at the stem nodes, overlapping stellate hairs on the abaxial<br />
surface of leaves and the outside of calyx and corolla, white corolla and hairy ovary. Most<br />
Thai specimens of C. furfuracea were previously misidentified as C. maingayi King &<br />
Gamble.<br />
6. Callicarpa kerrii C.Leeratiwong & A.J.Paton, sp. nov. C. tomentosa affinis sed pilis<br />
foliorum subtus sparsis dispositis haud stellaris vel dendroideis, calycibus 0.6–1 mm<br />
longis (haud > 1 mm longis), corollis albis (haud roseis ad violaceis) 2.2–3 mm longis<br />
(haud 3.5–5 mm longis), antheris 0.6–0.8 mm longis (haud 1.5–2 mm longis) differt.<br />
Typus: Thailand, Sukhothai, Khao Luang, 3 May 1922, Kerr 5935 (holotypus BK!;<br />
isotypi BM!, C!, K!, L!). Fig. 4.<br />
Shrubs or trees, 2.5–8 m high; branches bark brown or blackish-brown, obtusely<br />
4-angled, with dense, dark brown or brown stellate and dendroid hairs when young, later<br />
brown or greyish-brownish, cylindrical, with lenticels, scaly, glabrescent. Leaves ovate,<br />
obovate, broadly elliptic, ovate-elliptic or obovate-elliptic, chartaceous or subcoriaceous,<br />
45
46<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> BULLETIn (BOTAny) 37<br />
Figure 4. Callicarpa kerrii: A. flowering branch; B. flower; C. calyx; D. pistil with glabrous ovary; E. ovary<br />
with stellate hairs; F. fruit; G1–G2 hairs on the abaxial surface of leaves: G1. stellate hairs, G2.<br />
dendroid hairs. A–E. & G1–G2. from Leeratiwong 06-322 (KKU), F. from Middleton, Suddee, Davies<br />
& Hemrat 1040 (BKF). Drawn by C. Leeratiwong.
A SynOPSIS OF THE GEnUS CALLICARPA L. (LAMIACEAE) In <strong>THAI</strong>LAnD<br />
(C. LEERATIWOnG, P. CHAnTARAnO<strong>THAI</strong> & A.J. PATOn)<br />
8–40 by 5–23 cm, apex acuminate or acute, rarely obtuse or retuse, base cuneate or<br />
rounded, margin entire or serrate distally; adaxial surface glabrous or with sparse, brown<br />
stellate hairs; midrib sunken with dense, dark brown dendroid or stellate hairs; abaxial<br />
surface with moderate or sparse, pale brown or brown stellate hairs mixed with sparse<br />
dendroid hairs, with moderate, yellow subsessile glands and with sparse, brown scale-like<br />
glands, midrib prominent, with dense, brown dendroid hairs mixed with stellate hairs;<br />
secondary veins 8–12-paired, distinct on both surfaces; tertiary veins reticulate, distinct<br />
beneath; petiole thickened, obtusely 4-angled, (1–)2–7 cm long, deeply furrowed on<br />
upper part. Inflorescence with axillary dichasial cymes, 3–6 cm long; peduncle brown or<br />
dark brown, thickened, cylindrical, 0.5–2.5 cm long, shorter than stalk of leaf-like bract;<br />
pedicels slightly slender, 0.5–1.5 mm long; bracteoles linear or narrowly lanceolate,<br />
0.2–8 mm long, caducuous. Calyx brown or greyish-brown, cup-shaped, 0.6–1 mm long,<br />
outer surface with moderate to dense, greyish-brown or brown stellate hairs mixed with<br />
sparse dendroid hairs and with sparse, yellow subsessile glands, inner surface glabrous<br />
with sparse glands; tube 0.7–1 mm long; apex with 4 minute teeth, teeth ovate-triangular,<br />
0.1–0.2 by 0.1–0.2 mm, apex acute. Corolla white, 2.3–3 mm long; tube 1.8–2 mm long,<br />
slightly swollen, glabrous with glands on outer surface, glabrous within; lobes ovate or<br />
rounded, 0.5–1 by 0.5–0.8 mm, apex rounded or obtuse, glabrous with sparse glands<br />
and with ciliate hairs at margin and apex on outer surface, glabrous with glands within.<br />
Stamens long exserted; filaments white, slender, 3–4.5 mm long; anthers yellow, ovate<br />
or broadly elliptic, 0.6–0.8 mm long. Ovary ovoid or subglobose, 0.3–0.5 mm long,<br />
glabrous sometimes with sparse, stellate hairs and with sparse, yellow subsessile glands;<br />
style white, slightly thickened, obscurely bifid. Fruits ovoid or subglobose, 1.8–2.5 mm<br />
long, depressed at the apex, glabrous, green when young, ripening black; persistent calyx<br />
1–1.5 mm long; fruit stalks 1–3 mm long.<br />
Thailand.— nORTHERn: nan [nam Muk, alt. 300 m, 26 July 1926, Winit 1773<br />
(BK!, BKF!, E!)], Lampang [Mae Ping, alt. 150 m, 19 June 1926, Winit 1701 (BK!,<br />
BKF!, E!)], Phrae [Sungmen, 13 Jan. 1937, Prachantasen 25 (US!)], [Huai Tham, 7 nov.<br />
1939, Somkhid 128 (BKF!)], Tak [Doi Muser, Muser waterfall, Mae Sot, 12 nov. 2005,<br />
Leeratiwong 05-279 (KKU!)], [Doi Muser, 24 Aug. 1961, Chermsirivathana 54 (BK!)],<br />
[Trail from Rahaeng to Pang Ma Kham Pom, 15 Dec. 1920, Rock 983 (US!)], [Doi Muser,<br />
7 Dec. 1960, Smitinand 7057 (BKF!, K!, TEX!)], Sukhothai [Khao Luang, 3 May 1922,<br />
Kerr 5935 (holotype BK!; isotypes BM!, C!, K!, L!)] ; nORTH-EASTERn: Loei [Phu<br />
Kradueng, 30 nov. 1965, Tagawa, Iwatsuki & Fukuoka T-894 (BKF!, E!, L!, P!)]; SOUTH-<br />
WESTERn: Phetchaburi [Kaeng Krachan national Park, Ban Krang Ranger substation,<br />
Kaeng Krachan, 10 Aug. 2002, Middleton, Suddee, Davies & Hemrat 936 (BKF!, Herb.,<br />
Biology, Chiang Mai University!, HUH!, K!)], Prachuap Khiri Khan [Kaeng Krachan<br />
national Park, Pala-U, Hua Hin, 21 May 2005, Leeratiwong 05-232 (KKU!, PSU!)], [16<br />
April 2006, Leeratiwong 06-322 (KKU!)], [14 Aug. 2002, Middleton, Suddee, Davies<br />
& Hemrat 1040 (BKF!, Herb., Biology, Chiang Mai University!, K!)], [Kaeng Krachan<br />
national Park, La-U forest, Hua Hin, 1 July 1997, Wongprasert s.n. (BKF! 2 sheets)].<br />
Distribution.— Endemic.<br />
Ecology.— In evergreen, dry evergreen to secondary forests, common along<br />
streams; alt. 150–1,100 m; flowering: April to July; fruiting: July to December.<br />
47
48<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> BULLETIn (BOTAny) 37<br />
notes.— Most Thai specimens of Callicarpa kerrii were previously identified as<br />
an Indian species, C. tomentosa (L.) Murr. (C. lanata L.). C. kerrii differs from the latter<br />
by having moderate to sparse, brown stellate or dendroid hairs rather than dense, grey or<br />
greyish-brown stellate or dendroid hairs on the abaxial surface of leaves, a shorter calyx<br />
(0.6–1 mm long rather than > 1 mm long), a white and shorter corolla (2.3–3 mm long<br />
rather pink to violet 3.5–5 mm long and an shorter anther (0.6–0.8 mm long rather than<br />
1.5–2 mm long). This species is named after A.F.G. Kerr who collected the type specimen.<br />
7. Callicarpa longifolia Lam., Encycl. 1: 563. 1785; Willd., Sp. Pl.: 620. 1798; Roxb.,<br />
Fl. Ind. 1: 409. 1820; Blume, Bijdr. Fl. ned. Ind.: 817. 1826; Walp., Repert. Bot. Syst. 4:<br />
128. 1845, Schauer in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 11: 645. 1847; Miq., Fl. ned. Ind. 2: 887.<br />
1858; Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 2: 275. 1877; C.B.Clarke in J.D.Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4:<br />
570. 1885; Brandis, Indian Trees: 512. 1906; King & Gamble, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 74:<br />
807. 1908 & Mat. Fl. Malay. Penins.: 1018. 1909; H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. Archip.: 86.<br />
1919; Bakh. in H.J.Lam & Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 3, 3: 26. 1921; Merr.,<br />
Enum. Philip. Fl. Pl. 3: 385. 1923; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 2: 616. 1923; P’ei in Mem.<br />
Sci. Soc. China 1(3): 30. 1932; Dop, Bull. Soc. Hist. nat. Toulouse 64: 509. 1932 & in<br />
M.H.Lecomte Fl. Gén. Indo-Chine 4(7): 802. 1935; H.R.Fletcher, Bull. Misc. Inform.,<br />
Kew 1938: 414. 1938; Chang, Acta Phytotax. 1: 290. 1951; Moldenke, Fifth Summary<br />
Verbenac. 1: 294. 1971 & Phytologia Mem. 2: 284. 1980; Kochummen in ng, Tree Fl.<br />
Malaya 3: 301. 1978; Munir, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 6(1): 11. 1982; Chen & M.G.Gilbert<br />
in Z.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. China 17: 10.1994; A.Rajendran & P.Daniel, Ind. Verbenaceae:<br />
39. 2002. Type: Malaysia, Malacca, Sonnerat s.n. (P-LA, microfiche!).— C. lanceolaria<br />
Roxb., [Hort. Beng.: 10. 1814, nom. nud.] & Fl. Ind. 1: 409. 1820 & Fl. Ind. ed.2, 1:<br />
394. 1832; Walp., Repert. Bot. Syst. 4: 129. 1845. Type: The illustration in Icon. Roxb.<br />
T. 2178 (lectotype K!, designated here).— C. albida Blume, Bijdr. Fl. ned. Ind.: 818.<br />
1826. Type: not located.— C. roxbughiana Roem. & Schult., Mant. 3: 54. 1827. Type:<br />
Prince of Wales’ Island, not located.— C. attenuata Wall. ex Walp., Repert. Bot. Syst.<br />
4: 129. 1845. Type: Malaysia, Penang, 1822, Wallich Cat. no.1835.1 (holotype K-W!;<br />
isotypes BM!, G-DC!, K!-3 sheets, NY!).— C. blumei Zoll. & Moritzi, Syst. Verz.:<br />
53. 1846. Type: not located.— C. longifolia var. floccosa Schauer in A.P. de Candolle,<br />
Prodr. 11: 645. 1847; H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. Archip.: 89. 1919. Types: Prince of Wales<br />
peninsula, Roxburgh s.n. (syntype G-DC microfiche!); Singapore & Manilla, 1839,<br />
Gaudichaud s.n. (syntype G-DC microfiche!); Indonesia, Java, Thunberg s.n. (syntype<br />
G-DC, microfiche!); Indonesia, Java, Blume s.n. (syntype) & Junghuhn s.n. (syntype,<br />
not seen); northern Hollandia Tropical, Brown s.n. (syntype).—C. longifolia Lam. var.<br />
subglabrata Schauer in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 11: 645. 1847; H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay.<br />
Archip.: 87. 1919; Bakh. in H.J.Lam & Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 3, 3: 26.<br />
1921. Types: Bangladesh, Sylhet, Wallich Cat. no. 1829 (syntypes G-DC microfiche!,<br />
K-W!); Indonesia, Java, 1849, Zollinger 156 (syntypes G-DC, microfiche!, K!), 223<br />
(syntypes G-DC microfiche!, K!), 349 (syntype G-DC, microfiche!); Indonesia, Java,<br />
Blume s.n., Junghuhn s.n.; Phillippines, Cuming 1330 (syntype K!).— C. longifolia var.<br />
lanceolaria (Roxb.) C.B.Clarke in J.D.Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4: 570. 1885; H.R.Fletcher,<br />
Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1938: 414. 1938; Chang, Acta Phytotax. 1: 291. 1951; Chen<br />
& M.G.Gilbert in Z.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. China 10: 27. 1994. Type: as C. lanceolaria<br />
Roxb.— C. attenuifolia Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8: 2870. 1915. Type: Philippines,
A SynOPSIS OF THE GEnUS CALLICARPA L. (LAMIACEAE) In <strong>THAI</strong>LAnD<br />
(C. LEERATIWOnG, P. CHAnTARAnO<strong>THAI</strong> & A.J. PATOn)<br />
Agusan, Mindanao, Cabadbaran, Mont Urdaneta, Elmer 13536 (holotype PNH?; isotypes<br />
HUH, K!, NY!, US!).— C. longifolia var. areolata H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. Archip.: 90.<br />
1919. Type: Kalao Toa Island, 5 May 1903, Leeuwen & Reijnvaan 1349 (L).<br />
Thailand.— nORTHERn: Mae Hong Son (Pang Ma Pha), Chiang Mai (San Kam<br />
Phaeng), Chiang Rai (Mae Kok, Mae Chan), nan (Doi Tiu), Phrae (Ban namkai),<br />
Lampang (Chae Son, Mae Salop), Phitsanulok (Thung Salaeng Luang); nORTH-EASTERn:<br />
Phetchabun (Lomsak, Phu Miang, Thung Salaeng Luang), Loei (Phu Luang, Phu Ruea),<br />
nong Khai (Phonpisai); EASTERn: Chaiyaphum (Phu Khieo), nakhon Ratchasima (Pak<br />
Thongchai, Pakchong, Khao yai); SOUTH-WESTERn: Kanchanaburi (Sangkhaburi, Srisawat,<br />
Thung yai naresuan, Wangka), Phetchaburi (Kaeng Krachan, Hua Hin), Prachuap Khiri<br />
Khan (Bang Saphan); SOUTH-EASTERn: Prachin Buri (Khao yai), Chonburi (Sriracha),<br />
Chanthaburi (Kapoe, Khao Sabap, Khao Soi Dao, Mak Kham), Trat (Ko Chang, Huai<br />
Rang); PEnInSULAR: Chumphon (Kapoe, Lang Suan, Thungraya nasak, Tha Sae),<br />
Ranong (Khlong Kam Phuan, Muang, Khlong nakha), Surat Thani (Bangbao, Khlong<br />
Saeng, Samui, Krasum), Phuket (nai Chong), Krabi (Khao Phanom Bencha), nakhon<br />
Si Thammarat (Khao Luang, Lansaka, Ronphibun), Trang (Khao Chong, yan Ta Khao),<br />
Phatthalung (Pa Bon), Songkhla (Hat yai, Kao Seng, Ko yo, nathawi, Ratthaphum),<br />
Satun (Tarutao), Pattani (Tomo), yala (Bannang Sta, Wat Tham), narathiwat (Bacho, Rangae,<br />
Sungai Padi, Waeng, yi-ngo).<br />
Distribution.— Pakistan, India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, China, South-East Asia<br />
through to new Guinea, Australia.<br />
Ecology.— In open, streamside, disturbed or the edge of secondary including to<br />
primary evergreen, dry evergreen or mixed deciduous forest, rarely in dipterocarp, hill<br />
evergreen and beach forests; alt. 0–1,300 m; flowering and fruiting: all year round.<br />
Vernacular.— Khao tok (ข้าวตอก) (Central, northern); tok (ตอก), tok bai yai<br />
(ตอกใบใหญ่) (Trang); tok khao (ตอกเขา) (Pattani); chamot (ชะมด), khai pla (ไข่ปลา), lelo<br />
(เลโล), si se (สีเส) (Chanthaburi); hu khwai lek (หูควายเล็ก) (Chumphon), phlu yuan bai lek<br />
(พลูญวนใบเล็ก) (Trat).<br />
notes.— Callicarpa longifolia is variable in the indumentum of its leaf blade<br />
abaxial surfaces, which varies continuously from hairy to subglabrous. Similarly, the<br />
ovary can possess stellate pubescence or just sparse stellate hairs at the apex. The specimen<br />
Collins 1667 was misidentified as C. psilocalyx C.B.Clarke by Fletcher (1938); it is C.<br />
longifolia. Callicarpa psilocalyx is a distinct species which differs from C. longifolia<br />
through possessing simple cymes rather than divaricately branched cymes and glabrous<br />
outer corolla lobes rather than densely hairy outer corolla lobes. It does not occur in<br />
Thailand.<br />
Roxburgh (1820) stated in the protologue that C. lanceolaria is a native plant in<br />
Sylhet forest which was collected by H. Koamoora, but he did not cite any specimen. As<br />
there is an illustration in Icon. Roxb. (T 2178), it is designated here as lectotype.<br />
8. Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: 13, t. 53. 1794; Willd., Sp. Pl. 1: 621.<br />
1798; Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: 408. 1820 & Fl. Ind. ed. 2, 1: 393. 1832; Walp., Repert. Bot. Syst.<br />
4: 126. 1845; Schauer in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 11: 644. 1847; Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma<br />
49
50<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> BULLETIn (BOTAny) 37<br />
2: 274. 1877; C.B.Clarke in J.D.Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4: 568. 1885; Kuntze, Rev. Gen.<br />
Pl. 2: 503. 1891; Brandis, Indian Trees: 512. 1906; Bakh. in H.J.Lam & Bakh., Bull. Jard.<br />
Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 3, 3: 23. 1921; P’ei in Mem. Sci. Soc. China 1(3): 23. 1932; Dop,<br />
Bull. Soc. Hist. nat. Toulouse 64: 505. 1932 & in M.H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 4(7): 795.<br />
1935; H.R.Fletcher, Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1938: 414. 1938; Chang, Acta Phytotax.<br />
1: 283. 1951; Moldenke, Fifth Summary Verbenac. 1: 294. 1971 & Phytologia Mem. 2:<br />
284. 1980; Munir, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 6(1): 24. 1982; Moldenke & A.L.Moldenke<br />
in Dassan., Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 4: 297. 1983; Chen & M.G.Gilbert in W.Z.yi &<br />
P.H.Raven, Fl. China 17: 7. 1994; A.Rajendran & P.Daniel, Ind. Verbenac.: 43. 2002.<br />
Type: Eastern India, Köenig s.n. (holotype C!).— C. incana Roxb. [Hort. Beng: 10. 1814,<br />
nom. nud.] Fl. Ind. 1: 407. 1820. Type: The illustration in Icon. Roxb. T. 914 (lectotype K!;<br />
lectotypified by Rajendran and Daniel, 2002).— C. cana Gamble, Darjeeling Pl. List: 60.<br />
1878, non L. Type: not seen.— C. macrophylla var. griffithii C.B.Clarke in J.D.Hooker,<br />
Fl. Brit. India 4: 568. 1885. Type: Bhutan, 1837–1838, Griffith in Kew Distrib. no. 6041<br />
(holotype K!).— C. dunniana H.Lév. in Fedde, Repert. Spec. nov. Regni Veg. 9: 456.<br />
1911. Types: China, Guizhou, Long Tchang, June 1906, Esquirol 869 (syntyes E!, HUH,<br />
K!); Hoang Ko Chou, 20 June 1898, Séguin 2439 (syntype E!).— C. macrophylla var.<br />
kouytchensis H.Lév., Fl. Kouy-Tchiou: 440. 1915. Type: China, Guizhou, 7 July 1911,<br />
Esquirol 3093 (syntype E!); Sept. 1909, Cavalerie 2703 (syntype E!).<br />
Thailand.— nORTHERn: Chiang Mai (Fang), Chiang Rai, Lampang (Chae Son).<br />
Distribution.— nepal, Bhutan, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, China,<br />
Laos, Vietnam, Singapore, new Guinea, Australia.<br />
Ecology.— In secondary forest; rarely in dry evergreen forest; alt. 450–950 m;<br />
flowering: May to August; fruiting: September to Febuary.<br />
Vernacular.— Phak wai (ผักไว), un on (อุนออน) (northern).<br />
notes.— Callicarpa macrophylla closely resembles to C. candicans in its stem<br />
and inflorescences having stellate hairs, the abaxial surface of leaves covered with dense,<br />
soft, greyish-white to white stellate or dendroid hairs, pink to violet corolla and glabrous<br />
ovary. However, C. macrophylla is different from C. candicans through having an obtuse<br />
leaf base, peduncle mostly longer than the stalk of bract and white mature fruits. In<br />
contrast, C. candicans has attenuate leaf base, peduncle which is shorter than the stalk of<br />
bract and black mature fruits.<br />
9. Callicarpa maingayi King & Gamble, Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1908: 106. 1908 &<br />
J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 74: 804. 1908 & Mat. Fl. Malay. Penins.: 1014. 1909; H.J.Lam,<br />
Verben. Malay. Archip.: 63. 1919; Moldenke, Fifth Summary Verbenac. 1: 294. 1971 &<br />
Phytologia Mem. 2: 284. 1980; C.Leeratiwong, Chantar. & A.J.Paton, Thai Forest Bull.,<br />
(Bot.) 35: 75. 2007. Type: Malaysia, Malacca, 21 nov. 1865, Maingay in Kew Distribution<br />
1192 (lectotype K!; isolectotypes BM!, K!; lectotypified by Leeratiwong et al., 2007).<br />
Thailand.— PEnInSULAR: narathiwat (Waeng).<br />
Distribution.— Peninsular Malaysia.<br />
Ecology.— In shade or margins of evergreen or secondary forest; alt. 250–500 m;<br />
flowering: March to May; fruiting May to August.
A SynOPSIS OF THE GEnUS CALLICARPA L. (LAMIACEAE) In <strong>THAI</strong>LAnD<br />
(C. LEERATIWOnG, P. CHAnTARAnO<strong>THAI</strong> & A.J. PATOn)<br />
notes.— Callicarpa maingayi is very similar to C. furfuracea but differs in a<br />
tree-like habit, stem nodes without an interpetiolar woody ridge, shorter corolla (3–4<br />
mm long), glabrous ovary and red ripening fruits. C. furfuracea is a scandent shrub or a<br />
woody climber, with an interpetiolar woody ridge on the stem nodes, longer corolla (4–6<br />
mm long), hairy ovary and black ripening fruits. C. maingayi was first described based on<br />
the Malaysian material by King and Gamble (1908) which it has a hairy ovary, while in<br />
Thai materials the ovary is glabrous.<br />
10. Callicarpa pentandra Roxb. [Hort. Beng.: 83. 1814, nom. nud.] Fl. Ind. 1: 409.<br />
1820; Schauer in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 11: 646. 1847; Miq., Fl. ned. Ind. 2: 885. 1858;<br />
Bakh. in H.J.Lam & Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 3, 3: 11. 1921; Merr., Enum.<br />
Philip. Fl. Pl. 3: 387. 1923. Type: Indonesia, Moluccas, not located.— Geunsia farinosa<br />
Blume, Catalogus: 12. 1823 & Bijdr. Fl. ned. Ind.: 819. 1826; H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay.<br />
Archip.: 42. 1919; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 2: 614. 1923; Moldenke, Fifth Summary<br />
Verbenac. 1: 296. 1971 & Phytologia Mem. 2: 286. 1980. Type: Indonesia, Buitenzorg,<br />
Blume s.n. (holotype L).— Callicarpa cumingiana Schauer in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr.<br />
11: 664. 1847; Merr., Enum. Philip. Fl. Pl. 3: 383. 1923. Type: The Philippines, 1840,<br />
Cuming 1707 (holotype B; isotypes K!-2 sheets, PNH).— C. acuminatissima Teijsm. &<br />
Binn., natuurk. Tijdschr. ned.-Indië 25: 409. 1863. Type: Indonesia, Ceram, de Vriese<br />
& Teijsmann s.n. (holotype L; isotype BOG).— C. hexandra Teijsm. & Binn., natuurk.<br />
Tijdschr. ned.-Indië 25: 410. 1863. Type: Indonesia, Sulawesi (Celebes), Minahassae,<br />
Menado, de Vriese & Teijsmann s.n. (holotype L).— G. cumingiana (Schauer) Rolfe, J.<br />
Linn. Soc., Bot. 21: 315. 1884; H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. Archip.: 35. 1919. Type: as C.<br />
cumingiana Schauer.— G. hexandra (Teijsm. & Binn.) Koord., Meded. Lands Pl. 19: 559.<br />
1898; H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. Archip.: 37. 1919. Type: C. hexandra Teijsm. & Binn.—<br />
C. affinis Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 3: 864. 1910. Type: Philippines, Mindanao, Davao<br />
Island, Todaya (Apo Mount), June 1909, Elmer 10856 (syntypes HUH, K!, L!, US!), July<br />
1909, Elmer 11102 (syntypes HUH, K!, L!, US!).— G. hookeri Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., C 7:<br />
342. 1912. Type: Philippines, Cuming 1773 (holotype HUH; isotypes K!-2 sheets, L!).—<br />
G. pentandra (Roxb.) Merr., Philip. J. Sc. Bot. 11: 309. 1916; H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay.<br />
Archip.: 33. 1919; Moldenke, Fifth Summary Verbenac. 1: 296. 1971; Kochummen in<br />
ng, Tree Fl. Malaya 3: 305. 1978; Moldenke, Phytologia Mem. 2: 286. 1980. Type: as<br />
C. pentandra Roxb.— G. serrulata Hallier f., Meded. Rijks-Herb. 37: 27. 1918.–Type:<br />
Indonesia, Borneo, Sambas, Sungai, 30 Oct. 1893, Hallier B 801 (syntypes L!, U!).— G.<br />
acuminatissima (Teijsm. & Binn.) H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. Archip.: 32. 1919. Type: as<br />
C. acuminatissima Teijsm. & Binn.— G. cumingiana var. pentamera H.J.Lam, Verben.<br />
Malay. Archip.: 36. 1919. Type: not designated.— C. pentandra f. celebica Bakh., Bull.<br />
Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III 3: 14. 1921. Types: Indonesia, Sulawesi (Celebes), Menado, near<br />
Gorontalo (Riedel, Ratahan, Koord 19488 (syntype BOG), 19714 (syntype BOG); Loeboe,<br />
Koord 19499 (syntype BOG), 19509 (syntype BOG).— C. pentandra var. cumingiana<br />
(Scahuer) Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, III, 3: 16. 1921. Type: C. cumingiana<br />
Schauer.— C. pentandra f. farinosa (Blume) Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, III,<br />
3: 13. 1921. Type: as Geunsia farinosa Blume.— C. pentandra f. hexandra (Teijsm. &<br />
Binn.) Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, III, 3: 13. 1921. Type: as C. hexandra Teijsm.<br />
& Binn.— C. pentandra var. cumingiana f. pentamera (H.J.Lam) Bakh., Bull. Jard.<br />
Bot. Buitenzorg, III, 3: 17. 1921. Type:as G. cumingiana var. pentamera H.J.Lam.— C.<br />
pentandra var. cumingiana f. dentata Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, III, 3: 17. 1921.<br />
51
52<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> BULLETIn (BOTAny) 37<br />
Figure 5. Callicarpa pentandra: A. flowering branch; B1–B2. hairs on the abaxial surface of leaves: B1. stellate<br />
hairs, B2. dendroid hairs; C. flowers; D. calyx and style; E. dorsal stamen; F. ventral stamen with<br />
anther opening by by a short apical slit; G. ovary; H. cross-section of ovary with 4 locules; I. cross-<br />
section of ovary with 5 locules; J. fruit. All from Leeratiwong 05-204 (PSU). Drawn by C.<br />
Leeratiwong.
A SynOPSIS OF THE GEnUS CALLICARPA L. (LAMIACEAE) In <strong>THAI</strong>LAnD<br />
(C. LEERATIWOnG, P. CHAnTARAnO<strong>THAI</strong> & A.J. PATOn)<br />
Type: Indonesia, Sumatra, Tarabangie, Lamp, S.n. H.B. 4284 (U!).— G. cumingiana var.<br />
dentata (Bakh.) Moldenke, Phytologia 5: 8. 1954. Type: as C. pentandra var. cumingiana<br />
f. dentata Bakh.— G. hexandra f. serrulata Moldenke, Phytologia 5(1): 8. 1954. Type:<br />
Indonesia, Sulawesi (Celebes), de Vriese & Teijsmann s.n. (holotype L!).— G. pentandra<br />
var. albidella Moldenke, Phytologia 5: 10. 1954. Type: British Solomon Island,<br />
Quoimonapu, Malaita, 11 Dec. 1930, Kajewski 2340 (holotype BOG).— G. farinosa f.<br />
serratula Moldenke, Phytologia 44: 473. 1979. Type: Malaysia, Sabah, Sandakan, The<br />
logging area, Sg. Sakong Kechil, Sandakan Bay, 12 May 1967, Fox in SAn 57700 (holotype<br />
Moldenke Herbarium).— G. hexandra var. macrophylla Moldenke, Phytologia 49: 430.<br />
1981. Type: Malaysia, Sabah, Tawau, The nBT logged over area at mile 26 from Luasong,<br />
25 Feb. 1979, Fedelis & Sumbing in SAn 89702 (holotype Moldenke Herbarium).—<br />
G. farinosa var. callicarpoides H.J.Lam ex Moldenke, Phytologia 50: 220. 1982. Type:<br />
Malaysia, Borneo, Sabah, Kinabalu, Penokok, S.n. (holotype L!). Fig. 5.<br />
Thailand.— PEnInSULAR: narathiwat (Waeng).<br />
Ecology.— Common along the edge of evergreen forest; alt. 100–300 m; flowering:<br />
March to September; fruiting May to December.<br />
Distribution.— Peninsular Malaysia, Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Moluccas, Borneo,<br />
Sulawesi), Philippines, new Guinea.<br />
Vernacular.— Po non (ปอนน) (narathiwat).<br />
notes.— Callicarpa pentandra differs from other Callicarpa species by having<br />
flowers with 5-lobed corolla and 5 stamens and anthers which open at the apex at first.<br />
11. Callicarpa phuluangensis C.Leeratiwong & A.J.Paton sp. nov. C. pedunculata affinis<br />
sed lobis corollis et ovaris sparsim pilis ornatis (nec glabis) differt; C. longifolia affinis<br />
sed pedunculis longior quam petiolus bractis (nec breviter) differt. Typus: Thailand, Loei,<br />
Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, 17 June 2004, Leeratiwong 04-14 (holotypus KKU!;<br />
isotypi BKF!, PSU!, QBG!). Fig. 6.<br />
Shrubs 1.5–2 m high, branches greenish-brown or brown, obtusely 4-angled, with<br />
dense, yellowish-brown or brown stellate hairs mixed with dendroid hairs when young,<br />
later brown, cylindrical with lenticels, glabrescent; nodes with an interpetiolar woody<br />
ridge. Leaves elliptic, lanceolate, lanceolate-elliptic or narrowly elliptic, chartaceous,<br />
(5–)10–18 by (2–) 3–4 cm, apex caudate or acuminate, base cuneate, margin dentate or<br />
serrate-dentate; adaxial surface with moderate, brown scabrid hairs mixed with dendriod,<br />
stellate or two-armed hairs, with sparse, yellow subsessile glands sometimes with sparse,<br />
brown scale-like glands, midrib flattened; abaxial surface with moderate or sparse, brown<br />
stellate hairs mixed with pubescent or dendroid hairs sometimes with two-armed hairs and<br />
with moderate, yellow glands, midrib prominent, with dense, brown stellate or dendroid<br />
hairs; secondary veins 6–10-paired, distinct on both surfaces; tertiary veins reticulate,<br />
distinct on both leaf surfaces; petiole slightly thickened, slightly 4-angled, 0.3–1 cm long,<br />
flattened on upper part. Inflorescence with dichasial cymes, supra-axillary, 2–3.5(–4) cm<br />
long; peduncle brownish-violet, slender, terete, 1.5–2 cm long, longer than stalk of leaflike<br />
bract; pedicels slightly thickened, 0.8–1.2 mm long; bracteoles linear or lanceolatelinear,<br />
0.5–5 mm, caducuous. Calyx greenish-violet, cup-shaped, 0.8–1.3 mm long, with<br />
53
54<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> BULLETIn (BOTAny) 37<br />
Figure 6. Callicarpa phuluangensis: A. flowering branch; B. flower; C. vertical section of corolla; D. pistil; E.<br />
fruit; F1.–F4. hairs on the adaxial surface of leaves: F1. simple hairs, F2. two-armed hair, F3. stellate<br />
hairs, F4. dendroid hairs; G1.–G4. hairs on the abaxial surface of leaves: G1. simple hairs, G2. two-<br />
armed hair, G3. stellate hairs, G4. dendroid hairs. All from Leeratiwong 04-14 (holotypus KKU).<br />
Drawn by C. Leeratiwong.
A SynOPSIS OF THE GEnUS CALLICARPA L. (LAMIACEAE) In <strong>THAI</strong>LAnD<br />
(C. LEERATIWOnG, P. CHAnTARAnO<strong>THAI</strong> & A.J. PATOn)<br />
sparse, brown stellate hairs and with sparse, yellow glands without, glabrous with sparse<br />
subsessile glands inner; tube 0.7–1.2 mm long; apex with-minute or indistinct teeth, teeth<br />
ovate-triangular, 0.05–0.15 by 0.05–0.1 mm, apex acute or obtuse. Corolla violet-pink or<br />
pink, 2.3–3 mm long; tube 1.7–2 mm long, slightly swollen, with sparse, whitish-brown<br />
pubescent hairs distally without, glabrous within; lobes ovate or rounded-ovate, 0.8–1.2<br />
by 0.7–1 mm, apex rounded or obtuse, with sparse to moderate pubescence or stellate<br />
hairs, with ciliate hairs at margin and with sparse glands without, glabrous with subsessile<br />
glands within. Stamens long exserted; filaments pinkish-white, slender, 4–6 mm long;<br />
anthers yellow, broadly elliptic, 0.8–1 mm long. Ovary ovoid or subglobose, 0.3–0.5 mm<br />
long, with sparse stellate hairs and with moderately dense, yellow glands at the apex;<br />
style slender especially thickened at the apex, obscurely bifid. Fruits subglobose, 1.8–2.5<br />
mm long, glabrescent or glabrous and with sparse subsessile glands, green when young;<br />
persistent calyx 0.8–1.5 mm long; fruit stalks 0.8–2.5 mm long.<br />
Thailand.— nORTH-EASTERn: Loei [Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, 17 June 2004,<br />
Leeratiwong 04-14 (holotype KKU!; isotypes BKF!, PSU!, QBG!)].<br />
Distribution.— Endemic.<br />
Ecology.— In hill evergreen forest; alt. ca 1,300 m; flowering: May to July.<br />
notes.— Callicarpa phuluangensis is similar to C. pedunculata R.Br. from China,<br />
Philippines, Indonesia (Moluccas and Lesser Sunda Islands), new Guinea and Australia,<br />
but differs by having the outer surface of the corolla and ovary being hairy rather than<br />
glabrous. It is also close to C. longifolia Lam. var. longifolia, from which it differs in its<br />
peduncle, which is longer than the stalk of leaf-like bract. This species is only found in<br />
Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Loei.<br />
12. Callicarpa rubella Lindl., Bot. Reg.: 11, t. 883. 1825; Walp., Repert. Bot. Syst. 4:<br />
130. 1845; Schauer in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 11: 645. 1847; Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 2:<br />
274. 1877; C.B.Clarke in J.D.Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4: 569. 1885; Kuntze, Rev. Gén. Pl.<br />
2: 503. 1891; Brandis, Indian Trees: 512. 1906; H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. Archip.: 53.<br />
1919; P’ei, Mem. Sci. Soc. China 1(3): 38. 1932; Dop, Bull. Soc. Hist. nat. Toulouse 64:<br />
506. 1932 & in M.H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 4(7): 796. 1935; H.R.Fletcher, Bull. Misc.<br />
Inform., Kew 1938: 414. 1938; Chang, Acta Phytotax. 1: 296. 1951; Moldenke, Fifth<br />
Summary Verbenac. 1: 294. 1971 & Phytologia Mem. 2: 284. 1980; Kochummen in ng,<br />
Tree Fl. Malaya 3: 302. 1978; Chen & M.G.Gilbert in Z.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. China 17:<br />
13. 1994; A.Rajendran & P.Daniel, Ind. Verbenac.: 50. 2002. Type: China, 1822, Potts<br />
s.n. (lectotype CGE!, designated here).— C. sessilifolia Wall. [Cat. no. 1837, nom. nud.]<br />
ex Walp., Repert. Bot. Syst. 4: 130. 1845. Type: Bangladesh, Pundua, Sylhet, Wallich<br />
Cat. no.1837 (holotype G-DC, microfiche!, isotype K-W!).— C. tenuiflora Champ. ex<br />
Benth., in Hook., J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 5: 135. 1853; Walp., Ann. Bot. Syst. 5: 709.<br />
1858. Type: China, Hong Kong, Saywan, Champion 443 (holotype K!).— C. rubella var.<br />
hemsleyana Diels, Bot. Jahrb. 29: 547. 1900; P’ei, Mem. Sci. Soc. China 1(3): 40. 1932.<br />
Type: China, Sichuan, von Rosthorn 390 (holotype HUH).— C. panduriformis H.Lév. in<br />
Fedde, Repert. Spec. nov. Regni Veg. 9: 455. 1911. Type: China, Kouy-Tcheou, Kouy<br />
yang, May 1898, Chaffanjon 2341 (syntype E!), Tsin Gay, 20 nov. 1898, Labode 2507<br />
(syntype E!).— C. rubella f. angustata C.P’ei, Mem. Sci. Soc. China 1: 39. 1932. Type:<br />
not located. Fig. 7.<br />
55
56<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> BULLETIn (BOTAny) 37<br />
Figure 7. Callicarpa rubella: A. flowering branch; B1.–B4. hairs on the adaxial surface of leaves: B1. pubescent<br />
hairs, B2. two-armed hair, B3. stellate hair, B4. dendroid hairs; C1.–C3. hairs on the abaxial surface of<br />
leaves: C1. pubescent hair, C2. stellate hairs, C3. dendroid hairs; D. cyme; E. calyx; F. pistil; G. fruit.<br />
A–F. from Leeratiwong 04-41 (PSU), G. from Leeratiwong 04-170 (PSU). Drawn by C. Leeratiwong.
A SynOPSIS OF THE GEnUS CALLICARPA L. (LAMIACEAE) In <strong>THAI</strong>LAnD<br />
(C. LEERATIWOnG, P. CHAnTARAnO<strong>THAI</strong> & A.J. PATOn)<br />
Thailand.— nORTHERn: Mae Hong Son (Doi Huai Puling, Khun yuam), Chiang<br />
Mai (Chom Thong, Doi Chang Kian, Doi Chiang Dao, Doi Inthanon, Doi Pha Hom Pok,<br />
Mae Chaem, Mae Taeng, Doi Suthep, Mae Rim, Samoeng), Chiang Rai (Doi Tung, Khun<br />
Korn, Phu Langka, Wiang Papao), Lampang (Doi Khun Tan), nan (Doi Kunchang, Doi<br />
Phuka), Uttaradit (nahm Pie), Tak (Umphang), Sukhothai (Khao Luang), Phitsanulok<br />
(Phu Hin Rong Kla, Phu Miang); nORTH-EASTERn: Phetchabun (nam nao, Thung<br />
Salaeng Luang), Loei (Phu Kradueng, Phu Luang); EASTERn: Chaiyaphum (Phu Khieo),<br />
nakhon Ratchasima (Khao yai); SOUTH-WESTERn: Kanchanaburi (Sangkhaburi, Thong<br />
Pha Phum), Phetchaburi (Khao Pha noen Thung, Kaeng Krachan); CEnTRAL: nakhon<br />
nayok (Khao yai); SOUTH-EASTERn: Trat (Khao Kuap); PEnInSULAR: Phangnga (Khao<br />
Phra Mi), Surat Thani (Phanom Bencha), nakhon Si Thammarat (Khao Luang).<br />
Distribution.— Bhutan, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, China, Taiwan, Cambodia,<br />
Laos, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi (Celebes)),<br />
Philippines.<br />
Ecology.— In open and streamside areas in seconday, evergreen, dry evergreen,<br />
mixed deciduous forests, rarely occur in hill evergreen, pine, dipterocarp and savannah<br />
forests; alt. 400–2,000 m; flowering: March to July; fruiting: May to December.<br />
Vernacular.— Khapia dong (ขาเปี ยดง) (Tak, Loei), namlai phisuea (น้ำลายผีเสื ้อ)<br />
(Loei); pha (ผ้า) (Central, Chiang Mai), choua di pho (Chiang Mai), no chwe di (Karen-<br />
Chiang Mai), si la (สีลา) (Chiang Mai).<br />
notes.— Callicarpa rubella is easily recognized by its cordate or obliquely cordate<br />
leaf base, the short petiole and the violet to pink ripening fruits. Lindley (1825) did not<br />
cite any specimens in the original publication but he stated that C. rubella was brought<br />
from China by John Potts in 1822 on a trip sponsored by the Horticultural Society and<br />
cultivated in a garden at Chiswick. Therefore, Potts s.n. deposited at CGE is chosen here<br />
as the lectotype.<br />
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />
We would like to thank the curators and staff of the following herbaria for loans of<br />
specimens, information and their assistance during visit to their institutions: AAU, BCU,<br />
BK, BKF, CMU, HUH, K, KKU, L, ny, P, PSU, QBG, SInG, US and Herb. Biology,<br />
Chiang Mai University. Financial support from the Royal Golden Jubilee Program (no.<br />
4.B.KK/46/B.1) and Commission on Higher Education, Ministry of Education, Thailand<br />
are acknowledged.<br />
REFERENCES<br />
Bramley, G.L.C. (2009). The genus Callicarpa (Lamiaceae) on Borneo. Botanical Journal<br />
of the Linnean Society 159: 416–455.<br />
Cantino, P.D., Harley, R.M. & Wagstaff, S.J. (1992). Genera of Labiatae: Status and<br />
Classification. In: Harley, R.M. & Reynolds, T., Advances in Labiatae Science:<br />
511–522. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.<br />
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Clarke, C.B. (1904). Verbenaceae. In: Schmidt, J., Flora of Koh Chang, part 8: 171– 175.<br />
Bianco Luno, Copenhagen.<br />
Fletcher, H.R. (1938). The Siamese Verbenaceae. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information,<br />
Kew 1938: 411–415.<br />
Govaerts, R., Paton, A.J., Harvey, y. & navarro, T. (2007). World Checklist of Lamiaceae.<br />
The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the<br />
Internet; http://www.kew.org/wcsp (accessed 6 July 2007).<br />
Harley, R.M., Atkins, S., Budantsev, P.D., Cantino, P.D., Conn, B.J., Grayer, R., Harley,<br />
M.M., De Kok, R., Kresstovskaja, T., Morales, R., Paton, A.J., Ryding, O. &<br />
Upson, T. (2004). Labiatae. In: Kubitzki, K., The Families and Genera of Vascular<br />
Plants: Flowering Plant-Dicotyledons, 7: 267–268. Springer-Verlag, Germany.<br />
Holmgren, P.K., Holmgren, n.H. & Barnett, L.C. (1990). The Herbaria of the World. 8 th<br />
ed. new york Botanical Garden, U.S.A.<br />
King, G. & Gamble, J.S. (1908). Plantarum novarum In Herbario Horti Regii<br />
Conservatarum. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Kew 1908: 106.<br />
Leeratiwong, C., Chantaranothai, P. & Paton, A.J. (2007). notes on the genus Callicarpa<br />
L. (Lamiaceae) in Thailand. Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 35: 73–79.<br />
Lindley, J. (1825). Callicarpa rubella. Botanical Register 11: 883.<br />
Linnaeus, C. (1753). Species Plantarum. 1 st ed. Laurentius Salvius, Stockholm.<br />
Moldenke, H.n. (1980). A sixth summary of the Verbenaceae, Avicenniaceae, Stilbaceae,<br />
Chloranthaceae, Symphoremataceae, nyctanthaceae and Eriocaulaceae of the<br />
World as to valid taxa, Geographic Distribution and Synonymy. Phytologia<br />
Memoirs. 2: 284–285.<br />
Roxburgh, W. (1820). Flora Indica. Vol. 1. The Mission Press, Serampore.<br />
The Forest Herbarium, Royal Forest Department. (2001). Thai Plant names, Tem Smitinand,<br />
Revised Edition. Prachachon, Bangkok.
<strong>THAI</strong> FOR. BULL. (BOT.) 37: 59–63. 2009.<br />
Lecanopteris pumila Blume (Polypodiaceae), a new record for Thailand<br />
STUART LINDSAY 1 & DAvID J. MIDDLETON 1<br />
ABSTRACT. Lecanopteris pumila Blume is newly recorded for Thailand. The species is described and a key<br />
to the Lecanopteris species of Thailand is presented.<br />
KEY WORDS: Ant-fern, fern, Flora of Thailand, Lecanopteris, Myrmecophila, Myrmecopteris, Polypodiaceae,<br />
Thailand.<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
The Polypodiaceae for the Flora of Thailand was published in 1989 (Tagawa &<br />
Iwatsuki, 1989). In that work two species of Myrmecophila Christ ex Nakai (a genus<br />
now treated as a synonym of Lecanopteris Reinw. (Gay et al., 1994)) were listed. Both<br />
of these species, Lecanopteris crustacea Copel. and L. sinuosa (Wall. ex Hook.) Copel.,<br />
are members of Lecanopteris subgen. Myrmecopteris (according to Gay et al., 1994 and<br />
Hennipman & Hovenkamp, 1998 – but see note on page 62). All members of this subgenus<br />
have rhizomes that are densely covered with imbricate peltate scales. In May 2005 a third<br />
species of Lecanopteris, L. pumila Blume, was discovered in Thailand in the province of<br />
Yala. This species belongs to Lecanopteris subgen. Lecanopteris. All members of this<br />
subgenus have rhizomes that are glabrous except for an indument of scattered scales and<br />
hairs at the apices and, occasionally, persistent in protected grooves of older parts.<br />
The genus Lecanopteris as a whole has 13 species, 12 of which are confined to<br />
Malesia. The remaining species, L. sinuosa, is found throughout Malesia from Sumatra to<br />
Vanuatu, but also extends into southern Taiwan and into northern Australia (Queensland)<br />
(Gay et al., 1994; Hennipman & Hovenkamp, 1998).<br />
The rhizomes of all Lecanopteris species have chambers in which ants live. The<br />
relationship between the ants and the ferns is believed to be mutualistic, the ants being<br />
provided with a home and the ferns deriving protection from the presence of the ants<br />
as well as a supply of nutrients from their faeces and other debris deposited inside the<br />
rhizome (Gay, 1994). Lecanopteris species are sometimes referred to as “ant-ferns”.<br />
KEY TO THE LECANOPTERIS SPECIES OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
1. Rhizome not covered with peltate scales L. pumila<br />
1. Rhizome covered with peltate scales<br />
2. Fronds simple; rhizome 1–2 cm thick L. sinuosa<br />
2. Fronds pinnatifid; rhizome 3–5 cm thick L. crustacea<br />
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<br />
1 Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, Scotland, UK.
60<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
Figure 1. Reproduction (with minor modifications) of the type illustration of Lecanopteris pumila Blume (Fl.<br />
Javae t. 94B. 1851.) showing details of the habit, sori, venation and sporangia. The original<br />
illustration, in which the fronds are probably life-sized, is about twice as large.
LECANOPTERIS PUMILA BLUME (POLYPODIACEAE), A NEW RECORD FOR <strong>THAI</strong>LAND (S. LINDSAY & D.J. MIDDLETON) 61<br />
DESCRIPTION<br />
Lecanopteris pumila Blume, Fl. Javae t. 94B. 1851; Gay et al., Gard. Bull. Sing. 45:<br />
305. 1994 [‘1993’]; Hennipman & Hovenkamp, Fl. Malesiana, ser. II, Ferns and Fern<br />
Allies 3: 70, fig. 12c. 1998.— Lecanopteris carnosa var. pumila (Blume) Alderw., Bull.<br />
Dép. Agric. Indes Néerl. 27: 3. 1909; Holttum, Fl. Malaya, vol. II. (Ferns) 210, fig. 110.<br />
1954. – Type: Illustration in Blume, Fl. Javae t. 94B. 1851. Fig. 1.<br />
For further synonomy see Hennipman & Hovenkamp, Fl. Malesiana, ser. II, Ferns and<br />
Fern Allies, 3: 70. 1998.<br />
Rhizome creeping and much branched, 1.5–2.5 cm thick, fleshy, hollow and antinhabited;<br />
bright pale green when young, blackening with age, glabrous except for a few<br />
scattered scales and hairs at apices and, occasionally, persistent in protected grooves of<br />
older parts. Rhizome scales small, dark, somewhat round and with a strongly dentate<br />
margin, 0.2–0.4 mm diameter. Rhizome hairs also small, 0.1–0.2 mm long, simple or<br />
once-branched (“Y” shaped), dark brown and glandular. Fronds stalked, pinnatifid,<br />
entirely glabrous, 19–40 by 5–9 cm, arising from phyllopodia. Phyllopodia hollow,<br />
prominent, 0.5–1.5 cm high, sometimes replaced by solid spines. Stipes dark brown,<br />
glabrous, 7–15 cm by 1.5–5 mm, narrowly winged towards the apex. Lamina oblong to<br />
slightly obovate, bright green, glabrous, thinly leathery, 12–25 by 5–9 cm, deeply lobed<br />
(i.e. pinnatifid) to within 1 or 2 mm of the rachis, lobes separated by about their own<br />
width; anastomosing veins with included veinlets but these obscure or invisible in fresh<br />
fronds (where only rachis and costae are raised both surfaces and easily visible), visible<br />
in dry fronds, sterile lobes 2.0–4.5 cm by 5.5–10 mm, usually widened somewhat above<br />
the base, edges entire, apex rounded to acute; fertile lobes 2.5–4.5 cm long, commonly<br />
5–7 mm wide, the edges lobed, lobes rounded, 2–3 mm long and wide, separated by about<br />
their own width, each wholly occupied by a deeply sunken sorus and folded backwards<br />
towards the upper surface. Sporangia ca 0.3 mm long, on stalks to 0.5 mm long. Spores<br />
monolete, yellow.<br />
Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Yala [Betong District, Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary,<br />
on trail up unnamed ‘1490’ mountain reached from the shores of Bang Lang Reservoir.<br />
Smaller false summit before reaching the actual summit, 5º58’N, 101º26’E, 24 May 2005,<br />
Middleton, Chamchamroon, Lindsay, Phuphat & Pooma 3676 (BKF)].<br />
Distribution.— Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo.<br />
Ecology.— Reported throughout its range as being epiphytic, on branches of trees<br />
in mid-montane and montane scrub forest, often in full sunshine. The rhizome can be quite<br />
substantial forming what Holttum (1954) described as “a crust” on and around branches.<br />
Altitude ca 1050–1700 m; the specimen above was collected at 1450 m altitude.<br />
IUCN Conservation Status.— Least Concern (LC). Although this species is<br />
only known from one collection in Thailand it is in an area of extensive forest and is a<br />
widespread species in western Malesia.<br />
Notes.— It seems that the description to go with plate 94B in Flora Javae (Blume,<br />
1851) was never published. However, we consider the name Lecanopteris pumila<br />
Blume to be validly published as the plate itself shows details of the habit, sori, venation
62<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
and sporangia (Fig. 1), sufficient to validate the name under Arts. 42.3 and 42.4 of the<br />
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (McNeill et al., 2006).<br />
The generic name Myrmecopteris Pic.Serm. was published in 1977 (see Webbia,<br />
31: 239) as a replacement name for the illegitimate Myrmecophila Christ ex Nakai (a later<br />
homonym of Myrmecophila Rolfe). Gay et al. (1994) and Hennipman & Hovenkamp<br />
(1998) treated Myrmecopteris as a subgenus of Lecanopteris but did not fulfil the criteria<br />
for valid publication of the combination at the rank of subgenus. As far as we can tell,<br />
Lecanopteris subgenus Myrmecopteris is not yet validly published. It is also worth noting<br />
that molecular phylogenetic studies suggest subgenus Myrmecopteris is paraphyletic<br />
(Haufler et al., 2003).<br />
The dimensions given in the description have largely been adapted from Holttum<br />
(1954), Gay et al. (1994) and Hennipman & Hovenkamp (1998) as the material from<br />
Thailand, although sufficient to be confident of the identification, is rather scanty for a<br />
detailed description. The single specimen consists of just one small fertile frond (19 cm<br />
long, 5 cm wide) attached to a small piece of rhizome. The plant from which this was<br />
harvested had some larger fronds and much more rhizome material but unfortunately<br />
these were not safely accessible.<br />
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />
We thank The Leverhulme Trust for funding our current research on Thai ferns<br />
and The United States National Science Foundation and the University of Michigan<br />
Herbarium for funding our fieldwork in 2005. We also thank Voradol Chamchamroon,<br />
Manop Phuphat and Rachun Pooma for organizing the collecting trip to Hala-Bala<br />
Wildlife Sanctuary and for their assistance and company in the field; the library staff at<br />
the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh; and Lynsey Wilson for preparing the image.<br />
REFERENCES<br />
Blume, C.L. (1851). Flora Javae nec non insularum adjecentium, part 40, t. 94B.<br />
Gay, H., Hennipman, E., Huxley, C.R. & Parrott, F.J.E. (1994 [‘1993’]). The taxonomy,<br />
distribution and ecology of the epiphytic Malesian ant-fern Lecanopteris Reinw.<br />
(Polypodiaceae). Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 45: 293–335.<br />
Haufler, C.H., Grammer, W.A., Hennipman, E., Ranker, T.A., Smith, A.R. & Schneider<br />
H. (2003). Systematics of the ant-fern genus Lecanopteris (Polypodiacee): testing<br />
phylogenetic hypotheses with DNA sequences. Systematic Botany 28: 217–227.<br />
Hennipman, E. & Hovenkamp, P.H. (1998). Lecanopteris. Flora Malesiana ser. II, Ferns<br />
and Fern Allies, 3: 59–72. Rijksherbarium / Hortus Botanicus, Leiden.<br />
Holttum, R.E. (1954). Lecanopteris. Flora of Malaya, vol. II (Ferns) 208–210. Government<br />
Printing Office, Singapore.
LECANOPTERIS PUMILA BLUME (POLYPODIACEAE), A NEW RECORD FOR <strong>THAI</strong>LAND (S. LINDSAY & D.J. MIDDLETON) 63<br />
McNeill, J., Barrie, F.R., Burdet, H.M., Demoulin, V., Hawksworth, D.L., Marhold,<br />
K., Nicolson, D.H., Prado, J., Silva, P.C., Skog, J.E., Wiersema, J.H. & Turland,<br />
N.J. (eds). (2006). International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code)<br />
adopted by the Seventeenth International Botanical Congress, Vienna, Austria,<br />
July 2005. Regnum Vegetabile 146. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG.<br />
Pichi Sermolli, R.E.G. (1977). Fragmenta Pteridologiae – VI. Webbia, 31: 237–259.<br />
Tagawa, M. & Iwatsuki, K. (1989). In: Smitinand, T. & Larsen, K. (eds), Flora of Thailand,<br />
Vol. 3, part 4. Royal Forest Department, Bangkok.
<strong>THAI</strong> FOR. BULL. (BOT.) 37: 64–106. 2009.<br />
Towards a stable nomenclature for Thai ferns<br />
STUART LINDSAY 1 , DAVID J. MIDDLETON 1 , THAWEESAKDI BOONKERD 2 & SOMRAN SUDDEE 3<br />
ABSTRACT. There have been many changes to family and genus delimitation in Thai ferns since the publication<br />
of volume 3 (Pteridophytes) of the Flora of Thailand. These changes are discussed and current names for all<br />
taxa, including those recently described or recorded for Thailand, are presented. A new combination is made<br />
in Hymenasplenium.<br />
KEY WORDS: Ferns, Flora of Thailand, nomenclature, Thailand.<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
There are approximately 670 taxa of ferns in Thailand comprising about 5–7%<br />
of the total vascular flora (Middleton, 2003). The ferns were published in volume 3<br />
of the Flora of Thailand (Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989) and 596 taxa<br />
were recognised as occurring in Thailand (excluding the lycophytes: Lycopodiaceae,<br />
Selaginellaceae and Isoetaceae). A number of papers have since been published in<br />
which new taxa have been described or new records have been added to the pteridophyte<br />
diversity of Thailand (Mitsuta, 1985; Iwatsuki et al., 1998; Parris, 1998a; Hovenkamp<br />
et al., 1998; Nooteboom, 1998; Boonkerd & Nooteboom, 2001; Boonkerd & Pollawatn<br />
2000, 2002a, 2002b, 2006; Lindsay & Middleton, 2004, 2009c; Lindsay et al., 2004, 2008;<br />
Suksathan, 2004; Boonkerd et al., 2004; Boonkerd, 2006). Of particular significance<br />
amongst these are Boonkerd & Pollawatn (2000), which is a list of all the pteridophytes in<br />
Thailand (including an additional 27 taxa) with distribution maps and many photographs,<br />
and Boonkerd et al. (2004), in which many more species were added. A total of 71 fern<br />
taxa have been newly recorded or newly described for Thailand since the publication of<br />
the Flora of Thailand accounts. This rate of addition of new taxa and new records to a<br />
recently completed Flora account reflects the fact that pteridophytes had previously often<br />
been neglected on traditional collecting expeditions (and were therefore not available<br />
to Tagawa & Iwatsuki) and is testament to the relatively poor state of our taxonomic<br />
knowledge of them compared to many angiosperm plant groups.<br />
The taxonomy of ferns in Thailand has also been subject to considerable flux due<br />
to differences of opinion over the delimitation of families, genera and species. One need<br />
only glance at the lists of synonymy to see that very many species have had homotypic<br />
combinations made in many different genera (e.g. several species of Selliguea also<br />
have combinations in Polypodium, Phymatopsis, Pleopeltis, Phymatodes, Crypsinus<br />
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<br />
1 Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, Scotland, UK.<br />
2 Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.<br />
3 The Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Chatuchak, Bangkok<br />
10900, Thailand.
TOWarDS a STaBLe NOMeNCLaTure FOr THaI FerNS (S. LINDSaY, D.J. MIDDLeTON, T. BOONKerD & S. SuDDee)<br />
and Phymatopteris - see Lindsay & Middleton, 2009a). This indecision about the best<br />
placement of species in genera is also manifest at the family level where the limits of<br />
several families have changed considerably over time and between contemporary Flora<br />
projects, leading, in some cases, to the abandonment of families altogether in some parts of<br />
Flora Malesiana (e.g. Kramer, 1971; Holttum, 1978, 1991) in favour of “groups” of genera.<br />
In recent years phylogenetic techniques, particularly using molecular data, have<br />
been used to attempt to solve the many problems in fern familial and generic delimitation<br />
(see Smith et al., 2006, 2008 and references cited therein). This has led to a greater<br />
consensus on the delimitation of families and genera. We are eventually beginning to see<br />
the possibility of stability in the names applied to the ferns of Thailand.<br />
THE TABLES<br />
In this paper we apply the family and genus concepts summarised by Smith et al.<br />
(2006, 2008) to the ferns of Thailand and present the data in two tables. For Davalliaceae<br />
we follow the more recent generic concepts of Kato & Tsutsumi (2008). In Table 1 the<br />
families and genera recognised by Smith et al. (2006, 2008) and Kato & Tsutsumi (2008)<br />
are compared to the families and genera recognised in the Flora of Thailand accounts. In<br />
Table 2 all fern taxa now known to occur in Thailand are listed using the up-to-date family<br />
and genus concepts from Smith et al. (2006, 2008) and Kato & Tsutsumi (2008), with<br />
occasional modifications from other recent works (e.g. Parris, 2007). These are compared<br />
to the names used for the same taxon from the Flora of Thailand and from Boonkerd &<br />
Pollawatn (2000). For species delimitation we follow Tagawa & Iwatsuki (1979, 1985,<br />
1988, 1989), unless other pieces of taxonomic work have superseded these publications<br />
(e.g. Hovenkamp et al., 1998), or we have come to our own differing opinion in specific<br />
groups. In some cases the authorship of names is not the same as has been previously<br />
published. We have checked the problematic ones and only the correct authorships are<br />
used without highlighting the discrepancies. Likewise the spelling of specific epithets<br />
not in conformity with the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (McNeill et al.,<br />
2006) has been corrected in all columns without comment. We include taxa which have<br />
been published as occurring in Thailand. We also include a small number of taxa which<br />
we provisionally record for Thailand from our own observations but which still await<br />
formal publication. We acknowledge that this list might be incomplete judging by the<br />
rate at which taxa have been newly recorded from Thailand in the last 20 years. However,<br />
this list has been compiled to facilitate the development of an on-line multi-access key to<br />
the ferns of Thailand (Lindsay & Middleton, 2009b) and new taxa can easily be added to this.<br />
The “nine new records” in Mitsuta (1985) were not included in the Flora of<br />
Thailand. Some of them are, however, attributable to species already known from Thailand.<br />
We have included a genuine additional record (Monachosorum henryi Christ) and as<br />
yet unconfirmed new records (Thelypteris laxa (Franch. & Sav.) Ching and Diplazium<br />
doerderleinii (Luerss.) Makino) in Table 2. The new record Diplazium okinawaense<br />
Tagawa has been synonymised to Diplazium virescens Kunze following Shieh et al.<br />
(1994). We have redetermined the other material cited in Mitsuta (1985) to taxa already<br />
reported in the Flora of Thailand, thus: Colysis flexiloba (Christ) Ching var. undulatorepanda<br />
(C.Chr.) Ching to Leptochilus ellipticus (Thunb.) Noot.; Crypsinus trisectus<br />
65
66<br />
THaI FOreST BuLLeTIN (BOTaNY) 37<br />
(Baker) Tagawa to Selliguea hirsuta (Baker) S.Linds.; Microlepia trichoclada Ching<br />
to Microlepia herbacea Ching & C.Chr. ex Tardieu & C.Chr.; Thelypteris angulariloba<br />
Ching to Thelypteris hirsutipes (C.B.Clarke) Ching; and Thelypteris esquirolii (Christ)<br />
Ching to Cyclosorus falcilobus (Hook.) Panigrahi.<br />
Major changes in family delimitations<br />
Table 1 summarises the changes in family delimitation between the Flora of<br />
Thailand accounts and those currently recognised and lists the genera in each of the<br />
families. These changes include losing some familiar families altogether, such as<br />
Parkeriaceae (now in Pteridaceae) and Athyriaceae (now mostly in Woodsiaceae), and<br />
changing the delimitation of others quite radically, such as Polypodiaceae (which now<br />
includes Grammitidaceae) and Dryopteridaceae (which has lost Tectaria and its relatives<br />
and gained genera from Lomariopsidaceae, Davalliaceae and Athyriaceae). Pteridaceae<br />
has also undergone major changes and is now much larger with five subfamilies which do<br />
not correspond well to former families; e.g. Pteridaceae subfamily Pteridoideae includes<br />
only Pteris from the previously delimited Pteridaceae, with all of the other genera<br />
previously having been placed in Parkeriaceae.<br />
Major changes in generic delimitation<br />
Table 2 lists all the currently used names for Thai ferns and compares them to<br />
Pteridophytes in Thailand (Boonkerd & Pollawatn, 2000) and Flora of Thailand (Tagawa<br />
& Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989). A total of 191 taxa have a name which is now<br />
different to the name used in the Flora of Thailand accounts, most of these as a result<br />
of changes in generic delimitation. Changes in generic delimitation are particularly<br />
extensive in Davalliaceae, Hymenophyllaceae, Polypodiaceae and Thelypteridaceae.<br />
Well known genera such as Grammitis, Polypodium, Trichomanes and Vittaria are no<br />
longer recognised in Thailand. Table 2 also provides references to the literature on new<br />
taxa, new records and in cases where the taxon epithet is different to that used in the Flora<br />
of Thailand account (usually due to synonymy). If there is no reference given then the<br />
change is made here. Black dots are used to indicate a taxon which is under a different<br />
name to that used in the original Flora of Thailand account; circles are used to indicate a<br />
taxon which is new to Thailand, either as a newly described taxon or a new record.<br />
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />
We thank The Leverhulme Trust for financial support for this work; the Curators<br />
and Collection Managers of herbaria that have loaned material or welcomed us on visits<br />
(notably a, BK, BKF, BM, C, CMu, e, K, SING); the library staff of the royal Botanic<br />
Garden edinburgh for their help in locating or obtaining protologues and other references;<br />
and Christopher Fraser-Jenkins, John McNeill, Barbara Parris, alan Smith and John<br />
Thompson for advice and information.
Table 1. Comparison of family delimitation and composition between Smith et al. (2006, 2008) and Flora of Thailand (Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989). Note<br />
that within Pteridaceae the subfamily name Vittarioideae has priority over Adiantoideae (cf. Smith et al., 2006, 2008) and the subfamilial name Cryptogrammoideae,<br />
which did not exist for Smith et al. (2006, 2008), has now been published (Lindsay & Middleton, 2009a).<br />
TOWarDS a STaBLe NOMeNCLaTure FOr THaI FerNS (S. LINDSaY, D.J. MIDDLeTON, T. BOONKerD & S. SuDDee)<br />
Corresponding family (or families) in Flora of Thailand<br />
(Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989)<br />
Smith et al. (2006, 2008) family Genera currently recognized in Thailand. Those in<br />
bold (26) were not recognized in Flora of Thailand<br />
ASPLeNIaCeae Asplenium, Hymenasplenium ASPLeNIaCeae<br />
BLeCHNaCeae Blechnum, Brainea, Stenochlaena, Woodwardia BLeCHNaCeae (Blechnum, Brainea, Woodwardia),<br />
PTERIDACEAE (Stenochlaena)<br />
CIBOTIACEAE Cibotium DICKSONIaCeae<br />
CYATHEACEAE Cyathea CYATHEACEAE<br />
DAVALLIACEAE Araiostegiella, Davallia, Davallodes, Humata, Wibelia DAVALLIACEAE<br />
DeNNSTaeDTIaCeae Dennstaedtia, Histiopteris, Hypolepis, Microlepia, DeNNSTaeDTIaCeae<br />
Pteridium<br />
DIPTERIDACEAE Cheiropleuria, Dipteris DIPTERIDACEAE (Dipteris), CHEIROPLEURIACEAE<br />
(Cheiropleuria)<br />
DRYOPTERIDACEAE (Acrophorus, Arachniodes, Ctenitis,<br />
Cyrtomium,<br />
Didymochlaena, Dryopteris, Polystichum), ATHYRIACEAE<br />
(Hypodematium), DAVALLIACEAE (Leucostegia),<br />
LOMarIOPSIDaCeae (Bolbitis, Elaphoglossum, Lomagramma,<br />
Teratophyllum)<br />
DRYOPTERIDACEAE Acrophorus, Arachniodes, Bolbitis, Ctenitis, Cyrtomium,<br />
Peranema, Didymochlaena, Dryopteris, Elaphoglossum,<br />
Hypodematium, Leucostegia, Lomagramma, Polystichum,<br />
Teratophyllum<br />
EQUISETACEAE Equisetum EQUISETACEAE<br />
GLeICHeNIaCeae Dicranopteris, Diplopterygium, Gleichenia, Sticherus GLeICHeNIaCeae<br />
HYMeNOPHYLLaCeae Abrodictyum, Callistopteris, Cephalomanes, Crepidomanes, HYMeNOPHYLLaCeae<br />
Didymoglossum, Hymenophyllum, Vandenboschia<br />
LINDSaeaCeae Lindsaea, Sphenomeris, Tapeinidium LINDSaeaCeae<br />
LOMarIOPSIDaCeae Cyclopeltis, Lomariopsis, Nephrolepis LOMarIOPSIDaCeae (Lomariopsis), DRYOPTERIDACEAE<br />
(Cyclopeltis), OLeaNDraCeae (Nephrolepis)<br />
LYGODIACEAE Lygodium SCHIZAEACEAE<br />
67<br />
MARATTIACEAE Angiopteris, Christensenia, Ptisana MARATTIACEAE
68<br />
Corresponding family (or families) in Flora of Thailand<br />
(Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989)<br />
Smith et al. (2006, 2008) family Genera currently recognized in Thailand. Those in bold<br />
(26) were not recognized in Flora of Thailand<br />
MARSILEACEAE Marsilea MARSILEACEAE<br />
MaTONIaCeae Matonia Absent<br />
OLeaNDraCeae Oleandra OLeaNDraCeae<br />
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Botrychium, Helminthostachys, Ophioglossum OPHIOGLOSSACEAE<br />
OSMuNDaCeae Osmunda OSMuNDaCeae<br />
PLAGIOGYRIACEAE Plagiogyria PLAGIOGYRIACEAE<br />
THaI FOreST BuLLeTIN (BOTaNY) 37<br />
POLYPODIACEAE (Aglaomorpha, Arthromeris,<br />
Belvisia, Christiopteris, Colysis, Drynaria, Lemmaphyllum,<br />
Lepisorus, Leptochilus, Loxogramme, Microsorum,<br />
Neocheiropteris, Platycerium, Pyrrosia, Selliguea),<br />
DAVALLIACEAE (Gymnogrammitis), GraMMITIDaCeae<br />
(Acrosorus, Calymmodon, Prosaptia, Scleroglossum)<br />
POLYPODIACEAE Acrosorus, Aglaomorpha, Arthromeris, Belvisia,<br />
Calymmodon, Christiopteris, Chrysogrammitis,<br />
Ctenopterella, Dasygrammitis, Drynaria, Goniophlebium,<br />
Gymnogrammitis, Lecanopteris, Lemmaphyllum,<br />
Lepisorus, Leptochilus, Loxogramme, Microsorum,<br />
Neocheiropteris, Oreogrammitis, Platycerium,<br />
Prosaptia, Pyrrosia, Radiogrammitis, Scleroglossum,<br />
Selliguea, Themelium, Tomophyllum, Xiphopterella<br />
PSILOTACEAE Psilotum PSILOTACEAE<br />
PTERIDACEAE subfam. Cheilanthoideae Cheilanthes, Doryopteris, Hemionitis, Notholaena, PARKERIACEAE<br />
Parahemionitis, Pellaea<br />
PTERIDACEAE subfam. Cryptogrammoideae Coniogramme PARKERIACEAE<br />
PTERIDACEAE subfam. Parkerioideae Acrostichum, Ceratopteris PTERIDACEAE (Acrostichum), PARKERIACEAE<br />
(Ceratopteris)<br />
PTERIDACEAE subfam. Pteridoideae Onychium, Pityrogramma, Pteris, Syngramma, Taenitis PARKERIACEAE (Onychium, Pityrogramma, Syngramma,<br />
Taenitis), PTERIDACEAE (Pteris)<br />
PTERIDACEAE subfam. Vittarioideae Adiantum, Antrophyum, Haplopteris, Vaginularia PARKERIACEAE (Adiantum), VITTARIACEAE<br />
(Antrophyum, Vaginularia, Vittaria)<br />
SaLVINIaCeae Azolla, Salvinia SaLVINIaCeae (Salvinia), AZOLLACEAE (Azolla)<br />
SCHIZAEACEAE Schizaea SCHIZAEACEAE<br />
TECTARIACEAE Arthropteris, Heterogonium, Pleocnemia, Pteridrys, Tectaria DRYOPTERIDACEAE (Heterogonium, Pleocnemia,<br />
Pteridrys, Tectaria), OLeaNDraCeae (Arthropteris)<br />
THELYPTERIDACEAE Cyclosorus, Macrothelypteris, Pseudophegopteris, Thelypteris THELYPTERIDACEAE<br />
WOODSIACEAE Athyrium, Cornopteris, Deparia, Diplazium ATHYRIACEAE
TOWarDS a STaBLe NOMeNCLaTure FOr THaI FerNS (S. LINDSaY, D.J. MIDDLeTON, T. BOONKerD & S. SuDDee)<br />
Table 2. Comparison of the current names for Thai fern species with the names used for the same taxa in Pteridophytes in Thailand (Boonkerd & Pollawatn, 2000) and<br />
Flora of Thailand (Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989). Two names for a single entry in the third column linked by a ‘/’ indicate that a change was made<br />
to the name in the “additions and Corrections” section in part 4 of volume 3 of the Flora of Thailand account. Two or more names for a single entry linked by<br />
a ‘+’ indicate that these taxa are now treated as synonyms. Black dots indicate species whose names have changed since the publication of the Flora of Thailand<br />
or were changed in the “additions and Corrections” section. Circles indicate species that have been discovered or described since the publication of the Flora of<br />
Thailand. The reference beside a name refers to the place(s) of publication of the new taxon or record, or the source of information about the change of a name: 1<br />
Boonkerd (2006); 2 Boonkerd (in press); 3 Boonkerd & Nooteboom (2001); 4 Boonkerd & Pollawatn (2000); 5 Boonkerd & Pollawatn (2002a); 6 Boonkerd &<br />
Pollawatn (2002b); 7 Boonkerd & Pollawatn (2004); 8 Boonkerd & Pollawatn (2006); 9 Boonkerd & Suksathan (2009); 10 Boonkerd et al. (2004); 11 Fraser-<br />
Jenkins (1997); 12 Holttum (1982); 13 Holttum (1991); 14 Holttum & Grimes (1980); 15 Hovenkamp (1986); 16 Hovenkamp et al. (1998); 17 Hovenkamp<br />
& Miyamoto (2005); 18 Iwatsuki et al. (1998); 19 Kato & Tsutsumi (2008); 20 Khullar (1994); 21 Lindsay & Middleton (2004); 22 Lindsay & Middleton (2009c);<br />
23 Lindsay et al. (2004); 24 Lindsay et al. (2008); 25 Lu (1999); 26 Mitsuta (1985); 27 Murdock (2008); 28 Nakaike (1992); 29 Nooteboom (1997); 30 Nooteboom<br />
(1998); 31 Parris (1998a); 32 Parris (1998b); 33 Parris (2007); 34 Parris & Latiff (1997); 35 Petchsri, Boonkerd & Baum (2009); 36 rödl-Linder (1990); 37<br />
Suksathan (2004); 38 Thompson (2008); 39 Zhang (1999a); 40 Zhang (1999b); 41 B. Parris, pers. comm.; 42 J. Thompson, pers. comm.; 43 Adiantum philippense<br />
var. subjunonicum is reported for Thailand by Boonkerd & Pollawatn (2006) but the combination has not been validly published and the status of the varieties of this<br />
species need further research; 44 Provisional new records, currently under investigation; 45 Hymenasplenium excisum (C.Presl) S.Linds., comb. nov. Basionym:<br />
Asplenium excisum C.Presl, Epimel. Bot. 74 (1851 [‘1849’]). Although the name Hymenasplenium excisum has been used in recent literature we can find no<br />
evidence that the combination has previously been validly published; 46 taxonomic change by current authors; 47 Ebihara et al. (2006).<br />
NAME IN FLORA OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989)<br />
CURRENT NAME NAME IN PTERIDOPHYTES IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Boonkerd & Pollawatn, 2000)<br />
ASPLENIACEAE<br />
Asplenium affine Sw. Asplenium affine Sw. Asplenium affine Sw.<br />
Asplenium antrophyoides Christ Asplenium antrophyoides Christ Asplenium antrophyoides Christ<br />
Asplenium batuense Alderw. Asplenium batuense Alderw. Asplenium batuense Alderw.<br />
Asplenium confusum Tardieu & Ching Asplenium confusum Tardieu & Ching Asplenium confusum Tardieu & Ching<br />
Asplenium crinicaule Hance Asplenium crinicaule Hance Asplenium crinicaule Hance<br />
○ Asplenium decrescens Kunze44 Absent Absent<br />
Asplenium delavayi (Franch.) Copel. Asplenium delavayi (Franch.) Copel. Asplenium delavayi (Franch.) Copel.<br />
Asplenium ensiforme Wall. ex Hook. & Grev. Asplenium ensiforme Wall. ex Hook. & Grev. Asplenium ensiforme Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.<br />
Asplenium exiguum Bedd. Asplenium exiguum Bedd. Asplenium exiguum Bedd.<br />
69<br />
○ Asplenium finlaysonianum Wall. ex Hook. 10 Absent Absent<br />
Asplenium grevillei Wall. ex Hook. & Grev. Asplenium grevillei Wall. ex Hook. & Grev. Asplenium grevillei Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.
70<br />
NAME IN FLORA OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989)<br />
CURRENT NAME NAME IN PTERIDOPHYTES IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Boonkerd & Pollawatn, 2000)<br />
○ Asplenium griffithianum Hook. 44 Absent Absent<br />
○ Asplenium gueinzianum Mett. ex Kuhn. 9 Absent Absent<br />
Asplenium humbertii Tardieu Asplenium humbertii Tardieu Asplenium humbertii Tardieu<br />
○ Asplenium inaequilaterale Willd. 2 Absent Absent<br />
Asplenium interjectum Christ Asplenium interjectum Christ Asplenium interjectum Christ<br />
○ Asplenium khasianum Sledge. 44 Absent Absent<br />
● Asplenium laciniatum D.Don. 20 Asplenium varians Wall. ex Hook. & Grev. Asplenium varians Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.<br />
Asplenium longissimum Blume Asplenium longissimum Blume Asplenium longissimum Blume<br />
THaI FOreST BuLLeTIN (BOTaNY) 37<br />
Asplenium macrophyllum Sw. Asplenium macrophyllum Sw. Asplenium macrophyllum Sw.<br />
Asplenium nidus L. var. nidus Asplenium nidus L. var. nidus Asplenium nidus L. var. nidus<br />
Asplenium nidus L. var. musifolium (Mett.) C.Chr. Asplenium nidus L. var. musifolium (Mett.) C.Chr. Asplenium nidus L. var. musifolium (Mett.) C.Chr.<br />
Asplenium nitidum Sw. Asplenium nitidum Sw. Asplenium nitidum Sw.<br />
Asplenium normale D.Don Asplenium normale D.Don Asplenium normale D.Don<br />
Asplenium paradoxum Blume Asplenium paradoxum Blume Asplenium paradoxum Blume<br />
Asplenium pellucidum Lam. Asplenium pellucidum Lam. Asplenium pellucidum Lam.<br />
Asplenium perakense C.G.Matthew & Christ Asplenium perakense C.G.Matthew & Christ Asplenium perakense C.G.Matthew & Christ<br />
Asplenium phyllitidis D.Don. subsp. phyllitidis Asplenium phyllitidis D.Don. subsp. phyllitidis Asplenium phyllitidis D.Don. subsp. phyllitidis<br />
Asplenium phyllitidis D.Don. subsp.<br />
malesicum Holttum<br />
Asplenium phyllitidis D.Don. subsp.<br />
malesicum Holttum<br />
Asplenium phyllitidis D.Don. subsp.<br />
malesicum Holttum<br />
● Asplenium polyodon G.Forst. 34 Asplenium falcatum Lam. Asplenium falcatum Lam.<br />
Asplenium rockii C.Chr. Asplenium rockii C.Chr. Asplenium rockii C.Chr.<br />
Asplenium salignum Blume Asplenium salignum Blume Asplenium salignum Blume<br />
Asplenium scortechinii Bedd. Asplenium scortechinii Bedd. Asplenium scortechinii Bedd.<br />
Asplenium siamense Tagawa & K.Iwats. Asplenium siamense Tagawa & K.Iwats. Asplenium siamense Tagawa & K.Iwats.<br />
Asplenium simonsianum Hook. Asplenium simonsianum Hook. Asplenium simonsianum Hook.<br />
Asplenium tenerum G.Forst. Asplenium tenerum G.Forst. Asplenium tenerum G.Forst.
TOWarDS a STaBLe NOMeNCLaTure FOr THaI FerNS (S. LINDSaY, D.J. MIDDLeTON, T. BOONKerD & S. SuDDee)<br />
NAME IN FLORA OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989)<br />
CURRENT NAME NAME IN PTERIDOPHYTES IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Boonkerd & Pollawatn, 2000)<br />
Asplenium tenuifolium D.Don Asplenium tenuifolium D.Don Asplenium tenuifolium D.Don<br />
Asplenium thunbergii Kunze Asplenium thunbergii Kunze Asplenium thunbergii Kunze<br />
● Asplenium truncatum Blume. 46 Asplenium caudatum auct. non G.Forst. Asplenium caudatum auct. non G.Forst.<br />
● Asplenium vittaeforme Cav. 34 Asplenium squamulatum Blume Asplenium squamulatum Blume<br />
Asplenium yoshinagae Makino Asplenium yoshinagae Makino Asplenium yoshinagae Makino<br />
Asplenium apogamum N.Murak. & Hatan. Asplenium unilaterale auct. non Lam. /<br />
Asplenium apogamum N.Murak. & Hatan.<br />
● Hymenasplenium apogamum (N.Murak. & Hatan.)<br />
Nakaike<br />
● Hymenasplenium cheilosorum (Kunze ex Mett.) Tagawa Asplenium cheilosorum Kunze ex Mett. Asplenium cheilosorum Kunze ex Mett.<br />
Hymenasplenium excisum (C.Presl) S.Linds. 45 Asplenium excisum C.Presl Asplenium excisum C.Presl<br />
○ Hymenasplenium inthanonense N.Murak. & J.Yokoy. 18 Hymenasplenium inthanonense N.Murak. & J.Yokoy. Absent<br />
● Hymenasplenium obscurum (Blume) Tagawa Asplenium obscurum Blume Asplenium obscurum Blume<br />
BLECHNACEAE<br />
Blechnum finlaysonianum Wall. ex Hook. & Grev. Blechnum finlaysonianum Wall. ex Hook. & Grev. Blechnum finlaysonianum Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.<br />
Blechnum indicum Burm.f. Blechnum indicum Burm.f. Blechnum indicum Burm.f.<br />
Blechnum orientale L. Blechnum orientale L. Blechnum orientale L.<br />
Brainea insignis (Hook.) J.Sm. Brainea insignis (Hook.) J.Sm. Brainea insignis (Hook.) J.Sm.<br />
Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.f.) Bedd. Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.f.) Bedd. Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.f.) Bedd.<br />
○ Woodwardia harlandii Hook. 4,7 Woodwardia harlandii Hook. Absent<br />
● Woodwardia japonica (L.f.) Sm. Woodwardia japonica (L.f.) Sm. Woodwardia cochin-chinensis Ching<br />
CIBOTIACEAE<br />
Cibotium barometz (L.) J.Sm. Cibotium barometz (L.) J.Sm. Cibotium barometz (L.) J.Sm.<br />
71
72<br />
NAME IN FLORA OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989)<br />
CURRENT NAME NAME IN PTERIDOPHYTES IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Boonkerd & Pollawatn, 2000)<br />
CYATHEACEAE<br />
Cyathea borneensis Copel. Cyathea borneensis Copel. Cyathea borneensis Copel.<br />
Cyathea chinensis Copel. Cyathea chinensis Copel. Cyathea chinensis Copel.<br />
Cyathea contaminans (Wall. ex Hook.) Copel. Cyathea contaminans (Wall. ex Hook.) Copel. Cyathea contaminans (Wall. ex Hook.) Copel.<br />
Cyathea gigantea (Wall. ex Hook.) Holttum Cyathea gigantea (Wall. ex Hook.) Holttum Cyathea gigantea (Wall. ex Hook.) Holttum<br />
○ Cyathea glabra (Blume) Copel. 44 Absent Absent<br />
○ Cyathea hymenodes Mett. 44 Absent Absent<br />
Cyathea latebrosa (Wall. ex Hook.) Copel. Cyathea latebrosa (Wall. ex Hook.) Copel. Cyathea latebrosa (Wall. ex Hook.) Copel.<br />
THaI FOreST BuLLeTIN (BOTaNY) 37<br />
○ Cyathea moluccana R.Br. 10 Absent Absent<br />
Cyathea podophylla (Hook.) Copel. Cyathea podophylla (Hook.) Copel. Cyathea podophylla (Hook.) Copel.<br />
Cyathea spinulosa Wall. ex Hook. Cyathea spinulosa Wall. ex Hook. Cyathea spinulosa Wall. ex Hook.<br />
DAVALLIACEAE<br />
● Araiostegiella faberiana (C.Chr.) M.Kato & Tsutsumi Araiostegia faberiana (C.Chr.) Ching Araiostegia faberiana (C.Chr.) Ching<br />
Davallia petelotii Tardieu & C.Chr. Davallia petelotii Tardieu & C.Chr. Davallia petelotii Tardieu & C.Chr.<br />
Davallia solida (G.Forst.) Sw. Davallia solida (G.Forst.) Sw. Davallia solida (G.Forst.) Sw.<br />
Davallia trichomanoides Blume var.<br />
Davallia trichomanoides Blume var.<br />
Davallia trichomanoides Blume var.<br />
trichomanoides<br />
trichomanoides<br />
trichomanoides<br />
Davallia trichomanoides Blume var. lorrainii<br />
Davallia trichomanoides Blume var. lorrainii Davallia trichomanoides Blume var. lorrainii<br />
(Hance) Holttum<br />
(Hance) Holttum<br />
(Hance) Holttum<br />
○ Davallodes borneense (Hook.) Copel. 30 Absent Absent<br />
Absent Absent<br />
○ Davallodes hymenophylloides (Blume) M.Kato &<br />
Tsutsumi30,19 ● Davallodes imbricatum (Ching) M.Kato & Tsutsumi Araiostegia imbricata Ching Araiostegia imbricata Ching<br />
Davallodes membranulosum (Hook.) Copel. Davallodes membranulosum (Hook.) Copel. Davallodes membranulosum (Hook.) Copel.
TOWarDS a STaBLe NOMeNCLaTure FOr THaI FerNS (S. LINDSaY, D.J. MIDDLeTON, T. BOONKerD & S. SuDDee)<br />
CURRENT NAME NAME IN PTERIDOPHYTES IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND NAME IN FLORA OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Boonkerd & Pollawatn, 2000)<br />
(Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989)<br />
● Davallodes pseudocystopteris (Kunze) M.Kato & Araiostegia pseudocystopteris (Kunze) Copel. Araiostegia pseudocystopteris (Kunze) Copel.<br />
Tsutsumi<br />
● Davallodes pulchra (D.Don) M.Kato & Tsutsumi Araiostegia pulchra (D.Don) Copel. Araiostegia pulchra (D.Don) Copel.<br />
Davallodes viscidulum (Kuhn) Alderw. Davallodes viscidulum (Kuhn) Alderw. Davallodes viscidulum (Kuhn) Alderw.<br />
Humata angustata (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) J.Sm. Humata angustata (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) J.Sm. Humata angustata (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) J.Sm.<br />
/ Pachypleuria angustata (Wall. ex Hook. &<br />
Grev.) C.Presl<br />
● Humata corniculata (T.Moore) M.Kato & Tsutsumi Davallia corniculata T.Moore Davallia corniculata T.Moore<br />
Humata heterophylla (Sm.) Desv. Humata heterophylla (Sm.) Desv. Humata heterophylla (Sm.) Desv. /<br />
Davallia heterophylla Sm.<br />
Humata pectinata (Sm.) Desv. Humata pectinata (Sm.) Desv. Humata pectinata (Sm.) Desv. /<br />
Pachypleuria pectinata (Sm.) C.Presl<br />
Humata repens (L.f.) Diels Humata repens (L.f.) J.Sm ex Diels Humata repens (L.f.) J.Sm ex Diels /<br />
Pachypleuria repens (L.f.) M.Kato<br />
Humata vestita (Blume) T.Moore Humata vestita (Blume) T.Moore Humata vestita (Blume) T.Moore /<br />
Pachypleuria vestita (Blume) C.Presl<br />
● Wibelia denticulata ( Burm.f.) M.Kato & Tsutsumi Davallia denticulata (Burm.f.) Mett. ex Kuhn Davallia denticulata (Burm.f.) Mett. ex Kuhn<br />
● Wibelia divaricata (Blume) M.Kato & Tsutsumi Davallia divaricata Blume Davallia divaricata Blume<br />
○ Wibelia embolostegia (Copel.) M.Kato & Tsutsumi 10,19 Absent Absent<br />
DENNSTAEDTIACEAE<br />
Dennstaedtia scabra (Wall. ex Hook.) T.Moore Dennstaedtia scabra (Wall. ex Hook.) T.Moore Dennstaedtia scabra (Wall. ex Hook.) T.Moore<br />
Histiopteris incisa (Thunb.) J.Sm. Histiopteris incisa (Thunb.) J.Sm. Histiopteris incisa (Thunb.) J.Sm.<br />
Hypolepis punctata (Thunb.) Mett. ex Kuhn Hypolepis punctata (Thunb.) Mett. ex Kuhn Hypolepis punctata (Thunb.) Mett. ex Kuhn<br />
Microlepia calvescens (Wall. ex Hook.) C.Presl Microlepia calvescens (Wall. ex Hook.) C.Presl Microlepia calvescens (Wall. ex Hook.) C.Presl<br />
Microlepia firma Mett. ex Kuhn Microlepia firma Mett. ex Kuhn Microlepia firma Mett. ex Kuhn<br />
73<br />
Microlepia herbacea Ching & C.Chr. ex<br />
Tardieu & C.Chr.<br />
Microlepia herbacea Ching & C.Chr. ex<br />
Tardieu & C.Chr.<br />
Microlepia herbacea Ching & C.Chr. ex<br />
Tardieu & C.Chr.
74<br />
NAME IN FLORA OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989)<br />
CURRENT NAME NAME IN PTERIDOPHYTES IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Boonkerd & Pollawatn, 2000)<br />
Microlepia hookeriana (Wall. ex Hook.)<br />
C.Presl<br />
Microlepia hookeriana (Wall. ex Hook.)<br />
C.Presl<br />
Microlepia hookeriana (Wall. ex Hook.)<br />
C.Presl<br />
Microlepia kurzii (C.B.Clarke) Bedd. Microlepia kurzii (C.B.Clarke) Bedd. Microlepia kurzii (C.B.Clarke) Bedd.<br />
Microlepia platyphylla (D.Don) J.Sm. Microlepia platyphylla (D.Don) J.Sm. Microlepia platyphylla (D.Don) J.Sm.<br />
Microlepia puberula Alderw. Microlepia puberula Alderw. Microlepia puberula Alderw.<br />
Microlepia ridleyi Copel. Microlepia ridleyi Copel. Microlepia ridleyi Copel.<br />
Microlepia speluncae (L.) T.Moore Microlepia speluncae (L.) T.Moore Microlepia speluncae (L.) T.Moore<br />
Microlepia strigosa (Thunb.) C.Presl Microlepia strigosa (Thunb.) C.Presl Microlepia strigosa (Thunb.) C.Presl<br />
THaI FOreST BuLLeTIN (BOTaNY) 37<br />
Microlepia taiwaniana Tagawa Microlepia taiwaniana Tagawa Microlepia taiwaniana Tagawa<br />
Microlepia trapeziformis (Roxb.) Kuhn Microlepia trapeziformis (Roxb.) Kuhn Microlepia trapeziformis (Roxb.) Kuhn<br />
○ Monachosorum henryi Christ26 Absent Absent<br />
○ Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn subsp. japonicum<br />
(Nakai) Á.Löve & D.Löve4,6,38,42 Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. latiusculum Absent<br />
(Desv.) Underw. ex A.Heller<br />
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn subsp.<br />
aquilinum var. wightianum (J.agardh)<br />
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. wightianum<br />
(J.agardh) r.M.Tryon<br />
● Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn subsp. wightianum<br />
(J.agardh) W.C.Shieh38,42 r.M.Tryon<br />
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn subsp.<br />
caudatum var. yarrabense Domin<br />
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. yarrabense<br />
Domin<br />
● Pteridium semihastatum (Wall. ex J.agardh)<br />
S.B.Andrews42 DIPTERIDACEAE<br />
Cheiropleuria bicuspis (Blume) C.Presl Cheiropleuria bicuspis (Blume) C.Presl Cheiropleuria bicuspis (Blume) C.Presl<br />
Dipteris conjugata Reinw. Dipteris conjugata Reinw. Dipteris conjugata Reinw.<br />
DRYOPTERIDACEAE<br />
● Acrophorus nodosus C.Presl Acrophorus stipellatus T.Moore, nom. nud. Acrophorus stipellatus T.Moore, nom. nud.<br />
Arachniodes assamica (Kuhn) Ohwi Arachniodes assamica (Kuhn) Ohwi Arachniodes assamica (Kuhn) Ohwi
NAME IN FLORA OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989)<br />
CURRENT NAME NAME IN PTERIDOPHYTES IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Boonkerd & Pollawatn, 2000)<br />
TOWarDS a STaBLe NOMeNCLaTure FOr THaI FerNS (S. LINDSaY, D.J. MIDDLeTON, T. BOONKerD & S. SuDDee)<br />
Arachniodes cavalerii (Christ) Ohwi Arachniodes cavalerii (Christ) Ohwi Arachniodes cavalerii (Christ) Ohwi<br />
Arachniodes chinensis (Rosenst.) Ching Arachniodes chinensis (Rosenst.) Ching Arachniodes chinensis (Rosenst.) Ching<br />
○ Arachniodes coniifolia (T.Moore) Ching8,10 Absent Absent<br />
Arachniodes henryi (Christ) Ching Arachniodes henryi (Christ) Ching Arachniodes henryi (Christ) Ching<br />
Arachniodes speciosa (D.Don) Ching Arachniodes speciosa (D.Don) Ching Arachniodes speciosa (D.Don) Ching<br />
Arachniodes spectabilis (Ching) Ching Arachniodes spectabilis (Ching) Ching Arachniodes spectabilis (Ching) Ching<br />
○ Arachniodes subreflexipinna (Ogata) Ching 4 Arachniodes subreflexipinna (Ogata) Ching Absent<br />
Bolbitis angustipinna (Hayata) H.Ito Bolbitis angustipinna (Hayata) H.Ito Bolbitis angustipinna (Hayata) H.Ito<br />
Bolbitis appendiculata (Willd.) K.Iwats. subsp.<br />
appendiculata<br />
Bolbitis appendiculata (Willd.) K.Iwats. subsp.<br />
appendiculata<br />
Bolbitis appendiculata (Willd.) K.Iwats. subsp.<br />
appendiculata<br />
Bolbitis copelandii Ching ex C.Chr. & Tardieu Bolbitis copelandii Ching ex C.Chr. & Tardieu Bolbitis copelandii Ching ex C.Chr. & Tardieu<br />
Bolbitis costata (C.Presl) Ching ex C.Chr. Bolbitis costata (C.Presl) Ching ex C.Chr. Bolbitis costata (C.Presl) Ching ex C.Chr.<br />
Bolbitis deltigera (Bedd.) C.Chr. Bolbitis deltigera (Bedd.) C.Chr. Bolbitis deltigera (Bedd.) C.Chr.<br />
Bolbitis heteroclita (C.Presl) Ching ex C.Chr. Bolbitis heteroclita (C.Presl) Ching ex C.Chr. Bolbitis heteroclita (C.Presl) Ching ex C.Chr.<br />
Bolbitis hookeriana K.Iwats. Bolbitis hookeriana K.Iwats. + Bolbitis appendiculata Bolbitis hookeriana K.Iwats.<br />
(Willd.) K.Iwats. subsp. vivipara (Buch.-Ham. ex Hook.)<br />
Hennipman<br />
Bolbitis scalpturata (Fée) Ching Bolbitis scalpturata (Fée) Ching Bolbitis scalpturata (Fée) Ching<br />
Bolbitis sinensis (Baker) K.Iwats. var. sinensis Bolbitis sinensis (Baker) K.Iwats. var. sinensis Bolbitis sinensis (Baker) K.Iwats. var. sinensis<br />
Bolbitis sinensis (Baker) K.Iwats. var. costulata Bolbitis sinensis (Baker) K.Iwats. var. costulata Bolbitis sinensis (Baker) K.Iwats. var. costulata<br />
(Hook.) Tagawa & K.Iwats.<br />
(Hook.) Tagawa & K.Iwats.<br />
(Hook.) Tagawa & K.Iwats<br />
Bolbitis sinuata (C.Presl) Hennipman Bolbitis sinuata (C.Presl) Hennipman Bolbitis sinuata (C.Presl) Hennipman<br />
Bolbitis tonkinensis (C.Chr. ex Ching) K.Iwats. Bolbitis tonkinensis (C.Chr. ex Ching) K.Iwats. Bolbitis tonkinensis (C.Chr. ex Ching) K.Iwats<br />
Bolbitis virens (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) Schott Bolbitis virens (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) Schott<br />
Bolbitis virens (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) Schott<br />
var. virens<br />
var. virens<br />
var. virens<br />
75<br />
Bolbitis virens (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) Schott<br />
var. compacta Hennipman<br />
Bolbitis virens (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) Schott<br />
var. compacta Hennipman<br />
Bolbitis virens (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) Schott<br />
var. compacta Hennipman
76<br />
NAME IN FLORA OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989)<br />
CURRENT NAME NAME IN PTERIDOPHYTES IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Boonkerd & Pollawatn, 2000)<br />
Ctenitis dumrongii Tagawa & K.Iwats. Ctenitis dumrongii Tagawa & K.Iwats. Ctenitis dumrongii Tagawa & K.Iwats.<br />
● Ctenitis subobscura (Christ) Holttum Ctenitis subobscura (Christ) Holttum Ctenitis mannii auct. non (C.Hope) Ching /<br />
Ctenitis subobscura (Christ) Holttum<br />
Ctenitis vilis (Kunze) Ching Ctenitis vilis (Kunze) Ching Ctenitis vilis (Kunze) Ching<br />
Cyrtomium fortunei J.Sm. Cyrtomium fortunei J.Sm. Cyrtomium fortunei J.Sm.<br />
Didymochlaena truncatula (Sw.) J.Sm. Didymochlaena truncatula (Sw.) J.Sm. Didymochlaena truncatula (Sw.) J.Sm.<br />
Dryopteris cochleata (D.Don) C.Chr. Dryopteris cochleata (D.Don) C.Chr. Dryopteris cochleata (D.Don) C.Chr.<br />
THaI FOreST BuLLeTIN (BOTaNY) 37<br />
○ Dryopteris diffracta (Baker) C.Chr. 10 Absent Absent<br />
Dryopteris gymnophylla (Baker) C.Chr. Dryopteris gymnophylla (Baker) C.Chr. Dryopteris gymnophylla (Baker) C.Chr.<br />
● Dryopteris hasseltii (Blume) C.Chr. Arachniodes hasseltii (Blume) Ching Arachniodes hasseltii (Blume) Ching<br />
Dryopteris hendersonii (Bedd.) C.Chr. Dryopteris hendersonii (Bedd.) C.Chr. Dryopteris hendersonii (Bedd.) C.Chr.<br />
Dryopteris hirtipes (Blume) Kuntze Dryopteris hirtipes (Blume) Kuntze Dryopteris hirtipes (Blume) Kuntze<br />
Dryopteris integriloba C.Chr. Dryopteris integriloba C.Chr. Dryopteris integriloba C.Chr.<br />
Dryopteris neoassamensis Ching Dryopteris neoassamensis Ching Dryopteris neoassamensis Ching<br />
Dryopteris neochrysocoma Ching Dryopteris neochrysocoma Ching Dryopteris neochrysocoma Ching<br />
Dryopteris polita Rosenst. Dryopteris polita Rosenst. Dryopteris polita Rosenst.<br />
Dryopteris porosa Ching Dryopteris porosa Ching Dryopteris porosa Ching<br />
Dryopteris pseudosparsa Ching Dryopteris pseudosparsa Ching Dryopteris pseudosparsa Ching<br />
Dryopteris rheophila Mitsuta ex Darnaedi,<br />
M.Kato & K.Iwats.<br />
Dryopteris rheophila Mitsuta ex Darnaedi,<br />
M.Kato & K.Iwats.<br />
Dryopteris rheophila Mitsuta ex Darnaedi,<br />
M.Kato & K.Iwats.<br />
Dryopteris scottii (Bedd.) Ching Dryopteris scottii (Bedd.) Ching Dryopteris scottii (Bedd.) Ching<br />
Dryopteris sparsa (D.Don) Kuntze Dryopteris sparsa (D.Don) Kuntze Dryopteris sparsa (D.Don) Kuntze<br />
Dryopteris subtriangularis (C.Hope) C.Chr. Dryopteris subtriangularis (C.Hope) C.Chr. Dryopteris subtriangularis (C.Hope) C.Chr.<br />
Elaphoglossum angulatum (Blume) T.Moore Elaphoglossum angulatum (Blume) T.Moore Elaphoglossum angulatum (Blume) T.Moore<br />
Elaphoglossum dumrongii Tagawa & K.Iwats. Elaphoglossum dumrongii Tagawa & K.Iwats. Elaphoglossum dumrongii Tagawa & K.Iwats.<br />
Elaphoglossum malayense Holttum Elaphoglossum malayense Holttum Elaphoglossum malayense Holttum
TOWarDS a STaBLe NOMeNCLaTure FOr THaI FerNS (S. LINDSaY, D.J. MIDDLeTON, T. BOONKerD & S. SuDDee)<br />
CURRENT NAME NAME IN PTERIDOPHYTES IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND NAME IN FLORA OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Boonkerd & Pollawatn, 2000)<br />
(Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989)<br />
Elaphoglossum marginatum (Fée) T.Moore Elaphoglossum marginatum (Fée) T.Moore Elaphoglossum marginatum (Fée) T.Moore<br />
Elaphoglossum melanostictum (Blume) T.Moore Elaphoglossum melanostictum (Blume) T.Moore Elaphoglossum melanostictum (Blume) T.Moore<br />
Elaphoglossum stelligerum (Wall. ex Baker)<br />
T.Moore ex alston & Bonner<br />
Elaphoglossum stelligerum (Wall. ex Baker)<br />
T.Moore ex alston & Bonner<br />
Elaphoglossum stelligerum (Wall. ex Baker)<br />
T.Moore ex alston & Bonner<br />
Elaphoglossum subellipticum Rosenst. Elaphoglossum subellipticum Rosenst. Elaphoglossum subellipticum Rosenst.<br />
Elaphoglossum yoshinagae (Yatabe) Makino Elaphoglossum yoshinagae (Yatabe) Makino Elaphoglossum yoshinagae (Yatabe) Makino<br />
Hypodematium crenatum (Forssk.) Kuhn Hypodematium crenatum (Forssk.) Kuhn Hypodematium crenatum (Forssk.) Kuhn<br />
Hypodematium glanduloso-pilosum (Tagawa)<br />
Ohwi<br />
Hypodematium glanduloso-pilosum (Tagawa)<br />
Ohwi<br />
Hypodematium glanduloso-pilosum (Tagawa)<br />
Ohwi<br />
Leucostegia immersa (Wall. ex Hook.) C.Presl Leucostegia immersa (Wall. ex Hook.) C.Presl Leucostegia immersa (Wall. ex Hook.) C.Presl<br />
Lomagramma grossoserrata Holttum Lomagramma grossoserrata Holttum Lomagramma grossoserrata Holttum<br />
● Peranema aspidioides (Blume) Mett. Diacalpe aspidioides Blume Diacalpe aspidioides Blume<br />
Polystichum attenuatum Tagawa & K.Iwats. Polystichum attenuatum Tagawa & K.Iwats. Polystichum attenuatum Tagawa & K.Iwats.<br />
Polystichum biaristatum (Blume) T.Moore Polystichum biaristatum (Blume) T.Moore Polystichum biaristatum (Blume) T.Moore<br />
Polystichum eximium (Kuhn) C.Chr. Polystichum eximium (Kuhn) C.Chr. Polystichum eximium (Kuhn) C.Chr.<br />
Polystichum lindsaeifolium Scort. ex Ridl. Polystichum lindsaeifolium Scort. ex. Ridl. Polystichum lindsaeifolium Scort. ex Ridl.<br />
Polystichum prolificans Alderw. Polystichum prolificans Alderw. Polystichum prolificans Alderw.<br />
○ Polystichum pseudotsus-simense Ching8 Absent Absent<br />
○ Polystichum scariosum (roxb.) C.V.Morton8,10 Absent Absent<br />
Polystichum semifertile (C.B.Clarke) Ching Polystichum semifertile (C.B.Clarke) Ching Polystichum semifertile (C.B.Clarke) Ching<br />
Polystichum tenggerense Rosenst. Polystichum tenggerense Rosenst. Polystichum tenggerense Rosenst.<br />
Teratophyllum aculeatum (Blume) Mett. ex Kuhn Teratophyllum aculeatum (Blume) Mett. ex Kuhn Teratophyllum aculeatum (Blume) Mett. ex Kuhn<br />
Teratophyllum ludens (Fée) Holttum Teratophyllum ludens (Fée) Holttum Teratophyllum ludens (Fée) Holttum<br />
77<br />
EQUISETACEAE<br />
○ Equisetum diffusum D.Don4 Equisetum diffusum D.Don Absent
78<br />
CURRENT NAME NAME IN PTERIDOPHYTES IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND NAME IN FLORA OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Boonkerd & Pollawatn, 2000)<br />
(Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989)<br />
● Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. subsp. debile (Roxb. ex Equisetum debile Roxb. ex Vaucher Equisetum debile Roxb. ex Vaucher<br />
Vaucher) Hauke<br />
GLEICHENIACEAE<br />
Dicranopteris curranii Copel. Dicranopteris curranii Copel. Dicranopteris curranii Copel.<br />
Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.f.) Underw.<br />
Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.f.) Underw.<br />
Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.f.) Underw.<br />
var. linearis<br />
var. linearis<br />
var. linearis<br />
○ Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.f) Underw.<br />
var. montana Holttum4 Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.f.) Underw.<br />
Absent<br />
var. montana Holttum<br />
Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.f.) Underw.<br />
Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.f.) Underw.<br />
Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.f.) Underw.<br />
var. subpectinata (Christ) Holttum<br />
var. subpectinata (Christ) Holttum<br />
var. subpectinata (Christ) Holttum<br />
THaI FOreST BuLLeTIN (BOTaNY) 37<br />
Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.f.) Underw.<br />
var. tetraphylla (rosenst.) Nakai<br />
Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.f.) Underw.<br />
var. tetraphylla (rosenst.) Nakai<br />
Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.f.) Underw.<br />
var. tetraphylla (rosenst.) Nakai<br />
Dicranopteris speciosa (C.Presl) Holttum Dicranopteris speciosa (C.Presl) Holttum Dicranopteris speciosa (C.Presl) Holttum<br />
Dicranopteris splendida (Hand.-Mazz.) Tagawa Dicranopteris splendida (Hand.-Mazz.) Tagawa Dicranopteris splendida (Hand.-Mazz.) Tagawa<br />
● Diplopterygium blotianum (C.Chr.) Nakai Gleichenia blotiana C.Chr. Gleichenia blotiana C.Chr.<br />
● Diplopterygium longissimum (Blume) Nakai Gleichenia longissima Blume Gleichenia longissima Blume<br />
● Diplopterygium norrisii (Mett.) Nakai Gleichenia norrisii Mett. Gleichenia norrisii Mett.<br />
Gleichenia microphylla R.Br. Gleichenia microphylla R.Br. Gleichenia microphylla R.Br.<br />
○ Sticherus hirtus (Blume) Ching10 Absent Absent<br />
● Sticherus truncatus (Willd.) Nakai Gleichenia truncata (Willd.) Spreng. Gleichenia truncata (Willd.) Spreng.<br />
HYMENOPHYLLACEAE<br />
Macroglena gemmata (J.Sm. ex Baker) Copel.<br />
/ Cephalomanes gemmatum (J.Sm. ex Baker)<br />
K.Iwats.<br />
Cephalomanes gemmatum (J.Sm. ex Baker)<br />
K.Iwats.<br />
● Abrodictyum idoneum (C.V.Morton)<br />
Ebihara & K.Iwats. 47<br />
Selenodesmium obscurum (Blume) Copel.<br />
Cephalomanes obscurum (Blume) K.Iwats.<br />
var. obscurum<br />
● Abrodictyum obscurum (Blume) Ebihara & K.Iwats.<br />
var. obscurum
NAME IN FLORA OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989)<br />
CURRENT NAME NAME IN PTERIDOPHYTES IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Boonkerd & Pollawatn, 2000)<br />
TOWarDS a STaBLe NOMeNCLaTure FOr THaI FerNS (S. LINDSaY, D.J. MIDDLeTON, T. BOONKerD & S. SuDDee)<br />
Selenodesmium obscurum (Blume) Copel.,<br />
pro parte / Cephalomanes obscurum (Blume)<br />
K.Iwats. var. siamense (Christ) K.Iwats.<br />
Cephalomanes obscurum (Blume) K.Iwats.<br />
var. siamense (Christ) K.Iwats.<br />
● Abrodictyum obscurum (Blume) Ebihara & K.Iwats.<br />
var. siamense (Christ) K.Iwats.<br />
● Abrodictyum pluma (Hook.) Ebihara & K.Iwats. 47 Cephalomanes meifolium (Bory ex Willd.) K.Iwats. Macroglena meifolia (Bory ex Willd.) Copel.<br />
/ Cephalomanes meifolium (Bory ex Willd.)<br />
K.Iwats.<br />
Callistopteris apiifolia (C.Presl) Copel. Cephalomanes apiifolium (C.Presl) K.Iwats. Callistopteris apiifolia (C.Presl) Copel. /<br />
Cephalomanes apiifolium (C.Presl) K.Iwats.<br />
Cephalomanes javanicum (Blume) C.Presl Cephalomanes javanicum (Blume) C.Presl Cephalomanes javanicum (Blume) C.Presl<br />
● Crepidomanes bipunctatum (Poir.) Copel. Crepidomanes bipunctatum (Poir.) Copel. Crepidomanes bipunctatum (Poir.) Copel. +<br />
Crepidomanes bilabiatum (Nees & Blume) Copel.<br />
Crepidomanes brevipes (C.Presl) Copel. Crepidomanes brevipes (C.Presl) Copel. Crepidomanes brevipes (C.Presl) Copel.<br />
Crepidomanes christii (Copel.) Copel. Crepidomanes christii (Copel.) Copel. Crepidomanes christii (Copel.) Copel.<br />
● Crepidomanes humile (G.Forst.) Bosch Crepidomanes humile (G.Forst.) Bosch Reediella humilis (G.Forst.) Pic.Serm. /<br />
Crepidomanes humile (G.Forst.) Bosch<br />
Crepidomanes kurzii (Bedd.) Tagawa & K.Iwats. Crepidomanes kurzii (Bedd.) Tagawa & K.Iwats. Crepidomanes kurzii (Bedd.) Tagawa & K.Iwats.<br />
Crepidomanes latealatum (Bosch) Copel. Crepidomanes latealatum (Bosch) Copel. Crepidomanes latealatum (Bosch) Copel.<br />
Crepidomanes latemarginale (D.C.Eaton)<br />
Copel.<br />
Crepidomanes latemarginale (D.C.Eaton)<br />
Copel.<br />
Crepidomanes latemarginale (D.C.Eaton)<br />
Copel.<br />
Crepidomanes megistostomum (Copel.) Copel. Crepidomanes megistostomum (Copel.) Copel. Crepidomanes megistostomum (Copel.) Copel.<br />
● Crepidomanes minutum (Blume) K.Iwats. Crepidomanes minutum (Blume) K.Iwats. Gonocormus prolifer (Blume) Prantl +<br />
Gonocormus saxifragoides (C.Presl) Bosch +<br />
Gonocormus siamensis Tagawa & K.Iwats. /<br />
Crepidomanes minutum (Blume) K.Iwats.<br />
● Crepidomanes parvifolium (Baker) K.Iwats. Crepidomanes parvifolium (Baker) K.Iwats. Microgonium parvifolium (Baker) Tagawa &<br />
K.Iwats. / Crepidomanes parvifolium (Baker)<br />
K.Iwats.<br />
79<br />
Trichomanes bimarginatum (Bosch) Bosch Microgonium bimarginatum Bosch / Trichomanes<br />
bimarginatum (Bosch) Bosch<br />
● Didymoglossum bimarginatum (Bosch) Ebihara &<br />
K.Iwats.
80<br />
NAME IN FLORA OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989)<br />
CURRENT NAME NAME IN PTERIDOPHYTES IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Boonkerd & Pollawatn, 2000)<br />
Didymoglossum exiguum (Bedd.) Copel. Trichomanes exiguum (Bedd.) Baker Didymoglossum exiguum (Bedd.) Copel. /<br />
Trichomanes exiguum (Bedd.) Baker<br />
● Didymoglossum motleyi (Bosch) Ebihara & K.Iwats. Trichomanes motleyi (Bosch) Bosch Microgonium motleyi Bosch / Trichomanes<br />
motleyi (Bosch) Bosch<br />
Trichomanes sublimbatum Müll.Berol. Microgonium sublimbatum (Müll.Berol.) Bosch /<br />
Trichomanes sublimbatum Müll.Berol.<br />
● Didymoglossum sublimbatum (Müll.Berol.) ebihara &<br />
K.Iwats.<br />
● Hymenophyllum acanthoides (Bosch) Rosenst. Hymenophyllum acanthoides (Bosch) Rosenst. Meringium acanthoides (Bosch) Copel. /<br />
Hymenophyllum acanthoides (Bosch) Rosenst.<br />
THaI FOreST BuLLeTIN (BOTaNY) 37<br />
● Hymenophyllum badium Hook. & Grev. Hymenophyllum badium Hook. & Grev. Mecodium badium (Hook. & Grev.) Copel. /<br />
Hymenophyllum badium Hook. & Grev.<br />
Hymenophyllum barbatum (Bosch) Baker Hymenophyllum barbatum (Bosch) Baker Hymenophyllum barbatum (Bosch) Baker<br />
● Hymenophyllum blandum Racib. Hymenophyllum blandum Racib. Meringium blandum (Racib.) Copel. /<br />
Hymenophyllum blandum Racib.<br />
● Hymenophyllum bontocense Copel. Hymenophyllum bontocense Copel. Meringium bontocense (Copel.) Copel. /<br />
Hymenophyllum bontocense Copel.<br />
● Hymenophyllum denticulatum Sw. Hymenophyllum denticulatum Sw. Meringium denticulatum (Sw.) Copel. /<br />
Hymenophyllum denticulatum Sw.<br />
● Hymenophyllum digitatum (Sw.) Fosberg Crepidomanes digitatum (Sw.) K.Iwats. Microtrichomanes digitatum (Sw.) Copel. /<br />
Crepidomanes digitatum (Sw.) K.Iwats.<br />
● Hymenophyllum exsertum Wall. ex Hook. Hymenophyllum exsertum Wall. ex Hook. Mecodium exsertum (Wall. ex Hook.) Copel. /<br />
Hymenophyllum exsertum Wall. ex Hook.<br />
● Hymenophyllum holochilum (Bosch) C.Chr. Hymenophyllum holochilum (Bosch) C.Chr. Meringium holochilum (Bosch) Copel. /<br />
Hymenophyllum holochilum (Bosch) C.Chr.<br />
● Hymenophyllum javanicum Spreng. Hymenophyllum javanicum Spreng. Mecodium javanicum (Spreng.) Copel. /<br />
Hymenophyllum javanicum Spreng.<br />
● Hymenophyllum pallidum (Blume) Ebihara & K.Iwats. Crepidomanes pallidum (Blume) K.Iwats. Pleuromanes pallidum (Blume) C.Presl. /<br />
Crepidomanes pallidum (Blume) K.Iwats.<br />
● Hymenophyllum polyanthos (Sw.) Sw. Hymenophyllum polyanthos (Sw.) Sw. Mecodium polyanthos (Sw.) Copel. /<br />
Hymenophyllum polyanthos (Sw.) Sw.
NAME IN FLORA OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989)<br />
CURRENT NAME NAME IN PTERIDOPHYTES IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Boonkerd & Pollawatn, 2000)<br />
TOWarDS a STaBLe NOMeNCLaTure FOr THaI FerNS (S. LINDSaY, D.J. MIDDLeTON, T. BOONKerD & S. SuDDee)<br />
● Hymenophyllum productum Kunze Hymenophyllum productum Kunze Mecodium productum (Kunze) Copel. /<br />
Hymenophyllum productum Kunze<br />
● Hymenophyllum riukiuense Christ Hymenophyllum riukiuense Christ Mecodium riukiuense (Christ) Copel. /<br />
Hymenophyllum riukiuense Christ<br />
● Hymenophyllum serrulatum (C.Presl) C.Chr. Hymenophyllum serrulatum (C.Presl) C.Chr. Meringium meyenianum C.Presl /<br />
Hymenophyllum serrulatum (C.Presl) C.Chr.<br />
● Vandenboschia auriculata (Blume) Copel. Crepidomanes auriculatum (Blume) K.Iwats. Trichomanes auriculatum Blume / Crepidomanes<br />
auriculatum (Blume) K.Iwats.<br />
● Vandenboschia birmanica (Bedd.) Ching Crepidomanes birmanicum (Bedd.) K.Iwats. Trichomanes birmanicum Bedd. / Crepidomanes<br />
birmanicum (Bedd.) K.Iwats.<br />
● Vandenboschia maxima (Blume) Copel. Crepidomanes maximum (Blume) K.Iwats. Trichomanes maximum Blume / Crepidomanes<br />
maximum (Blume) K.Iwats.<br />
LINDSAEACEAE<br />
Lindsaea bouillodii Christ Lindsaea bouillodii Christ Lindsaea bouillodii Christ<br />
Lindsaea chienii Ching Lindsaea chienii Ching Lindsaea chienii Ching<br />
Lindsaea cultrata (Willd.) Sw. Lindsaea cultrata (Willd.) Sw. Lindsaea cultrata (Willd.) Sw.<br />
○ Lindsaea dissectiformis Ching10 Absent Absent<br />
Lindsaea divergens Hook. & Grev. Lindsaea divergens Hook. & Grev. Lindsaea divergens Hook. & Grev.<br />
Lindsaea doryphora K.U.Kramer Lindsaea doryphora K.U.Kramer Lindsaea doryphora K.U.Kramer<br />
Lindsaea ensifolia Sw. Lindsaea ensifolia Sw. Lindsaea ensifolia Sw.<br />
Lindsaea heterophylla Dryand. Lindsaea heterophylla Dryand. Lindsaea heterophylla Dryand.<br />
Lindsaea integra Holttum Lindsaea integra Holttum Lindsaea integra Holttum<br />
Lindsaea javanensis Blume Lindsaea javanensis Blume Lindsaea javanensis Blume<br />
Lindsaea lucida Blume Lindsaea lucida Blume Lindsaea lucida Blume<br />
81<br />
Lindsaea malayensis Holttum Lindsaea malayensis Holttum Lindsaea malayensis Holttum<br />
Lindsaea napaea Alderw. Lindsaea napaea Alderw. Lindsaea napaea Alderw.
82<br />
CURRENT NAME NAME IN PTERIDOPHYTES IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND NAME IN FLORA OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Boonkerd & Pollawatn, 2000)<br />
(Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989)<br />
Lindsaea oblanceolata Alderw. Lindsaea oblanceolata Alderw. Lindsaea oblanceolata Alderw.<br />
Lindsaea odorata Roxb. Lindsaea odorata Roxb. Lindsaea odorata Roxb.<br />
Lindsaea orbiculata (Lam.) Mett. ex Kuhn<br />
Lindsaea orbiculata (Lam.) Mett. ex Kuhn<br />
Lindsaea orbiculata (Lam.) Mett. ex Kuhn<br />
var. orbiculata<br />
var. orbiculata<br />
var. orbiculata<br />
Lindsaea orbiculata (Lam.) Mett. ex Kuhn<br />
Lindsaea orbiculata (Lam.) Mett. ex Kuhn<br />
Lindsaea orbiculata (Lam.) Mett. ex Kuhn<br />
var. commixta (Tagawa) K.U.Kramer<br />
var. commixta (Tagawa) K.U.Kramer<br />
var. commixta (Tagawa) K.U.Kramer<br />
Lindsaea parallelogramma Alderw. Lindsaea parallelogramma Alderw. Lindsaea parallelogramma Alderw.<br />
Lindsaea parasitica (Roxb. ex Griff.) Hieron. Lindsaea parasitica (Roxb. ex Griff.) Hieron. Lindsaea parasitica (Roxb. ex Griff.) Hieron.<br />
Lindsaea repens (Bory) Thwaites var. pectinata<br />
Lindsaea repens (Bory) Thwaites var. pectinata<br />
Lindsaea repens (Bory) Thwaites var. pectinata<br />
(Blume) Mett. ex Kuhn<br />
(Blume) Mett. ex Kuhn<br />
(Blume) Mett. ex Kuhn<br />
○ Lindsaea tenera Dryand. 4 Lindsaea tenera Dryand. Absent<br />
Sphenomeris chinensis (L.) Maxon<br />
Sphenomeris chinensis (L.) Maxon<br />
Sphenomeris chinensis (L.) Maxon<br />
var. chinensis<br />
var. chinensis<br />
var. chinensis<br />
THaI FOreST BuLLeTIN (BOTaNY) 37<br />
Sphenomeris chinensis (L.) Maxon<br />
var. divaricata (Christ) K.U.Kramer<br />
Sphenomeris chinensis (L.) Maxon<br />
var. divaricata (Christ) K.U.Kramer<br />
Sphenomeris chinensis (L.) Maxon<br />
var. divaricata (Christ) K.U.Kramer<br />
Tapeinidium luzonicum (Hook.) K.U.Kramer Tapeinidium luzonicum (Hook.) K.U.Kramer Tapeinidium luzonicum (Hook.) K.U.Kramer<br />
Tapeinidium pinnatum (Cav.) C.Chr. Tapeinidium pinnatum (Cav.) C.Chr. Tapeinidium pinnatum (Cav.) C.Chr.<br />
LOMARIOPSIDACEAE<br />
Cyclopeltis crenata (Fée) C.Chr. Cyclopeltis crenata (Fée) C.Chr. Cyclopeltis crenata (Fée) C.Chr.<br />
Lomariopsis lineata (C.Presl) Holttum Lomariopsis lineata (C.Presl) Holttum Lomariopsis lineata (C.Presl) Holttum<br />
Nephrolepis acutifolia (Desv.) Christ Nephrolepis acutifolia (Desv.) Christ Nephrolepis acutifolia (Desv.) Christ<br />
Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott<br />
Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C.Presl Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C.Presl Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C.Presl<br />
Nephrolepis davallioides (Sw.) Kunze Nephrolepis davallioides (Sw.) Kunze Nephrolepis davallioides (Sw.) Kunze<br />
● Nephrolepis falciformis J.Sm. 16 Nephrolepis falcata auct. non (Cav.) C.Chr. Nephrolepis falcata auct. non (Cav.) C.Chr.<br />
Nephrolepis hirsutula (G.Forst.) C.Presl Nephrolepis hirsutula (G.Forst.) C.Presl Nephrolepis hirsutula (G.Forst.) C.Presl<br />
Nephrolepis radicans (Burm.f.) Kuhn Nephrolepis radicans (Burm.f.) Kuhn Nephrolepis radicans (Burm.f.) Kuhn
TOWarDS a STaBLe NOMeNCLaTure FOr THaI FerNS (S. LINDSaY, D.J. MIDDLeTON, T. BOONKerD & S. SuDDee)<br />
CURRENT NAME NAME IN PTERIDOPHYTES IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND NAME IN FLORA OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Boonkerd & Pollawatn, 2000)<br />
(Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989)<br />
● Nephrolepis undulata (afzel.) J.Sm. 16 Nephrolepis delicatula (Decne.) Pic.Serm. Nephrolepis delicatula (Decne.) Pic.Serm.<br />
LYGODIACEAE<br />
Lygodium circinatum (Burm.f.) Sw. Lygodium circinatum (Burm.f.) Sw. Lygodium circinatum (Burm.f.) Sw.<br />
Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw.<br />
Lygodium giganteum Tagawa & K.Iwats. Lygodium giganteum Tagawa & K.Iwats. Lygodium giganteum Tagawa & K.Iwats.<br />
Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw.<br />
Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R.Br. Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R.Br. Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R.Br.<br />
Lygodium polystachyum Wall. ex T.Moore Lygodium polystachyum Wall. ex T.Moore Lygodium polystachyum Wall. ex T.Moore<br />
Lygodium salicifolium C.Presl Lygodium salicifolium C.Presl Lygodium salicifolium C.Presl<br />
MARATTIACEAE<br />
○ Angiopteris angustifolia C.Presl10 Absent Absent<br />
Angiopteris evecta (G.Forst.) Hoffm. Angiopteris evecta (G.Forst.) Hoffm. Angiopteris evecta (G.Forst.) Hoffm.<br />
Christensenia aesculifolia (Blume) Maxon Christensenia aesculifolia (Blume) Maxon Christensenia aesculifolia (Blume) Maxon<br />
● Ptisana sambucina (Blume) Murdock 27 Marattia sambucina Blume Marattia sambucina Blume<br />
MARSILEACEAE<br />
Marsilea crenata C.Presl Marsilea crenata C.Presl Marsilea crenata C.Presl<br />
○ Marsilea scalaripes D.M.Johnson 44 Absent Absent<br />
MATONIACEAE<br />
○ Matonia pectinata R.Br. 23 Absent Absent<br />
83<br />
OLEANDRACEAE<br />
Oleandra musifolia (Blume) C.Presl Oleandra musifolia (Blume) C.Presl Oleandra musifolia (Blume) C.Presl
84<br />
NAME IN FLORA OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989)<br />
CURRENT NAME NAME IN PTERIDOPHYTES IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Boonkerd & Pollawatn, 2000)<br />
Oleandra pistillaris (Sw.) C.Chr. Oleandra pistillaris (Sw.) C.Chr. Oleandra pistillaris (Sw.) C.Chr.<br />
Oleandra undulata (Willd.) Ching Oleandra undulata (Willd.) Ching Oleandra undulata (Willd.) Ching<br />
Oleandra wallichii (Hook.) C.Presl Oleandra wallichii (Hook.) C.Presl Oleandra wallichii (Hook.) C.Presl<br />
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE<br />
Botrychium lanuginosum Wall. ex Hook. & Grev. Botrychium lanuginosum Wall. ex Hook. & Grev. Botrychium lanuginosum Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.<br />
/ Japanobotrychium lanuginosum<br />
(Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) Nishida ex Tagawa<br />
THaI FOreST BuLLeTIN (BOTaNY) 37<br />
Helminthostachys zeylanica (L.) Hook. Helminthostachys zeylanica (L.) Hook. Helminthostachys zeylanica (L.) Hook.<br />
Ophioglossum costatum R.Br. Ophioglossum costatum R.Br. Ophioglossum costatum R.Br.<br />
Ophioglossum gramineum Willd. Ophioglossum gramineum Willd. Ophioglossum gramineum Willd.<br />
Ophioglossum pendulum L. Ophioglossum pendulum L. Ophioglossum pendulum L.<br />
Ophioglossum petiolatum Hook. Ophioglossum petiolatum Hook. Ophioglossum petiolatum Hook.<br />
OSMUNDACEAE<br />
Osmunda angustifolia Ching Osmunda angustifolia Ching Osmunda angustifolia Ching<br />
Osmunda cinnamomea L. Osmunda cinnamomea L. Osmunda cinnamomea L.<br />
○ Osmunda javanica (C.Presl) Blume 4,10 Osmunda javanica (C.Presl) Blume Absent<br />
Osmunda vachellii Hook. Osmunda vachellii Hook. Osmunda vachellii Hook.<br />
PLAGIOGYRIACEAE<br />
Plagiogyria adnata (Blume) Bedd. Plagiogyria adnata (Blume) Bedd. Plagiogyria adnata (Blume) Bedd.<br />
Plagiogyria communis Ching Plagiogyria communis Ching Plagiogyria communis Ching<br />
POLYPODIACEAE<br />
● Acrosorus friderici-et-pauli (Christ) Copel. 31 Acrosorus triangularis (Scort. ex Bedd.) Copel. Acrosorus triangularis (Scort. ex Bedd.) Copel.
NAME IN FLORA OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989)<br />
CURRENT NAME NAME IN PTERIDOPHYTES IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Boonkerd & Pollawatn, 2000)<br />
TOWarDS a STaBLe NOMeNCLaTure FOr THaI FerNS (S. LINDSaY, D.J. MIDDLeTON, T. BOONKerD & S. SuDDee)<br />
○ Acrosorus streptophyllus (Baker) Copel. 31 Absent Absent<br />
● Aglaomorpha acuminata (Willd.) Hovenkamp Photinopteris speciosa (Blume) C.Presl Photinopteris acuminata (Willd.) C.V.Morton<br />
Aglaomorpha coronans (Wall. ex Mett.) Copel. Aglaomorpha coronans (Wall. ex Mett.) Copel. Aglaomorpha coronans (Wall. ex Mett.) Copel.<br />
○ Aglaomorpha drynarioides (Hook.) Roos 10 Absent Absent<br />
○ Aglaomorpha heraclea (Kunze) Copel. 4 Aglaomorpha heraclea (Kunze) Copel. Absent<br />
Arthromeris amplexifolia (Christ) Ching Arthromeris amplexifolia (Christ) Ching Arthromeris amplexifolia (Christ) Ching<br />
Arthromeris lehmanni (Mett.) Ching Arthromeris lehmanni (Mett.) Ching Arthromeris lehmanni (Mett.) Ching<br />
Arthromeris phuluangensis Tagawa & K.Iwats. Arthromeris phuluangensis Tagawa & K.Iwats. Arthromeris phuluangensis Tagawa & K.Iwats.<br />
○ Arthromeris proteus (Copel.) Tagawa16 Absent Absent<br />
Arthromeris tatsienensis (Franch. & Bureau<br />
Arthromeris tatsienensis (Franch. & Bureau<br />
Arthromeris tatsienensis (Franch. & Bureau<br />
ex Christ) Ching<br />
ex Christ) Ching<br />
ex Christ) Ching<br />
Belvisia annamensis (C.Chr.) Tagawa Belvisia annamensis (C.Chr.) Tagawa Belvisia annamensis (C.Chr.) Tagawa<br />
Belvisia henryi (Hieron. ex C.Chr.) Tagawa Belvisia henryi (Hieron. ex C.Chr.) Tagawa Belvisia henryi (Hieron. ex C.Chr.) Tagawa<br />
Belvisia mucronata (Fée) Copel. Belvisia mucronata (Fée) Copel. Belvisia mucronata (Fée) Copel.<br />
● Belvisia spicata (L.f.) Mirbel ex Copel. 16 Belvisia revoluta (Blume) Copel. Belvisia revoluta (Blume) Copel.<br />
Calymmodon asiaticus Copel. Calymmodon asiaticus Copel. Calymmodon asiaticus Copel.<br />
Calymmodon cucullatus auct. non<br />
(Nees & Blume) C.Presl<br />
● Calymmodon curtus Parris41 Calymmodon cucullatus auct. non<br />
(Nees & Blume) C.Presl<br />
Christiopteris tricuspis (Hook.) Christ Christiopteris tricuspis (Hook.) Christ Christiopteris tricuspis (Hook.) Christ<br />
○ Chrysogrammitis musgraviana (Baker) Parris 32 Absent Absent<br />
● Ctenopterella blechnoides (Grev.) Parris 33 Ctenopteris moultonii (Copel.) C.Chr. & Tardieu Ctenopteris moultonii (Copel.) C.Chr. & Tardieu<br />
Xiphopteris khaoluangensis Tagawa & K.Iwats. Xiphopteris khaoluangensis Tagawa & K.Iwats.<br />
● Ctenopterella khaoluangensis (Tagawa & K.Iwats.)<br />
Parris 33<br />
○ Dasygrammitis brevivenosa (Alderw.) Parris41,44 Absent Absent<br />
● Dasygrammitis mollicoma (Nees & Blume) Parris33 Ctenopteris mollicoma (Nees. & Blume) Kunze Ctenopteris mollicoma (Nees. & Blume) Kunze<br />
85<br />
Drynaria bonii Christ Drynaria bonii Christ Drynaria bonii Christ
86<br />
CURRENT NAME NAME IN PTERIDOPHYTES IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND NAME IN FLORA OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Boonkerd & Pollawatn, 2000)<br />
(Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989)<br />
● Drynaria roosii Nakaike28 Drynaria fortunei (Kunze ex Mett.) J.Sm. Drynaria fortunei (Kunze ex Mett.) J.Sm.<br />
Drynaria parishii (Bedd.) Bedd. Drynaria parishii (Bedd.) Bedd. Drynaria parishii (Bedd.) Bedd.<br />
Drynaria propinqua (Wall. ex Mett.) J.Sm.<br />
ex Bedd.<br />
Drynaria propinqua (Wall. ex Mett.) J.Sm.<br />
ex Bedd.<br />
Drynaria propinqua (Wall. ex Mett.) J.Sm.<br />
ex Bedd.<br />
Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J.Sm. Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J.Sm. Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J.Sm.<br />
Drynaria rigidula (Sw.) Bedd. Drynaria rigidula (Sw.) Bedd. Drynaria rigidula (Sw.) Bedd.<br />
Drynaria sparsisora (Desv.) T.Moore Drynaria sparsisora (Desv.) T.Moore Drynaria sparsisora (Desv.) T.Moore<br />
● Goniophlebium amoenum (Wall. ex Mett.) Bedd. Goniophlebium amoenum (Wall. ex Mett.) Bedd. Polypodium amoenum Wall. ex Mett.<br />
THaI FOreST BuLLeTIN (BOTaNY) 37<br />
● Goniophlebium lachnopus J.Sm. 36 Polypodium garrettii C.H.Wright Polypodium garrettii C.H.Wright<br />
● Goniophlebium manmeiense (Christ) Rödl-Linder Polypodium manmeiense Christ Polypodium manmeiense Christ<br />
● Goniophlebium mengtzeense (Christ) Rödl-Linder7 Goniophlebium argutum J.Sm. ex Hook. & Grev. Polypodium argutum (J.Sm. ex Hook. & Grev.)<br />
Hook.<br />
● Goniophlebium microrhizoma (C.B.Clarke ex Baker) Goniophlebium microrhizoma (C.B.Clarke ex Baker) Polypodium microrhizoma C.B.Clarke ex Baker<br />
Bedd.<br />
Bedd.<br />
● Goniophlebium percussum (Cav.) Wagner & Grether 16 Goniophlebium verrucosum (Hook.) J.Sm. Polypodium verrucosum (Hook.) Mett.<br />
● Goniophlebium persicifolium (Desv.) Bedd. Goniophlebium persicifolium (Desv.) Bedd. Polypodium persicifolium Desv.<br />
● Goniophlebium subauriculatum (Blume) C.Presl Goniophlebium subauriculatum (Blume) C.Presl + Polypodium subauriculatum Blume +<br />
Goniophlebium molle Bedd.<br />
Polypodium beddomei Baker<br />
Araiostegia dareiformis (Hook.) Copel. /<br />
Gymnogrammitis dareiformis (Hook.)<br />
Ching ex Tardieu & C.Chr.<br />
Gymnogrammitis dareiformis (Hook.) Ching ex Tardieu<br />
& C.Chr.<br />
● Gymnogrammitis dareiformis (Hook.) Ching ex Tardieu<br />
& C.Chr.<br />
● Lecanopteris crustacea Copel. Lecanopteris crustacea Copel. Myrmecophila crustacea (Copel.) Tagawa<br />
○ Lecanopteris pumila Blume22 Absent Absent<br />
● Lecanopteris sinuosa (Wall. ex Hook.) Copel. Lecanopteris sinuosa (Wall. ex Hook.) Copel. Myrmecophila sinuosa (Wall. ex Hook.) Nakai<br />
ex H.Ito<br />
Lemmaphyllum accedens (Blume) Donk Lemmaphyllum accedens (Blume) Donk Lemmaphyllum accedens (Blume) Donk
TOWarDS a STaBLe NOMeNCLaTure FOr THaI FerNS (S. LINDSaY, D.J. MIDDLeTON, T. BOONKerD & S. SuDDee)<br />
NAME IN FLORA OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989)<br />
CURRENT NAME NAME IN PTERIDOPHYTES IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Boonkerd & Pollawatn, 2000)<br />
Lemmaphyllum carnosum (Hook.) C.Presl Lemmaphyllum carnosum (Hook.) C.Presl Lemmaphyllum carnosum (Hook.) C.Presl<br />
Lepisorus bicolor Ching Lepisorus bicolor Ching Lepisorus bicolor Ching<br />
Lepisorus contortus (Christ) Ching Lepisorus contortus (Christ) Ching Lepisorus contortus (Christ) Ching<br />
Lepisorus heterolepis (Rosenst.) Ching Lepisorus heterolepis (Rosenst.) Ching Lepisorus heterolepis (Rosenst.) Ching<br />
Lepisorus longifolius (Blume) Holttum Lepisorus longifolius (Blume) Holttum Lepisorus longifolius (Blume) Holttum<br />
Lepisorus nudus (Hook.) Ching Lepisorus nudus (Hook.) Ching Lepisorus nudus (Hook.) Ching<br />
Lepisorus oosphaerus (C.Chr.) Ching Lepisorus oosphaerus (C.Chr.) Ching Lepisorus oosphaerus (C.Chr.) Ching<br />
Lepisorus scolopendrium (Ching)<br />
Mehra & Bir<br />
Lepisorus scolopendrium (Ching)<br />
Mehra & Bir<br />
Lepisorus scolopendrium (Ching)<br />
Mehra & Bir<br />
Lepisorus sinensis (Christ) Ching Lepisorus sinensis (Christ) Ching Lepisorus sinensis (Christ) Ching<br />
Lepisorus subconfluens Ching Lepisorus subconfluens Ching Lepisorus subconfluens Ching<br />
Lepisorus sublinearis (Baker ex Takeda) Ching Lepisorus sublinearis (Baker ex Takeda) Ching Lepisorus sublinearis (Baker ex Takeda) Ching<br />
Lepisorus suboligolepidus Ching Lepisorus suboligolepidus Ching Lepisorus suboligolepidus Ching<br />
Leptochilus axillaris (Cav.) Kaulf. Leptochilus axillaris (Cav.) Kaulf. Leptochilus axillaris (Cav.) Kaulf.<br />
Leptochilus decurrens Blume Leptochilus decurrens Blume Leptochilus decurrens Blume<br />
Colysis pentaphylla (Baker) Ching +<br />
Colysis pothifolia (D.Don) C.Presl<br />
● Leptochilus ellipticus (Thunb.) Noot. 29 Colysis pentaphylla (Baker) Ching + Colysis pothifolia<br />
(D.Don) C.Presl<br />
● Leptochilus hemionitideus (C.Presl) Noot. Colysis hemionitidea C.Presl Colysis hemionitidea C.Presl<br />
● Leptochilus macrophyllus (Blume) Noot. Colysis macrophylla (Blume) C.Presl Colysis macrophylla (Blume) C.Presl<br />
○ Leptochilus minor Fée 5 Absent Absent<br />
Colysis pedunculata (Hook. & Grev.) Ching +<br />
Colysis wui (C.Chr.) Ching<br />
● Leptochilus pedunculatus (Hook. & Grev.) Fraser-Jenk. Colysis pedunculata (Hook. & Grev.) Ching +<br />
Colysis wui (C.Chr.) Ching<br />
○ Loxogramme acroscopa (Christ) C.Chr. 4 Loxogramme acroscopa (Christ) C.Chr. Absent<br />
○ Loxogramme assimilis Ching4 Loxogramme assimilis Ching Absent<br />
87
88<br />
NAME IN FLORA OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989)<br />
CURRENT NAME NAME IN PTERIDOPHYTES IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Boonkerd & Pollawatn, 2000)<br />
Loxogramme avenia (Blume) C.Presl Loxogramme avenia (Blume) C.Presl Loxogramme avenia (Blume) C.Presl<br />
○ Loxogramme centicola M.G.Price 4,8 Loxogramme centicola M.G.Price Absent<br />
Loxogramme chinensis Ching Loxogramme chinensis Ching Loxogramme chinensis Ching<br />
○ Loxogramme cuspidata (Zenker) M.G.Price 4 Loxogramme cuspidata (Zenker) M.G.Price Absent<br />
THaI FOreST BuLLeTIN (BOTaNY) 37<br />
Loxogramme duclouxii Christ Loxogramme duclouxii Christ Loxogramme duclouxii Christ<br />
Loxogramme involuta (D.Don) C.Presl Loxogramme involuta (D.Don) C.Presl Loxogramme involuta (D.Don) C.Presl<br />
Loxogramme lankokiensis (Rosenst.)<br />
Loxogramme lankokiensis (Rosenst.)<br />
Loxogramme lankokiensis (Rosenst.)<br />
C.Chr.<br />
C.Chr.<br />
C.Chr.<br />
○ Loxogramme porcata M.G.Price4 Loxogramme porcata M.G.Price Absent<br />
● Loxogramme scolopendrioides (Gaudich.) C.V.Morton34 Loxogramme scolopendrina (Bory)<br />
Loxogramme scolopendrina (Bory)<br />
C.Presl<br />
C.Presl<br />
Loxogramme subecostata (Hook.) C.Chr. Loxogramme subecostata (Hook.) C.Chr. Loxogramme subecostata (Hook.) C.Chr.<br />
Microsorum heterocarpum (Blume) Ching Microsorum heterocarpum (Blume) Ching Microsorum heterocarpum (Blume) Ching<br />
● Microsorum insigne (Blume) Copel. 29 Microsorum dilatatum (Bedd.) Sledge Microsorum dilatatum (Bedd.) Sledge<br />
Microsorum membranaceum (D.Don)<br />
Ching<br />
Microsorum membranaceum (D.Don)<br />
Ching<br />
Microsorum membranaceum (D.Don)<br />
Ching<br />
○ Microsorum musifolium Copel. 35 Absent Absent<br />
Microsorum pteropus (Blume) Copel. Microsorum pteropus (Blume) Copel. Microsorum pteropus (Blume) Copel.<br />
Microsorum punctatum (L.) Copel. Microsorum punctatum (L.) Copel. Microsorum punctatum (L.) Copel.<br />
○ Microsorum siamense Boonkerd 1 Absent Absent<br />
Microsorum superficiale (Blume) Ching Microsorum superficiale (Blume) Ching Microsorum superficiale (Blume) Ching<br />
○ Microsorum thailandicum Boonkerd & Noot. 3 Microsorum sp. Absent<br />
Microsorum zippelii (Blume) Ching Microsorum zippelii (Blume) Ching Microsorum zippelii (Blume) Ching<br />
Neocheiropteris normalis (D.Don) Tagawa Neocheiropteris normalis (D.Don) Tagawa Neocheiropteris normalis (D.Don) Tagawa<br />
● Oreogrammitis adspersa (Blume) Parris33 Grammitis adspersa Blume Grammitis adspersa Blume<br />
● Oreogrammitis congener (Blume) Parris41,33 Grammitis setosa auct. non Blume Grammitis setosa auct. non Blume
NAME IN FLORA OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989)<br />
CURRENT NAME NAME IN PTERIDOPHYTES IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Boonkerd & Pollawatn, 2000)<br />
TOWarDS a STaBLe NOMeNCLaTure FOr THaI FerNS (S. LINDSaY, D.J. MIDDLeTON, T. BOONKerD & S. SuDDee)<br />
Grammitis dorsipila (Christ) C.Chr. &<br />
Tardieu<br />
● Oreogrammitis dorsipila (Christ) Parris33 Grammitis dorsipila (Christ) C.Chr. &<br />
Tardieu<br />
● Oreogrammitis reinwardtii (Blume) Parris33 Grammitis bongoensis (Copel.) Copel. Grammitis bongoensis (Copel.) Copel.<br />
● Phymatosorus cuspidatus (D.Don) Pic.Serm. Phymatosorus cuspidatus (D.Don) Pic.Serm. Microsorum cuspidatum (D.Don) Tagawa<br />
● Phymatosorus longissimus (Blume) Pic.Serm. Phymatosorus longissimus (Blume) Pic.Serm. Microsorum rubidum (Kunze) Copel.<br />
● Phymatosorus membranifolius (R.Br.) S.G.Lu25 Phymatosorus nigrescens (Blume) Pic.Serm. Microsorum nigrescens (Blume) Copel.<br />
● Phymatosorus scolopendria (Burm.f.) Pic.Serm. Phymatosorus scolopendria (Burm.f.) Pic.Serm. Microsorum scolopendria (Burm.f.) Copel.<br />
Platycerium coronarium (J.Koenig) Desv. Platycerium coronarium (J.Koenig) Desv. Platycerium coronarium (J.Koenig) Desv.<br />
Platycerium holttumii de Jonch. & Hennipman Platycerium holttumii de Jonch. & Hennipman Platycerium holttumii de Jonch. & Hennipman<br />
○ Platycerium ridleyi Christ 7 Platycerium ridleyi Christ Absent<br />
Platycerium wallichii Hook. Platycerium wallichii Hook. Platycerium wallichii Hook.<br />
Prosaptia alata (Blume) Christ Prosaptia alata (Blume) Christ Prosaptia alata (Blume) Christ<br />
Prosaptia khasyana auct. non (Hook.) C.Chr. &<br />
Tardieu<br />
● Prosaptia barathrophylla (Baker) M.G.Price41 Prosaptia khasyana auct. non (Hook.) C.Chr. &<br />
Tardieu<br />
Prosaptia celebica (Blume) Tagawa &<br />
K.Iwats.<br />
Prosaptia celebica (Blume) Tagawa &<br />
K.Iwats.<br />
Prosaptia celebica (Blume) Tagawa &<br />
K.Iwats.<br />
Prosaptia contigua (G.Forst.) C.Presl Prosaptia contigua (G.Forst.) C.Presl Prosaptia contigua (G.Forst.) C.Presl<br />
Prosaptia obliquata (Blume) Mett. Prosaptia obliquata (Blume) Mett. Prosaptia obliquata (Blume) Mett.<br />
● Prosaptia pectinata T.Moore41 Prosaptia leysii (Baker) Ching Prosaptia leysii (Baker) Ching<br />
● Pyrrosia albicans (Blume) Ching15 Pyrrosia floccigera (Blume) Ching Pyrrosia floccigera (Blume) Ching<br />
Pyrrosia angustata (Sw.) Ching Pyrrosia angustata (Sw.) Ching Pyrrosia angustata (Sw.) Ching<br />
Pyrrosia angustissima (Giesenh. ex Diels)<br />
Tagawa & K.Iwats.<br />
Pyrrosia angustissima (Giesenh. ex Diels)<br />
Tagawa & K.Iwats.<br />
Pyrrosia angustissima (Giesenh. ex Diels)<br />
Tagawa & K.Iwats.<br />
Pyrrosia costata (C.Presl ex Bedd.)<br />
Pyrrosia costata (C.Presl ex Bedd.)<br />
Pyrrosia costata (C.Presl ex Bedd.)<br />
Tagawa & K.Iwats.<br />
Tagawa & K.Iwats.<br />
Tagawa & K.Iwats.<br />
Pyrrosia flocculosa (D.Don) Ching Pyrrosia flocculosa (D.Don) Ching Pyrrosia flocculosa (D.Don) Ching<br />
89
90<br />
NAME IN FLORA OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989)<br />
CURRENT NAME NAME IN PTERIDOPHYTES IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Boonkerd & Pollawatn, 2000)<br />
Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.) Farw. +<br />
Pyrrosia adnascens (Sw.) Ching +<br />
Pyrrosia nuda (Giesenh.) Ching +<br />
Pyrrosia varia (Kaulf.) Farw.<br />
● Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.) Farw. 15 Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.) Farw. +<br />
Pyrrosia adnascens (Sw.) Ching +<br />
Pyrrosia nuda (Giesenh.) Ching +<br />
Pyrrosia varia (Kaulf.) Farw.<br />
○ Pyrrosia lingua (Thunb.) Farw. var. lingua 4 Pyrrosia lingua (Thunb.) Farw. var. lingua Absent<br />
Pyrrosia eberhardtii (Christ) Ching +<br />
Pyrrosia heteractis (Mett. ex Kuhn) Ching<br />
var. heteractis + Pyrrosia heteractis (Mett. ex<br />
Kuhn) Ching var. minor (C.Chr.) Ching<br />
Pyrrosia lingua (Thunb.) Farw. var. heteractis (Mett. ex<br />
Kuhn) Hovenkamp<br />
● Pyrrosia lingua (Thunb.) Farw. var. heteractis (Mett. ex<br />
Kuhn) Hovenkamp<br />
THaI FOreST BuLLeTIN (BOTaNY) 37<br />
Pyrrosia longifolia (Burm.f.) C.V.Morton Pyrrosia longifolia (Burm.f.) C.V.Morton Pyrrosia longifolia (Burm.f.) C.V.Morton<br />
Pyrrosia mannii (Giesenh.) Ching Pyrrosia mannii (Giesenh.) Ching Pyrrosia mannii (Giesenh.) Ching<br />
Pyrrosia nummularifolia (Sw.) Ching Pyrrosia nummularifolia (Sw.) Ching Pyrrosia nummularifolia (Sw.) Ching<br />
● Pyrrosia penangiana (Hook.) Holttum Pyrrosia penangiana (Hook.) Holttum +<br />
Pyrrosia penangiana (Hook.) Holttum +<br />
Pyrrosia mollis (Kunze) Ching<br />
Pyrrosia mollis (Kunze) Ching<br />
● Pyrrosia piloselloides (L.) M.G.Price Pyrrosia piloselloides (L.) M.G.Price Drymoglossum piloselloides (L.) C.Presl<br />
○ Pyrrosia porosa (C.Presl) Hovenkamp var. porosa23 Absent Absent<br />
● Pyrrosia porosa (C.Presl) Hovenkamp var. tonkinensis Pyrrosia tonkinensis (Giesenh.) Ching Pyrrosia tonkinensis (Giesenh.) Ching<br />
(Giesenh.) Ching<br />
○ Pyrrosia rasamalae (Racib.) K.H. Shing10,15 Absent Absent<br />
Pyrrosia stigmosa (Sw.) Ching Pyrrosia stigmosa (Sw.) Ching Pyrrosia stigmosa (Sw.) Ching<br />
● Radiogrammitis jagoriana (Mett. ex Kuhn) Parris33 Grammitis jagoriana (Mett.) Tagawa Grammitis jagoriana (Mett.) Tagawa<br />
● Radiogrammitis multifolia (Copel.) Parris41,33 Grammitis hirtella auct. non (Blume)<br />
Grammitis hirtella auct. non (Blume)<br />
Tuyama<br />
Tuyama<br />
● Scleroglossum pusillum (Blume) Alderw. 41 Scleroglossum minus auct. non (Fée) C.Chr. Scleroglossum minus auct. non (Fée) C.Chr.<br />
● Scleroglossum sulcatum (Kuhn) Alderw. 41 Scleroglossum pusillum auct. non (Blume)<br />
Scleroglossum pusillum auct. non (Blume)<br />
Alderw.<br />
Alderw.<br />
● Selliguea cruciformis (Ching) Fraser-Jenk. Crypsinus cruciformis (Ching) Tagawa Crypsinus cruciformis (Ching) Tagawa
TOWarDS a STaBLe NOMeNCLaTure FOr THaI FerNS (S. LINDSaY, D.J. MIDDLeTON, T. BOONKerD & S. SuDDee)<br />
NAME IN FLORA OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989)<br />
CURRENT NAME NAME IN PTERIDOPHYTES IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Boonkerd & Pollawatn, 2000)<br />
● Selliguea ebenipes (Hook.) S.Linds. Crypsinus ebenipes (Hook.) Copel. Crypsinus ebenipes (Hook.) Copel.<br />
● Selliguea enervis (Cav.) Ching Crypsinus enervis (Cav.) Copel. Crypsinus enervis (Cav.) Copel.<br />
● Selliguea griffithiana (Hook.) Fraser-Jenk. Crypsinus griffithianus (Hook.) Copel. Crypsinus griffithianus (Hook.) Copel.<br />
Selliguea heterocarpa Blume Selliguea heterocarpa Blume Selliguea heterocarpa Blume<br />
● Selliguea hirsuta (Tagawa & K.Iwats.) S.Linds. Crypsinus hirsutus Tagawa & K.Iwats. Crypsinus hirsutus Tagawa & K.Iwats.<br />
● Selliguea laciniata (C.Presl) Parris Crypsinus laciniatus (C.Presl) Holttum Crypsinus laciniatus (C.Presl) Holttum<br />
○ Selliguea lateritia (Baker) Hovenkamp 16 Absent Absent<br />
Crypsinus oxylobus (Wall. ex Kunze)<br />
Sledge<br />
● Selliguea oxyloba (Wall. ex Kunze) Fraser-Jenk. Crypsinus oxylobus (Wall. ex Kunze)<br />
Sledge<br />
● Selliguea rhynchophylla (Hook.) Fraser-Jenk. Crypsinus rhynchophyllus (Hook.) Copel. Crypsinus rhynchophyllus (Hook.) Copel.<br />
● Selliguea stenophylla (Blume) Parris Crypsinus stenophyllus (Blume) Holttum Crypsinus stenophyllus (Blume) Holttum<br />
● Selliguea triloba (Houtt.) M.G.Price Crypsinus trilobus (Houtt.) Copel. Crypsinus trilobus (Houtt.) Copel.<br />
● Themelium tenuisectum (Blume) Parris Ctenopteris tenuisecta (Blume) J.Sm. Ctenopteris tenuisecta (Blume) J.Sm.<br />
● Tomophyllum subfalcatum (Blume) Parris33 Ctenopteris subfalcata (Blume) Kunze Ctenopteris subfalcata (Blume) Kunze<br />
● Xiphopterella hieronymusii (C.Chr.) Parris33 Xiphopteris hieronymusii (C.Chr.) Holttum Xiphopteris hieronymusii (C.Chr.) Holttum<br />
PSILOTACEAE<br />
Psilotum complanatum Sw. Psilotum complanatum Sw. Psilotum complanatum Sw.<br />
Psilotum nudum (L.) Beauv. Psilotum nudum (L.) Beauv. Psilotum nudum (L.) Beauv.<br />
PTERIDACEAE subfam. Cheilanthoideae<br />
○ Cheilanthes argentea (S.G.Gmel) Kunze4 Cheilanthes argentea (S.G.Gmel) Kunze Absent<br />
Cheilanthes belangeri (Bory) C.Chr. Cheilanthes belangeri (Bory) C.Chr. Cheilanthes belangeri (Bory) C.Chr.<br />
Cheilanthes delicatula Tagawa & K.Iwats. Cheilanthes delicatula Tagawa & K.Iwats. Cheilanthes delicatula Tagawa & K.Iwats.<br />
91
92<br />
NAME IN FLORA OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989)<br />
CURRENT NAME NAME IN PTERIDOPHYTES IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Boonkerd & Pollawatn, 2000)<br />
● Cheilanthes formosana Hayata Cheilanthes formosana Hayata Cheilanthes farinosa auct. non (Forssk.) Kaulf.,<br />
pro parte / Cheilanthes formosana Hayata<br />
Cheilanthes fragilis Hook. Cheilanthes fragilis Hook. Cheilanthes fragilis Hook.<br />
● Cheilanthes krameri Franch. & Sav. Cheilanthes krameri Franch. & Sav. Cheilanthes farinosa auct. non (Forssk.) Kaulf.,<br />
pro parte / Cheilanthes krameri Franch. & Sav.<br />
● Cheilanthes pseudoargentea (S.K.Wu) K.Iwats. Cheilanthes pseudoargentea (S.K.Wu) K.Iwats. Cheilanthes farinosa auct. non (Forssk.)<br />
Kaulf., pro parte / Cheilanthes pseudoargentea<br />
(S.K.Wu) K.Iwats.<br />
THaI FOreST BuLLeTIN (BOTaNY) 37<br />
● Cheilanthes pseudofarinosa (Ching & S.K.Wu) K.Iwats. Cheilanthes pseudofarinosa (Ching & S.K.Wu) K.Iwats. Cheilanthes farinosa auct. non (Forssk.) Kaulf.,<br />
pro parte / Cheilanthes pseudofarinosa (Ching &<br />
S.K.Wu) K.Iwats.<br />
● Cheilanthes rufa D.Don Cheilanthes rufa D.Don Cheilanthes rufa D.Don + Cheilanthes subrufa<br />
auct. non Baker<br />
● Cheilanthes siamensis (S.K.Wu) K.Iwats. Cheilanthes siamensis (S.K.Wu) K.Iwats. Cheilanthes farinosa auct. non (Forssk.) Kaulf.,<br />
pro parte / Cheilanthes siamensis (S.K.Wu)<br />
K.Iwats.<br />
Cheilanthes tenuifolia (Burm.f.) Sw. Cheilanthes tenuifolia (Burm.f.) Sw. Cheilanthes tenuifolia (Burm.f.) Sw.<br />
○ Doryopteris alleniae r.M.Tryon 10 Absent Absent<br />
Doryopteris ludens (Wall. ex Hook.) J.Sm. Doryopteris ludens (Wall. ex Hook.) J.Sm. Doryopteris ludens (Wall. ex Hook.) J.Sm.<br />
● Hemionitis vestita (Wall. ex Hook.) J.Sm. Gymnopteris vestita (Wall. ex Hook.) Underw. Gymnopteris vestita (Wall. ex Hook.) Underw.<br />
Notholaena velutina Tardieu & C.Chr. Notholaena velutina Tardieu & C.Chr. Notholaena velutina Tardieu & C.Chr.<br />
Hemionitis arifolia (Burm.f.) T.Moore Hemionitis arifolia (Burm.f.) T.Moore<br />
● Parahemionitis cordata (Roxb. ex Hook. & Grev.)<br />
Fraser-Jenk. 11<br />
○ Pellaea timorensis Alderw. 4 Pellaea timorensis Alderw. Absent<br />
Coniogramme fraxinea (D.Don) Diels<br />
var. serrulata (Blume) Hieron.<br />
Coniogramme fraxinea (D.Don) Diels<br />
var. serrulata (Blume) Hieron.<br />
PTERIDACEAE subfam. Cryptogrammoideae<br />
Coniogramme fraxinea (D.Don) Diels<br />
var. serrulata (Blume) Hieron.
TOWarDS a STaBLe NOMeNCLaTure FOr THaI FerNS (S. LINDSaY, D.J. MIDDLeTON, T. BOONKerD & S. SuDDee)<br />
NAME IN FLORA OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989)<br />
CURRENT NAME NAME IN PTERIDOPHYTES IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Boonkerd & Pollawatn, 2000)<br />
Coniogramme petelotii Tardieu Coniogramme petelotii Tardieu Coniogramme petelotii Tardieu<br />
Coniogramme procera Fée Coniogramme procera Fée Coniogramme procera Fée<br />
PTERIDACEAE subfam. Parkerioideae<br />
Acrostichum aureum L. Acrostichum aureum L. Acrostichum aureum L.<br />
Acrostichum speciosum Willd. Acrostichum speciosum Willd. Acrostichum speciosum Willd.<br />
Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn. Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn. Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn.<br />
PTERIDACEAE subfam. Pteridoideae<br />
Onychium contiguum C.Hope Onychium contiguum C.Hope Onychium contiguum C.Hope<br />
Onychium siliculosum (Desv.) C.Chr. Onychium siliculosum (Desv.) C.Chr. Onychium siliculosum (Desv.) C.Chr.<br />
Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) Link Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) Link Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) Link<br />
Pteris aspericaulis Wall. ex J.agardh Pteris aspericaulis Wall. ex J.agardh Pteris aspericaulis Wall. ex J.agardh<br />
Pteris asperula J.Sm. ex Hieron. Pteris asperula J.Sm. ex Hieron. Pteris asperula J.Sm. ex Hieron.<br />
Pteris bella Tagawa Pteris bella Tagawa Pteris bella Tagawa<br />
Pteris biaurita L. Pteris biaurita L. Pteris biaurita L.<br />
Pteris blumeana J.agardh Pteris blumeana J.agardh Pteris blumeana J.agardh<br />
Pteris cretica L. Pteris cretica L. Pteris cretica L.<br />
Pteris dalhousiae Hook. Pteris dalhousiae Hook. Pteris dalhousiae Hook.<br />
Pteris decrescens Christ Pteris decrescens Christ Pteris decrescens Christ<br />
Pteris ensiformis Burm.f. Pteris ensiformis Burm.f. Pteris ensiformis Burm.f.<br />
Pteris grevilleana Wall. ex J.agardh Pteris grevilleana Wall. ex J.agardh Pteris grevilleana Wall. ex J.agardh<br />
Pteris heteromorpha Fée Pteris heteromorpha Fée Pteris heteromorpha Fée<br />
Pteris linearis Poir. Pteris linearis Poir. Pteris linearis Poir.<br />
93
94<br />
NAME IN FLORA OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989)<br />
CURRENT NAME NAME IN PTERIDOPHYTES IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Boonkerd & Pollawatn, 2000)<br />
Pteris longipes D.Don Pteris longipes D.Don Pteris longipes D.Don<br />
Pteris longipinnula Wall. ex J.agardh Pteris longipinnula Wall. ex J.agardh Pteris longipinnula Wall. ex J.agardh<br />
Pteris mertensioides Willd. Pteris mertensioides Willd. Pteris mertensioides Willd.<br />
Pteris multifida Poir. Pteris multifida Poir. Pteris multifida Poir.<br />
Pteris nepalensis H.Ito Pteris nepalensis H.Ito Pteris nepalensis H.Ito<br />
Pteris phuluangensis Tagawa & K.Iwats. Pteris phuluangensis Tagawa & K.Iwats. Pteris phuluangensis Tagawa & K.Iwats.<br />
Pteris plumbea Christ Pteris plumbea Christ Pteris plumbea Christ<br />
Pteris scabripes Wall. ex J.agardh Pteris scabripes Wall. ex J.agardh Pteris scabripes Wall. ex J.agardh<br />
THaI FOreST BuLLeTIN (BOTaNY) 37<br />
Pteris semipinnata L. Pteris semipinnata L. Pteris semipinnata L.<br />
Pteris stenophylla Wall. ex Hook. & Grev. Pteris stenophylla Wall. ex Hook. & Grev. Pteris stenophylla Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.<br />
Pteris subquinata Wall. ex J.agardh Pteris subquinata Wall. ex J.agardh Pteris subquinata Wall. ex J.agardh<br />
Pteris tokioi Masam. Pteris tokioi Masam. Pteris tokioi Masam.<br />
Pteris tripartita Sw. Pteris tripartita Sw. Pteris tripartita Sw.<br />
Pteris venusta Kunze Pteris venusta Kunze Pteris venusta Kunze<br />
Pteris vittata L. Pteris vittata L. Pteris vittata L.<br />
Pteris wallichiana J.agardh Pteris wallichiana J.agardh Pteris wallichiana J.agardh<br />
Syngramma alismifolia (C.Presl) J.Sm. Syngramma alismifolia (C.Presl) J.Sm. Syngramma alismifolia (C.Presl) J.Sm.<br />
Taenitis blechnoides (Willd.) Sw. Taenitis blechnoides (Willd.) Sw. Taenitis blechnoides (Willd.) Sw.<br />
○ Taenitis interrupta Hook. & Grev. 10 Absent Absent<br />
PTERIDACEAE subfam. Vittarioideae<br />
Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Adiantum capillus-veneris L.<br />
Adiantum caudatum L. Adiantum caudatum L. Adiantum caudatum L.<br />
Adiantum edgeworthii Hook. Adiantum edgeworthii Hook. Adiantum edgeworthii Hook.
CURRENT NAME NAME IN PTERIDOPHYTES IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Boonkerd & Pollawatn, 2000)<br />
TOWarDS a STaBLe NOMeNCLaTure FOr THaI FerNS (S. LINDSaY, D.J. MIDDLeTON, T. BOONKerD & S. SuDDee)<br />
NAME IN FLORA OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989)<br />
Adiantum erylliae C.Chr. & Tardieu Adiantum erylliae C.Chr. & Tardieu Adiantum erylliae C.Chr. & Tardieu<br />
Adiantum flabellulatum L. Adiantum flabellulatum L. Adiantum flabellulatum L.<br />
● Adiantum fragiliforme C.Chr. 46 Adiantum stenochlamys Baker, pro parte Adiantum stenochlamys Baker, pro parte<br />
○ Adiantum latifolium Lam. 10 Absent Absent<br />
○ Adiantum phanomensis S.Linds. & D.J.Middleton21 Absent Absent<br />
Adiantum philippense L. 43 Adiantum philippense L. Adiantum philippense L.<br />
Adiantum siamense Tagawa & K.Iwats. Adiantum siamense Tagawa & K.Iwats. Adiantum siamense Tagawa & K.Iwats.<br />
Adiantum soboliferum Wall. ex Hook. Adiantum soboliferum Wall. ex Hook. Adiantum soboliferum Wall. ex Hook.<br />
Adiantum stenochlamys Baker Adiantum stenochlamys Baker, pro parte Adiantum stenochlamys Baker, pro parte<br />
○ Adiantum thongthamii Suksathan 37 Absent Absent<br />
Adiantum zollingeri Mett. ex Kuhn Adiantum zollingeri Mett. ex Kuhn Adiantum zollingeri Mett. ex Kuhn<br />
Antrophyum callifolium Blume Antrophyum callifolium Blume Antrophyum callifolium Blume<br />
Antrophyum obovatum Baker Antrophyum obovatum Baker Antrophyum obovatum Baker<br />
Antrophyum parvulum Blume Antrophyum parvulum Blume Antrophyum parvulum Blume<br />
● Antrophyum vittarioides Baker 39 Antrophyum stenophyllum Baker Antrophyum stenophyllum Baker<br />
Vittaria amboinensis Fée + Vittaria<br />
forrestiana auct. non Ching<br />
● Haplopteris amboinensis (Fée) X.C.Zhang40 Vittaria amboinensis Fée + Vittaria<br />
forrestiana auct. non Ching<br />
● Haplopteris angustifolia (Blume) E.H.Crane Vittaria angustifolia Blume Vittaria angustifolia Blume<br />
● Haplopteris elongata (Sw.) E.H.Crane Vittaria elongata Sw. Vittaria elongata Sw.<br />
● Haplopteris ensiformis (Sw.) E.H.Crane Vittaria ensiformis Sw. Vittaria ensiformis Sw.<br />
● Haplopteris flexuosa (Fée) E.H.Crane Vittaria flexuosa Fée Vittaria flexuosa Fée<br />
Vittaria scolopendrina (Bory) Thwaites &<br />
Hook.<br />
● Haplopteris scolopendrina C.Presl Vittaria scolopendrina (Bory) Thwaites &<br />
Hook.<br />
● Haplopteris sikkimensis (Kuhn) E.H.Crane Vittaria sikkimensis Kuhn Vittaria sikkimensis Kuhn<br />
● Haplopteris taeniophylla (Copel.) E.H.Crane Vittaria taeniophylla Copel. Vittaria taeniophylla Copel.<br />
95
96<br />
NAME IN FLORA OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989)<br />
CURRENT NAME NAME IN PTERIDOPHYTES IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Boonkerd & Pollawatn, 2000)<br />
● Haplopteris winitii (Tagawa & K.Iwats.) S.Linds. Antrophyum winitii Tagawa & K.Iwats. Antrophyum winitii Tagawa & K.Iwats.<br />
Vaginularia paradoxa (Fée) Mett. Vaginularia paradoxa (Fée) Mett. Vaginularia paradoxa (Fée) Mett.<br />
Vaginularia trichoidea Fée Vaginularia trichoidea Fée Vaginularia trichoidea Fée<br />
SALVINIACEAE<br />
Azolla caroliniana Willd. Azolla caroliniana Willd. Azolla caroliniana Willd.<br />
Azolla pinnata R.Br. Azolla pinnata R.Br. Azolla pinnata R.Br.<br />
Salvinia cucullata Roxb. ex Bory Salvinia cucullata Roxb. ex Bory Salvinia cucullata Roxb. ex Bory<br />
THaI FOreST BuLLeTIN (BOTaNY) 37<br />
Salvinia natans (L.) All. Salvinia natans (L.) All. Salvinia natans (L.) All.<br />
SCHIZAEACEAE<br />
Schizaea dichotoma (L.) Sm. Schizaea dichotoma (L.) Sm. Schizaea dichotoma (L.) Sm.<br />
Schizaea digitata (L.) Sw. Schizaea digitata (L.) Sw. Schizaea digitata (L.) Sw.<br />
TECTARIACEAE<br />
Arthropteris palisotii (Desv.) Alston Arthropteris palisotii (Desv.) Alston Arthropteris palisotii (Desv.) Alston<br />
Heterogonium alderwereltii Holttum Heterogonium alderwereltii Holttum Heterogonium alderwereltii Holttum<br />
Heterogonium gurupahense (C.Chr.) Holttum Heterogonium gurupahense (C.Chr.) Holttum Heterogonium gurupahense (C.Chr.) Holttum<br />
Heterogonium hennipmanii Tagawa & K.Iwats. Heterogonium hennipmanii Tagawa & K.Iwats. Heterogonium hennipmanii Tagawa & K.Iwats.<br />
Heterogonium pinnatum (Copel.) Holttum Heterogonium pinnatum (Copel.) Holttum Heterogonium pinnatum (Copel.) Holttum<br />
Heterogonium sagenioides (Mett.) Holttum Heterogonium sagenioides (Mett.) Holttum Heterogonium sagenioides (Mett.) Holttum<br />
Pleocnemia hemiteliiformis (Racib.) Holttum Pleocnemia hemiteliiformis (Racib.) Holttum Pleocnemia hemiteliiformis (Racib.) Holttum<br />
Pleocnemia irregularis (C.Presl) Holttum Pleocnemia irregularis (C.Presl) Holttum Pleocnemia irregularis (C.Presl) Holttum<br />
Pleocnemia submembranacea (Hayata) Tagawa &<br />
K.Iwats.<br />
Pleocnemia submembranacea (Hayata) Tagawa &<br />
K.Iwats.<br />
Pleocnemia submembranacea (Hayata) Tagawa &<br />
K.Iwats.
TOWarDS a STaBLe NOMeNCLaTure FOr THaI FerNS (S. LINDSaY, D.J. MIDDLeTON, T. BOONKerD & S. SuDDee)<br />
CURRENT NAME NAME IN PTERIDOPHYTES IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND NAME IN FLORA OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Boonkerd & Pollawatn, 2000)<br />
(Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989)<br />
Pteridrys australis Ching Pteridrys australis Ching Pteridrys australis Ching<br />
Pteridrys cnemidaria (Christ) C.Chr. &<br />
Ching<br />
Pteridrys cnemidaria (Christ) C.Chr. &<br />
Ching<br />
Pteridrys cnemidaria (Christ) C.Chr. &<br />
Ching<br />
Pteridrys syrmatica (Willd.) C.Chr. & Ching Pteridrys syrmatica (Willd.) C.Chr. & Ching Pteridrys syrmatica (Willd.) C.Chr. & Ching<br />
Tectaria amplifolia (Alderw.) C.Chr. Tectaria amplifolia (Alderw.) C.Chr. Tectaria amplifolia (Alderw.) C.Chr.<br />
Tectaria angulata (Willd.) C.Chr. Tectaria angulata (Willd.) C.Chr. Tectaria angulata (Willd.) C.Chr.<br />
Tectaria barberi (Hook.) Copel. Tectaria barberi (Hook.) Copel. Tectaria barberi (Hook.) Copel.<br />
○ Tectaria brachiata (Zoll. & Moritzi) C.V.Morton4 Tectaria brachiata (Zoll. & Moritzi) C.V.Morton Absent<br />
● Tectaria christii Copel. 13 Tectaria christii Copel. Tectaria coadunata (J.Sm.) C.Chr., pro parte<br />
Tectaria coadunata (J.Sm.) C.Chr. absent Tectaria coadunata (J.Sm.) C.Chr., pro parte<br />
Tectaria crenata Cav. Tectaria crenata Cav. Tectaria crenata Cav.<br />
Tectaria decurrens (C.Presl) Copel. Tectaria decurrens (C.Presl) Copel. Tectaria decurrens (C.Presl) Copel.<br />
Tectaria devexa (Kunze) Copel. Tectaria devexa (Kunze) Copel. Tectaria devexa (Kunze) Copel.<br />
Tectaria fauriei Tagawa Tectaria fauriei Tagawa Tectaria fauriei Tagawa<br />
● Tectaria fissa (Kunze) Holttum 13 Tectaria rumicifolia (Ridl.) C.Chr. Tectaria rumicifolia (Ridl.) C.Chr.<br />
Tectaria fuscipes (Wall. ex Bedd.) C.Chr. Tectaria fuscipes (Wall. ex Bedd.) C.Chr. Tectaria fuscipes (Wall. ex Bedd.) C.Chr.<br />
Tectaria griffithii (Baker) C.Chr. Tectaria griffithii (Baker) C.Chr. Tectaria griffithii (Baker) C.Chr.<br />
Tectaria gymnosora Holttum Tectaria gymnosora Holttum Tectaria gymnosora Holttum<br />
Tectaria herpetocaulos Holttum Tectaria herpetocaulos Holttum Tectaria herpetocaulos Holttum<br />
● Tectaria impressa (Fée) Holttum Tectaria impressa (Fée) Holttum Tectaria variolosa (Wall. ex Hook.) C.Chr.<br />
○ Tectaria keckii (Luerss.) C.Chr. 4 Tectaria keckii (Luerss.) C.Chr. Absent<br />
Tectaria laotica Tardieu & C.Chr. Tectaria laotica Tardieu & C.Chr. Tectaria laotica Tardieu & C.Chr.<br />
● Tectaria manilensis (C.Presl) Holttum Tectaria manilensis (C.Presl) Holttum<br />
Ctenitis manilensis (C.Presl) Holttum<br />
var. manilensis + Tectaria manilensis (C.Presl) Holttum<br />
var. chupengensis (Ridl.) Holttum<br />
97
98<br />
NAME IN FLORA OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989)<br />
CURRENT NAME NAME IN PTERIDOPHYTES IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Boonkerd & Pollawatn, 2000)<br />
Tectaria melanocaulis (Blume) Copel. Tectaria melanocaulis (Blume) Copel. Tectaria melanocaulis (Blume) Copel.<br />
Tectaria phaeocaulis (Rosenst.) C.Chr. Tectaria phaeocaulis (Rosenst.) C.Chr. Tectaria phaeocaulis (Rosenst.) C.Chr.<br />
○ Tectaria phanomensis S.Linds. 24 Absent Absent<br />
○ Tectaria pilosa (Fée) r.C.Moran4 Tectaria pilosa (Fée) r.C.Moran Absent<br />
Tectaria polymorpha (Wall. ex Hook.)<br />
Tectaria polymorpha (Wall. ex Hook.)<br />
Tectaria polymorpha (Wall. ex Hook.)<br />
Copel.<br />
Copel.<br />
Copel.<br />
Tectaria rockii C.Chr. Tectaria rockii C.Chr. Tectaria rockii C.Chr.<br />
● Tectaria semipinnata (roxb.) C.V.Morton Tectaria semipinnata (roxb.) C.V.Morton Tectaria maingayi (Baker) C.Chr.<br />
THaI FOreST BuLLeTIN (BOTaNY) 37<br />
○ Tectaria shahidaniana Rusea44 Absent Absent<br />
○ Tectaria siifolia (Willd.) Copel. 4 Tectaria siifolia (Willd.) Copel. Absent<br />
Tectaria simonsii (Baker) Ching Tectaria simonsii (Baker) Ching Tectaria simonsii (Baker) Ching<br />
Tectaria singaporeana (Wall. ex Hook. &<br />
Grev.) Ching<br />
Tectaria singaporeana (Wall. ex Hook. &<br />
Grev.) Ching<br />
Tectaria singaporeana (Wall. ex Hook. &<br />
Grev.) Ching<br />
Tectaria tenerifrons (Hook.) Ching Tectaria tenerifrons (Hook.) Ching Tectaria tenerifrons (Hook.) Ching<br />
Tectaria ternifolia (Alderw.) C.Chr. Tectaria ternifolia (Alderw.) C.Chr. Tectaria ternifolia (Alderw.) C.Chr.<br />
Tectaria vasta (Blume) Copel. Tectaria vasta (Blume) Copel. Tectaria vasta (Blume) Copel.<br />
● Tectaria zeilanica (Houtt.) Sledge Quercifilix zeilanica (Houtt.) Copel. Quercifilix zeilanica (Houtt.) Copel.<br />
THELYPTERIDACEAE<br />
● Cyclosorus aridus (D.Don) Ching Christella arida (D.Don) Holttum Thelypteris arida (D.Don) C.V.Morton<br />
Thelypteris articulata (Houlston & T.Moore)<br />
Tagawa & K.Iwats.<br />
Pronephrium articulatum (Houlston & T.Moore)<br />
Holttum<br />
● Cyclosorus articulatus (Houlston & T.Moore)<br />
Panigrahi<br />
● Cyclosorus asperus (C.Presl) B.K.Nayar & Kaur Pronephrium asperum (C.Presl) Holttum Thelypteris aspera (C.Presl) K.Iwats.<br />
● Cyclosorus canus (Baker) S.Linds. 14 Thelypteris repens (C.Hope) Ching Thelypteris repens (C.Hope) Ching<br />
● Cyclosorus ciliatus (Wall. ex Benth.) Panigrahi Trigonospora ciliata (Wall. ex Benth.) Holttum Thelypteris ciliata (Wall. ex Benth.) Ching
TOWarDS a STaBLe NOMeNCLaTure FOr THaI FerNS (S. LINDSaY, D.J. MIDDLeTON, T. BOONKerD & S. SuDDee)<br />
NAME IN FLORA OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989)<br />
CURRENT NAME NAME IN PTERIDOPHYTES IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Boonkerd & Pollawatn, 2000)<br />
● Cyclosorus crassifolius (Blume) S.Linds. Mesophlebion crassifolium (Blume) Holttum Thelypteris crassifolia (Blume) Ching<br />
● Cyclosorus crinipes (Hook.) Ching Christella crinipes (Hook.) Holttum Thelypteris crinipes (Hook.) K.Iwats.<br />
● Cyclosorus clarkei (Bedd.) Ching11 Cyclosorus cylindrothrix (Rosenst.) Ching Thelypteris cylindrothrix (Rosenst.)<br />
K.Iwats.<br />
● Cyclosorus dentatus (Forssk.) Ching Christella dentata (Forssk.) Brownsey & Jermy Thelypteris dentata (Forssk.) e.P.St.John<br />
Thelypteris evoluta (C.B.Clarke & Baker)<br />
Tagawa & K.Iwats<br />
Christella evoluta (C.B.Clarke & Baker)<br />
Holttum<br />
● Cyclosorus evolutus (C.B.Clarke & Baker)<br />
Ching<br />
● Cyclosorus exsculptus (Baker) S.Linds. Pronephrium exsculptum (Baker) Holttum Thelypteris exsculpta (Baker) K.Iwats.<br />
● Cyclosorus falcilobus (Hook.) Panigrahi Thelypteris falciloba (Hook.) Ching Thelypteris falciloba (Hook.) Ching<br />
● Cyclosorus ferox (Blume) Ching Chingia ferox (Blume) Holttum Thelypteris ferox (Blume) Tagawa &<br />
K.Iwats.<br />
● Cyclosorus glandulosus (Blume) Ching Pronephrium glandulosum (Blume) Holttum Thelypteris glandulosa (Blume) Tagawa &<br />
K.Iwats., nom. illeg.<br />
Thelypteris heterocarpa (Blume)<br />
C.V.Morton<br />
Sphaerostephanos heterocarpus (Blume)<br />
Holttum<br />
● Cyclosorus heterocarpus (Blume)<br />
Ching<br />
● Cyclosorus immersus (Blume) S.Linds. Amphineuron immersum (Blume) Holttum Thelypteris immersa (Blume) Ching<br />
● Cyclosorus interruptus (Willd.) H.Ito Cyclosorus interruptus (Willd.) H.Ito Thelypteris interrupta (Willd.) K.Iwats.<br />
● Cyclosorus lakhimpurense (rosenst.) B.K.Nayar & Kaur Pronephrium lakhimpurense (Rosenst.) Holttum Thelypteris lakhimpurensis (Rosenst.)<br />
K.Iwats.<br />
● Cyclosorus larutensis (Bedd.) Ching Sphaerostephanos larutensis (Bedd.) C.Chr. Thelypteris larutensis (Bedd.) Tagawa &<br />
K.Iwats.<br />
● Cyclosorus lebeufii (Baker) W.M.Chu Christella lebeufii (Baker) Holttum Thelypteris lebeufii (Baker) Panigrahi<br />
● Cyclosorus megaphyllus (Mett.) Ching Sphaerostephanos penniger Holttum,<br />
Thelypteris megaphylla (Mett.) K.Iwats.<br />
nom. nud.<br />
Thelypteris menisciicarpa (Blume)<br />
K.Iwats.<br />
Pronephrium menisciicarpon (Blume)<br />
Holttum<br />
● Cyclosorus menisciicarpus (Blume)<br />
Holttum<br />
99
100<br />
NAME IN FLORA OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989)<br />
CURRENT NAME NAME IN PTERIDOPHYTES IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Boonkerd & Pollawatn, 2000)<br />
● Cyclosorus molliusculus (Kuhn) Ching Christella appendiculata (C.Presl) Holttum Thelypteris molliuscula (Kuhn) K.Iwats.<br />
● Cyclosorus nudatus (roxb.) B.K.Nayar & Kaur Pronephrium nudatum (Roxb.) Holttum Thelypteris nudata (roxb.) C.V.Morton<br />
● Cyclosorus opulentus (Kaulf.) Nakaike Amphineuron opulentum (Kaulf.) Holttum Thelypteris opulenta (Kaulf.) Fosberg<br />
● Cyclosorus papilio (C.Hope) Ching Christella papilio (C.Hope) Holttum Thelypteris papilio (C.Hope) K.Iwats.<br />
● Cyclosorus parasiticus (L.) Farw. Christella parasitica (L.) H.Lév. Thelypteris parasitica (L.) Tardieu<br />
● Cyclosorus penangianus (Hook.) Copel. Pronephrium penangianum (Hook.) Holttum Thelypteris penangiana (Hook.) C.F.Reed<br />
● Cyclosorus polycarpus (Blume) Holttum Sphaerostephanos polycarpa (Blume) Copel. Thelypteris polycarpa (Blume) K.Iwats.<br />
● Cyclosorus prolifer (Retz.) Tardieu ex Tardieu & C.Chr. Meniscium proliferum (Retz.) Sw. Meniscium proliferum (Retz.) Sw.<br />
THaI FOreST BuLLeTIN (BOTaNY) 37<br />
● Cyclosorus repandus (Fée) B.K.Nayar & Kaur Pronephrium repandum (Fée) Holttum Thelypteris repanda (Fée) C.V.Morton<br />
○ Cyclosorus rubicundus (Alderw.) S.Linds. 4 Pronephrium rubicundum (Alderw.) Holttum Absent<br />
○ Cyclosorus salicifolius (Wall. ex Hook.) Copel. 4 Pronephrium salicifolium (Wall. ex Hook.) Holttum Absent<br />
● Cyclosorus siamensis (Tagawa & K.Iwats.) Panigrahi Christella siamensis (Tagawa & K.Iwats.) Holttum Thelypteris siamensis Tagawa & K.Iwats.<br />
● Cyclosorus subelatus (Baker) Ching Christella subelata (Baker) Holttum Thelypteris subelata (Baker) K.Iwats.<br />
Thelypteris subpubescens (Blume) K.Iwats. +<br />
Thelypteris latipinna (Hook.) K.Iwats. +<br />
Thelypteris sumatrana (Alderw.) Tagawa &<br />
K.Iwats.<br />
● Cyclosorus subpubescens (Blume) Ching12 Christella subpubescens (Blume) Holttum +<br />
Christella latipinna (Benth.) H.Lév.<br />
● Cyclosorus terminans (J.Sm. ex Hook.)<br />
Amphineuron terminans (J.Sm. ex Hook.)<br />
Thelypteris terminans (J.Sm. ex Hook.)<br />
Panigrahi<br />
Holttum<br />
Tagawa & K.Iwats.<br />
○ Cyclosorus thailandicus S.Linds. 24 Absent Absent<br />
● Cyclosorus triphyllus (Sw.) Tardieu ex Tardieu & C.Chr. Pronephrium triphyllum (Sw.) Holttum<br />
Thelypteris triphylla (Sw.) K.Iwats.<br />
var. triphyllus<br />
var. triphyllum<br />
var. triphylla<br />
Thelypteris triphylla (Sw.) K.Iwats.<br />
var. parishii (Bedd.) K.Iwats.<br />
Pronephrium triphyllum (Sw.) Holttum<br />
var. parishii (Bedd.) Nakaike<br />
● Cyclosorus triphyllus (Sw.) Tardieu ex Tardieu & C.Chr.<br />
var. parishii (Bedd.) S.Linds.<br />
● Cyclosorus truncatus (Poir.) Farw. Pneumatopteris truncata (Poir.) Holttum Thelypteris truncata (Poir.) K.Iwats.<br />
● Cyclosorus tuberculifer (C.Chr.) Panigrahi Thelypteris tuberculifera (C.Chr.) Ching Thelypteris tuberculifera (C.Chr.) Ching
TOWarDS a STaBLe NOMeNCLaTure FOr THaI FerNS (S. LINDSaY, D.J. MIDDLeTON, T. BOONKerD & S. SuDDee)<br />
NAME IN FLORA OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989)<br />
CURRENT NAME NAME IN PTERIDOPHYTES IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Boonkerd & Pollawatn, 2000)<br />
● Cyclosorus tylodes (Kunze) Panigrahi14 Thelypteris xylodes (Kunze) Ching Thelypteris xylodes (Kunze) Ching<br />
● Cyclosorus unitus (L.) Ching Sphaerostephanos unitus (L.) Holttum Thelypteris unita (L.) C.V.Morton<br />
● Cyclosorus validus (Christ) Ching Cyclosorus hirtisorus (C.Chr.) Ching Thelypteris hirtisora (C.Chr.) K.Iwats. +<br />
Thelypteris valida (Christ) Tagawa &<br />
K.Iwats.<br />
● Macrothelypteris ornata (Wall. ex Bedd.) Ching Macrothelypteris ornata (Wall. ex Bedd.) Ching Thelypteris ornata (Wall. ex Bedd.) Ching<br />
● Macrothelypteris torresiana (Gaudich.) Ching Macrothelypteris torresiana (Gaudich.) Ching Thelypteris torresiana (Gaudich.) Alston<br />
● Pseudophegopteris sumatrana Holttum Pseudophegopteris sumatrana Holttum Absent<br />
Thelypteris confluens (Thunb.) C.V.Morton Thelypteris confluens (Thunb.) C.V.Morton Thelypteris confluens (Thunb.) C.V.Morton<br />
Thelypteris flaccida (Blume) Ching Metathelypteris flaccida (Blume) Ching Thelypteris flaccida (Blume) Ching<br />
● Thelypteris hirsutipes (Clarke) Ching Coryphopteris hirsutipes (C.B.Clarke) Holttum Thelypteris hirsutipes (Clarke) Ching<br />
○ Thelypteris laxa (Franch. & Sav.) Ching26 Absent Absent<br />
● Thelypteris singalanensis (Baker) Ching Metathelypteris singalanensis (Baker) Ching Thelypteris singalanensis (Baker) Ching<br />
Thelypteris viscosa (Baker) Ching Coryphopteris viscosa (Baker) Holttum Thelypteris viscosa (Baker) Ching<br />
WOODSIACEAE<br />
Athyrium anisopterum Christ Athyrium anisopterum Christ Athyrium anisopterum Christ<br />
● Athyrium cumingianum (C.Presl) Milde Anisocampium cumingianum C.Presl Anisocampium cumingianum C.Presl<br />
● Athyrium cuspidatum (Bedd.) M.Kato Kuniwatsukia cuspidata (Bedd.) Pichi-Serm. Kuniwatsukia cuspidata (Bedd.) Pic.Serm.<br />
Athyrium dissitifolium (Baker) C.Chr. Athyrium dissitifolium (Baker) C.Chr. Athyrium dissitifolium (Baker) C.Chr.<br />
Athyrium mackinnonii (C.Hope) C.Chr. Athyrium mackinnonii (C.Hope) C.Chr. Athyrium mackinnonii (C.Hope) C.Chr.<br />
Athyrium setiferum C.Chr. Athyrium setiferum C.Chr. Athyrium setiferum C.Chr.<br />
Cornopteris opaca (D.Don) Tagawa Cornopteris opaca (D.Don) Tagawa Cornopteris opaca (D.Don) Tagawa<br />
101<br />
● Deparia petersenii (Kunze) M.Kato Athyrium japonicum auct. non (Thunb.) Copel. Deparia japonica auct. non (Thunb.)<br />
M.Kato / Deparia petersenii (Kunze) M.Kato
102<br />
NAME IN FLORA OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989)<br />
CURRENT NAME NAME IN PTERIDOPHYTES IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Boonkerd & Pollawatn, 2000)<br />
● Deparia subfluvialis (Hayata) M.Kato Athyrium boryanum auct. non (Willd.) Tagawa Deparia boryana auct. non (Willd.) M.Kato /<br />
Deparia subfluvialis (Hayata) M.Kato<br />
Diplazium accedens Blume Diplazium accedens Blume Diplazium accedens Blume<br />
Diplazium bantamense Blume Diplazium bantamense Blume Diplazium bantamense Blume<br />
Diplazium conterminum Christ Diplazium conterminum Christ Diplazium conterminum Christ<br />
Diplazium cordifolium Blume Diplazium cordifolium Blume Diplazium cordifolium Blume<br />
Diplazium crenato-serratum (Blume)<br />
T.Moore<br />
Diplazium crenato-serratum (Blume)<br />
T.Moore<br />
Diplazium crenato-serratum (Blume)<br />
T.Moore<br />
THaI FOreST BuLLeTIN (BOTaNY) 37<br />
Diplazium dilatatum Blume Diplazium dilatatum Blume Diplazium dilatatum Blume<br />
○ Diplazium doederleinii (Luerss.) Makino 26 Absent Absent<br />
Diplazium donianum (Mett.) Tardieu Diplazium donianum (Mett.) Tardieu Diplazium donianum (Mett.) Tardieu<br />
Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw.<br />
Diplazium heterophlebium (Mett. ex Baker)<br />
Diels<br />
Diplazium heterophlebium (Mett. ex Baker)<br />
Diels<br />
Diplazium heterophlebium (Mett. ex Baker)<br />
Diels<br />
Diplazium leptophyllum Christ Diplazium leptophyllum Christ Diplazium leptophyllum Christ<br />
Diplazium malaccense C.Presl Diplazium malaccense C.Presl Diplazium malaccense C.Presl<br />
Diplazium megaphyllum (Baker) Christ Diplazium megaphyllum (Baker) Christ Diplazium megaphyllum (Baker) Christ<br />
Diplazium mettenianum (Miq.) C.Chr. Diplazium mettenianum (Miq.) C.Chr. Diplazium mettenianum (Miq.) C.Chr.<br />
Diplazium muricatum (Mett.) alderw. Diplazium muricatum (Mett.) alderw. Diplazium muricatum (Mett.) alderw.<br />
Diplazium petelotii Tardieu Diplazium petelotii Tardieu Diplazium petelotii Tardieu<br />
Diplazium petri Tardieu Diplazium petri Tardieu Diplazium petri Tardieu<br />
Diplazium polypodioides Blume Diplazium polypodioides Blume Diplazium polypodioides Blume<br />
Diplazium prescottianum (Wall. ex Hook.)<br />
Diplazium prescottianum (Wall. ex Hook.)<br />
Diplazium prescottianum (Wall. ex Hook.)<br />
T.Moore<br />
T.Moore<br />
T.Moore<br />
○ Diplazium procumbens Holttum10 Absent Absent
TOWarDS a STaBLe NOMeNCLaTure FOr THaI FerNS (S. LINDSaY, D.J. MIDDLeTON, T. BOONKerD & S. SuDDee)<br />
NAME IN FLORA OF <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989)<br />
CURRENT NAME NAME IN PTERIDOPHYTES IN <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(Boonkerd & Pollawatn, 2000)<br />
Diplazium riparium Holttum Diplazium riparium Holttum Diplazium riparium Holttum<br />
Diplazium siamense C.Chr. Diplazium siamense C.Chr. Diplazium siamense C.Chr.<br />
Diplazium silvaticum (Bory) Sw. Diplazium silvaticum (Bory) Sw. Diplazium silvaticum (Bory) Sw.<br />
Diplazium simplicivenium Holttum Diplazium simplicivenium Holttum Diplazium simplicivenium Holttum<br />
Diplazium sorzogonense (C.Presl) C.Presl Diplazium sorzogonense (C.Presl) C.Presl Diplazium sorzogonense (C.Presl) C.Presl<br />
Diplazium subintegrum Holttum Diplazium subintegrum Holttum Diplazium subintegrum Holttum<br />
Diplazium subserratum Blume Diplazium subserratum Blume Diplazium subserratum Blume<br />
Diplazium subsinuatum (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.)<br />
Tagawa<br />
Diplazium subsinuatum (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.)<br />
Tagawa<br />
Diplazium subsinuatum (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.)<br />
Tagawa<br />
Diplazium taiwanense Tagawa Diplazium taiwanense Tagawa Diplazium taiwanense Tagawa<br />
Diplazium tomentosum Blume Diplazium tomentosum Blume Diplazium tomentosum Blume<br />
○ Diplazium virescens Kunze26 Absent Absent<br />
Diplazium xiphophyllum (Baker) C.Chr. Diplazium xiphophyllum (Baker) C.Chr. Diplazium xiphophyllum (Baker) C.Chr.<br />
103
104<br />
THaI FOreST BuLLeTIN (BOTaNY) 37<br />
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<strong>THAI</strong> FOR. BULL. (BOT.) 37: 107–110. 2009.<br />
Chrysopogon gryllus (L.) Trin. (Poaceae), a new record for Thailand<br />
ORATAI NEAMSUVAN 1 , TOSAK SEELANAN 1 & JAN fRITS VELDKAMP 2<br />
ABSTRACT. Chrysopogon gryllus (L.) Trin. (Poaceae), a new record for Thailand, is described and illustrated.<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
The genus Chrysopogon Trin. (Poaceae) comprises about 45 species, nine of which<br />
have been enumerated in a revision for Thailand (Veldkamp, 1999). During a field trip in<br />
October 2004 to Phu Chi Fa, Chiang Rai, Northern Thailand, the first author collected a<br />
species that could not be identified with this treatment.<br />
Consulting other literature (e.g. Bor, 1960; Chen & Phillips, 2006; Cope, 1982;<br />
Shukla, 1996) it soon became clear that this represented C. gryllus (L.) Trin. and therefore<br />
is a new record for Thailand. Additional collections from Lampang and Loei were found<br />
in CMU and QBG. This species is described and illustrated below.<br />
DESCRIPTION<br />
Chrysopogon gryllus (L.) Trin., Fund. Agrost.: 188. 1820.–– Type: Rhaetia, Séguier<br />
s.n. in Herb. Linn. 1211.2. (lectotype LINN!, designated by Meikle, Fl. Cyprus 2: 1863.<br />
1985).—Andropogon gryllus L., Cent. Pl. 2: 33. 1756.–– Chloris gryllus Honck., Syn. Pl.<br />
Germ. 1: 437. 1792.–– Holcus gryllus R. Br., Prodr.: 199. 1810., pro comb.–– Pollinia<br />
gryllus Spreng., Pl. Min. Cogn. Pug. 2: 10. 1815.–– Apluda gryllus (L.) P.Beauv., Essai<br />
Agrost.: 133, 150, 151, 164. 1812., pro comb., excl. t. 23, f. 6; C.Presl, Cyper. Gramin.<br />
Sicul.: 55. 1820, isonym.–– Rhaphis gryllus Desv., Opusc. Sci. Phys. Nat.: 69. 1831.––<br />
[Andropogon gryllus L. subsp. genuinus Hack. & subvar. typicus Hack. in A.P.de Candolle,<br />
Monogr. Phan. 6: 551. 1889., nom. inval.].–– Sorghum gryllus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 791.<br />
1891.–– [Andropogon gryllus L. subsp. eugryllus & forma typicus Asch. & Graebn., Syn.<br />
Mitteleur. Fl. 2: 44. 1899., nom. inval.]. Fig. 1.<br />
Sometimes Rhaphis gryllus Trin. (Fund. Agrost.: 188. 1820) is cited, but Trinius<br />
did not make this combination.<br />
Caespitose perennials. Culms erect, 1–1.6 m tall. Leaf sheaths keeled, 7–19 by<br />
0.7–1 cm, glabrous. Ligule 0.1–0.2 mm high. Leaf blades conduplicate, 40–65 cm by 2–6<br />
mm wide, sparsely pilose. Panicle 10–21 by 3–9 cm wide, with many spikelets, purplish,<br />
lowermost branches whorled, the longest one simple, 3–7 cm long. Raceme peduncles 2–5<br />
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<br />
1 Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.<br />
2 National Herbarium of The Netherlands, Leiden University, PO Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
108<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
cm long, smooth. Racemes usually with 1 terminal triplet, sometimes with an additional<br />
proximal pair, joints 4.5–7 mm long, glabrous. Sessile spikelets 7–8.5 mm long (incl.<br />
callus), callus oblique, pungent, 1–1.5 mm long, setose, hairs c. 3.5 mm long, golden.<br />
Lower glume ovate–lanceolate, 5–6 by 1.3–1.5 mm, 5–nerved, smooth, but with a row of<br />
black tubercle-based hooks on both sides of the midrib, distally slightly setose, apex obtuse<br />
to bidentate. Upper glume ovate–lanceolate, ca 6 by 1.2–2 mm, midrib distally setose,<br />
without a dorsal fringe of hairs, awn 3–7 mm long. Lower lemma epaleate, lanceolate,<br />
4–5 by 1–1.5 mm, margins ciliolate, apex obtuse. Upper lemma lanceolate, ca 5 by 1<br />
mm, awned, awn exserted, geniculate with contorted column and straight arista, 20–40<br />
mm long, column puberulous, hairs c. 0.1 mm long. Stamens 3. Anthers 1.5–3 mm long.<br />
Pedicel 4–5 mm long, the sessile spikelet, glabrous, smooth. Pedicelled spikelets with 1<br />
male floret, 7.5–10 mm long. Lower glume smooth, glabrous, muticous to mucronate,<br />
mucro 0–5 mm long. Upper glume acuminate to mucronate, mucro 0–2 mm long. Lower<br />
lemma absent or epaleate, lanceolate, 0–7 by 0–1.1 mm, margin ciliolate, apex acute,<br />
muticous. Upper lemma ovate-lanceolate, ca 6 by 0.7 mm. Anthers 3–4 mm long.<br />
Thailand.–– NORTHERN: Chiang Rai [Phu Chi Fa Forest Park, 27 Nov. 2004,<br />
Neamsuvan 165 (BCU, L)], Lampang [Doi Luang National Park, 6 Nov. 1998, Petrmitr<br />
33 (CMU)]; NORTH-EASTERN: Loei [Pha Ta Lern, Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, 13 Oct.<br />
2000, Norsangsri 1019 (QBG)].<br />
Distribution.–– Mediterranean to the Caucasus, Iraq and Arabia, Nepal, India<br />
(Assam, W Bengal, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Meghalaya, Nagaland), S China<br />
(S Xizang, Yunnan).<br />
Ecology.–– Open fire damaged grass land, bordering primary evergreen, seasonal<br />
forest on granite bedrock, 1250–1500 m alt.<br />
Notes.–– Chrysopogon gryllus is an interesting species in several ways. In “true”<br />
Chrysopogon species the ultimate partial inflorescence is reduced to a triad of one sessile<br />
and 2 pedicelled spikelets and this would distinguish it from Vetiveria Bory, where this<br />
inflorescence is a jointed raceme with several paired spikelets, the distal one being a triplet.<br />
In C. gryllus there are two main inflorescence types, one “typical” chrysopogonoid, the<br />
other vetiverioid, with two or three, sometimes even five joints (see Cope, 1980, 1982).<br />
These two forms have their own, non-overlapping populations: the “typical” one<br />
disjunctly occurs around the Mediterranean, to the Caucasus, Iraq, and Arabia, and then<br />
in Nepal, and Assam, E India, S China. The “atypical” one form, early known as C.<br />
echinulatus (Nees ex Steud.) Will. Wats. occurs in the gap in between, from north-eastern<br />
Afghanistan to central Nepal with a disjunct population in the Nilgiri Hills of Karnataka,<br />
S India. However, as was noted by Cope, along the Himalayas there is a gradual west to<br />
east transition from “typical” echinulatus to “typical” gryllus. Although the two forms are<br />
floristically inseparable, Cope reduced C. echinulatus to a subspecies of C. gryllus. It is<br />
interesting to note that the inflorescences from the northern Thailand collections usually<br />
have triplets of spikelets, but in a few cases in the same inflorescence these are short<br />
racemes with one pair of spikelets below the triplet.<br />
Obviously, the traditional use of the inflorescence structure to distinguish<br />
Chrysopogon from Vetiveria is untenable. See Veldkamp (1999) for a more extensive<br />
discussion and other examples.
CHRYSOPOGON GRYLLUS (L.) TRIN. (POACEAE), A NEW RECORD FOR <strong>THAI</strong>LAND<br />
(O. NEAMSUVAN, T. SEELANAN & J.F. VELDKAMP)<br />
Figure 1. Chrysopogon gryllus (L.) Trin.: A. habit; B. spikelet pair; C.–F. sessile spikelet: C. lower glume, D.<br />
upper glume, E. lower lemma, F. upper lemma; G.–J. pedicelled spikelet: G. lower glume, H. upper<br />
glume, I. lower lemma, J. upper lemma. All from Neamsuvan 165 (BCU, L). Drawn by O. Neamsuvan.<br />
109
110<br />
<strong>THAI</strong> <strong>FOREST</strong> <strong>BULLETIN</strong> (BOTANY) 37<br />
The species is immediately recognisable by the row of tubercle-based hooks<br />
on both sides of the midrib of the lower glume of the sessile spikelet and the glabrous<br />
pedicels about half as long as or more than the sessile spikelet.<br />
The description above is based on the cited Thai specimens.<br />
In Thailand C. gryllus is similar to C. orientalis (Desv.) A.Camus and the key<br />
below should help to distinguish between the two species:<br />
Culms rather slender, up to 1 m tall. Blades 3–33 cm long, above glabrous to puberulous. Sessile spikelets:<br />
callus hairs 1.7–2.85 mm long. Lower glume smooth, glabrous to distally pilulose; upper glume with a 8–17 mm<br />
long awn. Pedicel hairy C. orientalis<br />
Culms robust, more than 1 m tall. Blades 40–60 cm long, above sparsely pilose. Sessile spikelets: callus hairs ca<br />
3.5 mm long. Lower glume smooth, but with a row of black spicules on each side of the midrib, distally sparsely<br />
setose; upper glume with a ca 6.5 mm long awn. Pedicel glabrous, smooth C. gryllus<br />
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />
We would like to thank the Center of Excellence in Biodiversity, Faculty of Science,<br />
Chulalongkorn University (CEB_D_11_2006), the 90th Anniversary of Chulalongkorn<br />
University Fund and the Development and Promotion of Science and Technology Talents<br />
Project of Thailand (DPST) for funding of this research. We also thank the directors and<br />
curators of QBG and CMU for making the specimens available for this study.<br />
REfERENCES<br />
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Thai ForesT BulleTin (BoTany) no. 37, 2009<br />
ConTenTs<br />
Page<br />
Peter C. Boyce. Anadendrum (Araceae: Monsteroideae: Anadendreae)<br />
in Thailand 1‒8<br />
________. Ariopsis (Araceae: Colocasieae) a new generic record for<br />
Thailand & preliminary observations on trans-Himalayan<br />
biogeography in Araceae 9‒14<br />
________. A review of Pothos L. (Araceae: Pothoideae: Pothoeae)<br />
for Thailand 15‒26<br />
sahut Chantanaorrapint & amonrat Chantanaorrapint. Thismia<br />
clavigera (Thismiaceae), a new record for Thailand 27‒31<br />
Wittaya Kaewsri, yingyong Paisooksantivatana & uamporn<br />
Veesommai. A new record and a new synonym in Amomum Roxb.<br />
(Zingiberaceae) in Thailand 32‒35<br />
Charan leeratiwong, Pranom Chantaranothai & alan J. Paton.<br />
A synopsis of the genus Callicarpa L. (Lamiaceae) in Thailand 36‒58<br />
stuart lindsay & David J. Middleton. Lecanopteris pumila Blume<br />
(Polypodiaceae), a new record for Thailand 59‒63<br />
stuart lindsay, David J. Middleton, Thaweesakdi Boonkerd &<br />
somran suddee. Towards a stable nomenclature for Thai ferns 64‒106<br />
oratai neamsuvan, Tosak seelanan & Jan Frits Veldkamp.<br />
Chrysopogon gryllus (L.) Trin. (Poaceae), a new record for Thailand 107‒110<br />
hans Peter nooteboom & Piya Chalermglin. The Magnoliaceae<br />
of Thailand 111‒138<br />
Christian Puff. Argostemma siamense Puff, a new name for<br />
A. monophyllum Sridith (Rubiaceae) 139<br />
Kitichate sridith. A new species record of Argostemma (Rubiaceae)<br />
for Thailand 140‒143<br />
somran suddee & Bob harwood. Gastrodia verrucosa (Orchidaceae),<br />
a new, but not unexpected, record for Thailand 144‒146<br />
Chalermpol suwanphakdee & Pranom Chantaranothai. The monotypic<br />
genus Zippelia Blume (Piperaceae): a new record for Thailand 147‒150<br />
Piyachart Trisarasri & somran suddee. Isodon walkeri (Lamiaceae),<br />
a new record for Thailand 151‒155<br />
Jan Frits Veldkamp. Xerochloa R.Br. (Gramineae, Paniceae) in Thailand 156‒160<br />
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